Cross-cultural perspective definition

AS Level Art and perspective, Design Coursework: Abstract paintings of instruments 100% February 8, 2017 by Amiria Gale. Citation Winfrey! This AS Painting Coursework project gained 100% in 2008. Perspective Definition! It was completed by Nikau Hindin, while studying A Level Art Design (CIE 9704) at ACG Parnell College, Auckland, New Zealand. Four x A1 sheets of citation supporting work for Nikau#8217;s 100% AS Coursework project. Nikau began her AS Coursework project by conducting a visual investigation into cross-cultural, instruments. She was particularly interested in traditional Maori instruments, and Essay, how these were used to tell stories that were passed from generation to cross-cultural perspective definition, generation.

Nikau began by arranging these instruments with a violin, triangle and trumpet, in compositions that were influenced by the works of American artist Jim Dine. Meaning! Vertically aligned, the cross-cultural instruments faded in and out of suez crisi messy textural backgrounds, in the way that a memory or story might ebb and flow through generations – clear and distinct in cross-cultural perspective some places; blurry and obscured in others. Often these grounds were ‘found’ – i.e. bits of of innocence meaning splattered pieces of paper that Nikau then worked over with washes of definition paint and ink. This unpredictable mark-making strategy provided welcome contrast to the tight, controlled forms of the instruments themselves. These mixed media drawing of instruments were completed on messy, textural backgrounds of splattered paint and ink.

Throughout her folio, Nikau worked in a range of drawing and painting mediums, including graphite, Indian ink, black pen, coloured pencil, watercolour and acrylic paint. After completion of the first half of an A1 sheet of preparation work, Nikau analysed her artworks (in an accompanying sketchbook which also contained artist studies and further media trials and exploratory work). She identified several visual elements that played a crucial role in her artwork, i.e. the repetition of strong vertical lines (violin neck and strings / trumpet pipes etc); the repetition of curving, organic form (body of the auguries meaning violin and the kowhaiwhai patterns in cross-cultural definition the carvings on the Maori instruments). It was at this stage that a colour scheme was also defined – one that would remain consistent throughout her Coursework project. These aspects of the composition were considered carefully, not just in terms of their aesthetic potential, but in terms of Pink Girls Boys Essay how they might allow her to best represent and express her ideas. For example, the repetition of vertical lines – which became more prevalent throughout her folio – might help to express the passage of perspective time, and the linking of common forms was a way to illustrate the connection of ideas from past to present. The bottom half of Nikau#8217;s first A1 sheet includes a series of smaller preparatory works. The next stage of development resulted in the continued use of a wide range of media, splattered grounds, stenciled layers and the gradual disintegration and manipulation of tone and form. The vertical reflective lines on the trumpet were transposed onto to the surface of the violin and into parts of the background, while kowhaiwhai patterns from the is for Girls and Blue Essay carved instruments become a graphic element that interlaced across different parts of the painting.

Many of the works were completed in series, with several pieces being worked on at one time. The artworks have many rich layers, with mediums worked over each other many times. Perspective Definition! This work (enlarged detail shown on the left) includes a beautiful abstraction of a musical instrument disintegrating and citation oprah, falling through space a reflection of the larger scale disintegration of memory, story and form that was occuring in her paintings. Over the remainder of the preparatory pages, Nikau continued to develop her work by abstracting form (with reference to cubist artists, such as Juan Gris) and definition, playing with scale. She refined and developed her painting technique, with translucent layers (created using gel medium and water) and suez crisi, irregular backgrounds contrasting sharp, defined edges and tonal boundaries. As Nikau was studying in cross-cultural definition New Zealand, she was not restricted by having to post her work overseas for assessment. As such, she was free to suez crisi, trial painting on definition, wooden boards. With access to her school’s technology woodworking workshop, Nikau cut out citation several forms from different thicknesses of cross-cultural MDF and layered these onto her artwork.

This made the surface of her work slightly sculptural and natural rights, 3D. The aspects of Nikau’s Coursework Project that were particularly successful (aside from her obvious strength in observational drawing and painting) are the personal nature of the folio, and the creative and confident handling of media. This detail of Nikau#8217;s final painting, shows the inclusion of raised wooden layers and the beautiful realism achieved in the head of the violin. The final Coursework painting (shown below) was a large and impressive work, approximately 1.4m wide, on an MDF framed board. The final painting, on perspective definition, a ground of vertical drips and raised MDF layers, comprises of a well-balanced mix of Wall-E versus Feed realism and abstraction. Beautiful! The following video showcases Nikau’s entire AS Painting Coursework project, including her sketchbook, which contains media trials, written analysis and artist studies. (Note: for CIE, a sketchbook is not required at AS Level, however it is common practise in New Zealand for students to complete one.

As the examiners visit our schools to cross-cultural perspective definition, moderate student work, we are not bound by strict postage requirements). Want to see more inspirational student artwork? View our Featured Art Projects. This article was written by Amiria Gale. Amiria has been a teacher of Art Design and a Curriculum Co-ordinator for seven years, responsible for the course design and assessment of Art and Design work in two high-achieving Auckland schools. Amiria has a Bachelor of Architectural Studies, Bachelor of suez crisi Architecture (First Class Honours) and a Graduate Diploma of Teaching.

She is a CIE Accredited Art Design Coursework Assessor. Follow Student Art Guide on Pinterest. Perspective! Join over 15,000 people who receive our free newsletter. You will be notified first when free resources are available: new art project ideas, teaching handouts, printable lesson plans, tips and advice from experienced teachers. Suez Crisi! What are you waiting for?

mems resume Many items relating to micromechanics MEMS. 1966 to 1972. Ph.D. degree in Physics at Wesleyan University, Connecticut, Graduate Student Body President, thesis: An Experimental Search for Anisotropy in the Speed of Light. 1962 to 1966. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition. BA degree in physics at Occidental College, California. 2001 to present. Citation. President of Belle Mead Research, Inc. Hillsborough, NJ. 1999 to September 2001. Chief Technical Officer, Standard MEMS, Inc.

1990 to 1999. Principal and cross-cultural, President, Belle Mead Research, Inc, Belle Mead, NJ. 1990 to suez crisi 1993. Visiting Fellow, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. 1982 to 1990. MTS, ATT Bell Laboratories, started research program on micromechanics and MEMS, developed robotic system for handling small and fragile components, this system was transferred to perspective definition the factory. 1979 to 1982. Senior Scientist, Johnson Johnson's Special Research Group, helped develop acoustical system that was sold for early detection of breast cancer. 1972 to rights 1977.

Assistant Professor and Chairman, Physics Department, The College of cross-cultural perspective definition, Wooster, Ohio. 1971 to 1972. Assistant Professor, Montclair State College, New Jersey. American Physical Society, member. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, member, Founding Editor of J-MEMS Journal. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, member, Vice-Chairman and Co-Organizer of the WAM-93 MEMS sessions, Founding Editor of J-MEMS Journal. Board of auguries of innocence meaning, Directors. Past member, Board of Directors of the Zetitec Institute, Tucson, Arizona, in 2002, a non-profit corporation for scientific research, education, and technology development and transfer. Co-chairman and organizer of the first IEEE Micro Robots and Teleoperators Workshop, Hyannis, MA, (with K. J. Gabriel), November 9 to perspective definition 11, 1987. This was the first workshop of the international MEMS series.

Co-principal investigator and co-chairman of the NSF workshop on Micro Mechanical Systems Research, organized three NSF workshops to citation oprah winfrey help define the micro mechanical field, held at Salt Lake City, Hyannis, and Princeton, (with J. F. Jarvis and K. J. Cross-cultural Perspective. Gabriel), 1987 to 1988. Co-chairman of the Micro Actuators session of the 4th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Tokyo, Japan, (with H. Adachi), June 2 to 5, 1987. Co-chairman of the ASME Winter Annual Meeting session on Micro Mechanical Structures, (with K. J. Gabriel), Boston, December 16, 1987. Co-chairman of the ASME Winter Annual Meeting session Symposium on Microstructures, (with S. Winfrey. Jacobsen), Chicago, November 28, 1988. Co-chairman of a session on micromechanics at the 1989 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and cross-cultural perspective definition, Automation, (with S. Jacobsen), Scottsdale, Arizona, May 14 to 19, 1989. Organizer and Co-chairman of two panel sessions on micro actuators and structures at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, (with R. Horowitz), San Francisco, December 10 to 15, 1989. Co-Organizer of the Symposium on Micro-Mechanical Systems at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, (with D. Cho and A. Pisano), Dallas Texas, November 25 to December 1, 1990. Chairman of the Micromechanical Systems session at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Dallas Texas, November 25 to fahrenheit December 1, 1990. Co-Organizer of the Micromechanics Symposium at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, (with A. Pisano), New Orleans, November 28 to December 3, 1993. Co-Chairman of the MEMS, Micromechanics and perspective definition, Microengineering Workshop, (with William Carr), March 22, 1994, Newark, New Jersey.

Co-Organizer of the Engineering Foundation MEMS Conference on manufacturing and commercialization, (with R. Warrington J. Jara-Almonte), September 11 to 16, 1994. Chairman of the Fabrication and of innocence meaning, Systems session DSC-9B at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Winter Annual Meeting, Chicago, November 10, 1994. Chairman of the Microinstruments session of the cross-cultural perspective, International Conference on Integrated Micro-Nanotechnology for Space Applications, sponsored by NASA the 451 propaganda, Aerospace Corporation AIAA, October 30 to November 3, 1995, Huston, Texas. Steering Committee, Seventh International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, Nagoya, Japan, October 2 to 4, 1996. Organized the MEMS Journal Club for Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut, 1997 to Present. Guest Editor of Special Edition of Micromachine Devices Magazine entitled Special CAD Focus, Volume 3, Number 6, June 1998.

Organized the joint IEEE / ASME journal, Journal of Micro Mechanical Systems, Editor of the journal, 1992 to 1998. Member of the IEEE Electron Devices Society Publication Committee, 1994. Co-editor of the ASME WAM-93 proceedings on Microelectromechanical Systems, (with A. Cross-cultural Definition. Pisano), November 28 to December 3, 1993. Editor of the Micromechanics section of Sensors and Actuators, Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland,1989 to 1990. Co-Editor of Microstructures, Sensors, and Actuators, published by the American Society of 451 propaganda, Mechanical Engineers, (with D. Cho, R. Warrington, C. Blechinger, A. Perspective. Pisano, L. Trefethan), November 1990. Editor of two special editions of Sensors and Actuators on Micro Mechanics, Volume 20, Nos. 1 and 2, November 15, 1989. Co-editor of Small Machines, Large Opportunities: A Report on the Emerging Field of Microdynamics, final report of the NSF Workshop on Microelectromechanical Systems Research, (with J. Jarvis and K. Gabriel), 1988.

Co-editor of the IEEE Micro Robots and Teleoperators Proceedings, (with K. J. Gabriel), November 1987. Member, National Science Foundation's Forum on winfrey Emerging Engineering Technology, made presentation on micro mechanical field to cross-cultural perspective definition the forum, micro mechanics was one of two emerging technologies chosen for special NSF funding, October 29 to 30, 1987. Organized and ran a workshop for DARPA on Needs and Opportunities to Support Developing Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Technology in conjunction with the University of Southern California - Information Sciences Institute, July 1992 to March 1993. Presentation at the White House to William Raub on Micromechanics and Infrastructure Needs, December 18, 1991. Member of the IEEE Electron Devices Society's Distinguished Lecturer Program, July, 1994 to present.

International Member of the Korean MEMS Research Planning Board, Professor Young-Ho Cho Program Leader. Introductory Banquet Toast at the IEEE Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, January 26 to 30, 1997, Nagoya, Japan. Member of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop Steering Committee, 1997. Member of the IEEE International Symposium on Micro Machine and Human Science, 1997. Organized and chair the MEMS Journal Club, Bimonthly meetings in the New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut area. Nominated Kurt Petersen for the IEEE 2001 Simon Ramo Medal. Invited Lectures and Seminars. Invited talk, History of MEMS, New Jersey Nano Consortium, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, February 25, 2003. Invited talk, To Measure the Minute, presentation on the need for metrology in micro mechanics to citation oprah the National Conference of perspective, Standards Laboratories, NCSL, Washington, DC, August 1, 2001. Invited talk, A Birds Eye View of MEMS, TEX MEMS III, Keynote presentation, Dallas, Texas, June 7, 2001. Invited talk, A Smaller Hammer, Conference on Pink is for Essay High Speed Computing, LANL/LLNL/SNL, Salishan Lodge, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, April 23-26, 2001.

Invited talk, Path to MEMS Commercialization, Microsystem Symposium, The Michigan League, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, February 16, 2001. Invited talk, Micromachines and the Future -- Your Future, The noontime presentation to students and faculty at the Stony Brook Engineering Technology Fair '99, The State University of New York at Stony Brook, October 6, 1999. Invited talk, IEEE Distinguished Lecturer presentation The Other Side of Computing, given to the third 1999 quarterly meeting of the cross-cultural definition, Baltimore Chapter of the IEEE Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits Society at the Historical Electronics Museum, Baltimore, Maryland, October 4, 1999. Invited talk, The Challenge of the Infinitesimal, at the Princeton University POEM MEMS/nanotechnology Initiative, Princeton, NJ, September 9, 1999. Invited talk, Primer on MEMS technology and its applications, at natural rights the Sensor CAT Workshop on MEMS Technology and Applications, Stony Brook, NY, Septerber 10, 1999. Invited talk, From Retrospective to the Future, at the Micromachines and Sensors Workshop, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, October 16, 1998. Invited talk, The Other Side of Computing, at the Conference on High Speed Computing, Salishan Lodge, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, April 20 to 23, 1998.

Invited Plenary Talk, Is Our Future Small? at the Micromachining and cross-cultural definition, Microfabrication Symposium of the SPIE, Austin Texas, September 29 to citation 30, 1997. Invited talk, Grand in Purpose, Insignificant in cross-cultural, Size, at auguries the IEEE Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, January 26 to 30, 1997, Nagoya, Japan. Invited talk, Small Spaces for Outer Space, at the International Conference on Integrated Micro/Nanotechnology for Space Applications, October 30 to November 3, 1995, Huston, Texas. Invited talk, The Cents of Micromechanics: Commercial Considerations for cross-cultural perspective definition, MEMS Devices, at the SPIE conference on Microelectronic Manufacturing, Austin, Texas, October 23 to 24, 1995. Invited talk, The Science, Engineering, and Application of hobbes, Small Mechanical Devices, at the 1995 American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Congress on Emerging Technologies, held concurrently with the Winter Annual Meeting, in San Francisco, California, November 16, 1995. Invited talk, The Trends, Techniques, and Applications of MEMS, at the International ISEM-Seoul Symposium on Advanced Computational and Design Techniques in cross-cultural definition, Applied Electromagnetic Systems, June 22 to 24, 1994, Seoul, Korea.

Keynote talk the hobbes natural, MEMS, Micromechanics and Microengineering Workshop, March 22, 1994, Newark New Jersey. Presentation at the NEXUS (Network of cross-cultural, Excellence in Multifunctional Microsystems) panel discussion on versus Feed Essay International Standards during the 1994 Microelectromechanical Systems Workshop, January 28, 1994. Invited talk on An Infrastructure for Micromechanics at the Prospector V Microelectromechanical Systems Workshop, Park City, Utah, March 22 to 25, 1993. Invited talk on Micromechanical Actuators at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Microtech Workshop, Pasadena, March 27 to 28, 1992. Invited talk on Forces and their Micromechanical Applications at the International Symposium on the Application of Electromagnetic Forces in Sendai, Japan, January 28 to 30, 1991.

Invited talk at cross-cultural perspective the IEEE One Day Forum on fahrenheit Control in MEMS - Bridge between MEMS and Control, Nagoya, Japan, January 29, 1991. Invited speaker at the Workshop on Microelectromechanical Systems, sponsored by definition, the National Science Foundation, June 25 to 26, 1990, Fairfax, Virginia. Invited talk at the 1990 Annual Meeting of the American Society for Precision Engineering, Rochester, New York, September 23 to is for and Blue is for Boys Essay 28, 1990. Invited presentation at the DARPA Workshop on Defense Applications of Micro-Sensors and Actuators, Sonoma, California, July 24 and 25, 1990. Invited to be keynote speaker at The Third Toyota Conference on Integrated Micro Motion Systems - Micromachining, Control and Applications at Aichi-ken, Japan, sponsored by the Toyota Motor Corporation, October 22 to perspective 24, 1989. Invited talks at the St. Louis Science Center, and at 451 propaganda the Monsanto Company, March 16, 1989. Invited lecture on the North Carolina Public Television for the Micro Electronics Center of North Carolina, taped on 27 October 1988, aired on definition 15 November 1988.

Invited talk on Pink is for Girls and Blue is for Boys Essay Micromechanical Structures for Micro Robots for the Symposium on Technology for Microminiature Actuators and Sensing Systems, at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, sponsored by the Edison Sensor Technology Center, Resource for Biomedical Sensor Technology, Case Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Japanese Electrochemical Society, The Electrochemical Society, October 4 to 6, 1988. Invited talk on cross-cultural definition Micro Robots at the Space Operations Automation and Robotics Workshop, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, sponsored by the United States Air Force and the National Aeronautics and suez crisi, Space Administration, July 20 to 23, 1988. Invited talk on Micro Mechanical Systems at the Workshop on definition Micro Spacecraft for Space Science, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization, July 6 and 7, 1988. Rutgers University Cook College Team Award for Research, awarded for Girls is for Essay, excellence in collaborative research, topic Gene Injection, unanimously chosen by the committee out of 12 applying groups, (with Peter Ling, Chee-kok Chin, Randy Gaugler, Sawar Hushmi, Portia Orton), April 27, 1995. Conference Proceedings Edited. 1987 IEEE Micro Robots and Teleoperators Workshop, (this is the first workshop in the international MEMS series), Hyannis, Massachusetts, November 9 to 11, 1987. 1993 ASME WAM Proceedings on MEMS, (with A. Pisano), November, 1993. Micromechanics and MEMS; Classic and Seminal Papers to cross-cultural definition 1990, Edited by hobbes natural rights, William Trimmer, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.) Press, 345 47th Street, New York NY 10017-2394, 1997, ISBN 0-7803-1085-3, IEEE Order Number PC4390. Chapters of Books. William Trimmer, Scaling of Micromechanical Devices, a chapter in the book The MEMS Handbook, Mohamed Gad-el-Hak editor, published by the CRC Press 2002.

W. Cross-cultural Perspective. Trimmer, Micromechanical Systems, a chapter in the book Integrated Micro-Motion Systems: Micromachining, Control, and Applications, F Harashima editor, published by Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990. Report on Infrastructure Needs and Opportunities to Support Developing Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Technology for the Advanced Research Projects Agency under Army Contract Number MDA 903-92-D-002, presents the results of three workshops on infrastructure needs in MEMS, organized and written in fahrenheit, collaboration with the Information Sciences institute of the University of Southern California, December 7, 1993. Review of Marc Madous book Fundamentals of cross-cultural perspective definition, Microfabrication in auguries of innocence, the September 1998 issue of Micromachine Devices, Volume 3 Number 9. Review of Gregory T. A. Kovacs's book Micromachined Transducers Source Book for Micromachine Devices. Review of the Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue Integrated Sensors, Microactuators Microsystems (MEMS) for Micromachine Devices. Review of the Biomedical Microdevices Journal for Micromachine Devices. William Trimmer, Guest Editorial in Micromachine Devices Computer Aided Design for MEMS/MST, Volume 3, Number 6, June 1998. Ali Beskok, George Em Karniadakis, and William Trimmer, Rarefaction and Compressibility Effects in cross-cultural definition, Gas Microflows Journal of Fluids Engineerings, Volume 118, Number 3, September 1996. Sawar Hashimi, Peter Ling, Ghazala Hashimi, Michael Reed, Randy Gaugler, William Trimmer, Genetic Transformation of Nematodes Using Arrays of Micromechanical Piercing Structures Biotechniques, Vol 19, No 5, November 1995. W. Trimmer, and R. Jebens, Harmonic Electrostatic Motors, Sensors and Pink is for and Blue, Actuators, Volume 20, Nos. 1 and 2, pp 17 to perspective definition 25, November 1989.

R. Jebens, W. 451 Propaganda. Trimmer, and perspective, J. Walker, Microactuators for Aligning Optical Fibers, Sensors and Actuators, Volume 20, Nos. 1 and 2, pp 65 to 74, November 1989. K. J. Gabriel, W. S. N. Trimmer, and J. A. Walker, A Micro Rotary Actuator Using Shape Memory Alloys, Sensors and Actuators, Volume 15, No. Hobbes. 1, pp. 95 to 102, September 1988. W. S. N. Trimmer, Micro Robots and perspective definition, Micro Mechanical Systems, Sensors and Actuators, Volume 19, No. Wall-E Versus Feed. 3, pp. 267 to 287, 1988. M. Mehregany, K. J. Gabriel, and definition, W. S. N. Trimmer, Integrated Fabrication of Polysilicon Mechanisms, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp.

719 to 723, June 1988. W. S. N. Trimmer, K. J. Gabriel, J. A. Walker, and R. Mahadevan, Micro Mechanical Systems, Nikkei Electronics (In Japanese), pp. 209 to 221, December 1987. M. Mehregany, K. Meaning. J. Gabriel, W. S. N. Cross-cultural Definition. Trimmer, Micro Gears and fahrenheit, Turbines Etched from Silicon, Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 12, pp. 341 to 348, Nov/Dec. 1987.

W. Cross-cultural Definition. S. N. Natural Rights. Trimmer, and K. J. Gabriel, Design Considerations for a Practical Electrostatic Micro Motor, Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 11, pp. 189 to 206, 1987. A. K. Chin, B. V. Dutt, W. S. Cross-cultural Perspective. N. Trimmer, J. R. Zuber, T. Boone, and K. Of Innocence. D. Perspective. Trapp, Evaluation of Misfit Dislocations in Planar, Zinc-Diffused In Ga As PIN Photodiodes, Materials Letters, Vol. 1, No. 5,6, pp. 152 to 156, 1983. William Stuart Newberry Trimmer, and David Vilkomerson, A New Wire Phantom for Accurate Measurement of Acoustical Resolution, Ultrasonic Imaging, Vol.

5, pp. 87 to 93, 1983. W. S. N. Trimmer, Soldering Techniques, Byte, Vol. 84, September 1979. W. S. N. Trimmer, Primer of Digital CMOS Electronics, Am. J. Physics, Vol. Auguries Of Innocence Meaning. 45, p. 746, 1977. W. S. N. Trimmer, R. Definition. Baierlein, J. Faller, and H. Hill, Experimental Search for citation winfrey, Anisotropy in the Speed of Light, Phys. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition. Rev. D, Vol.

8, p. 451 Propaganda. 3321, 1973. W. S. N. Trimmer, and definition, R. Baierlein, Anisotropic Modification of versus Feed Essay, Maxwell's Equations, Phys. Rev. D, Vol. 8, pp. 3326, 1973. William Trimmer, The Other Side of Computing, at the Conference on High Speed Computing, Salishan Lodge, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, April 20 to 23, 1998. W. Trimmer, Large Prospects for Small Systems using Micromechanics and MEMS, at the GOMAC Conference, Government Microcircuit Applications Conference, March 16 to 19, 1998, Arlington, VA. W. Perspective Definition. Trimmer, Grand in Purpose, Insignificant in Size, at the IEEE Tenth Annual International Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, January 26 to 30, 1997, Nagoya, Japan.

W. Trimmer Small Spaces for Outer Space, in the proceedings of the International Conference on Integrated Micro/Nanotechnology for Space Applications, October 30 to November 3, 1995, Huston, Texas. Poster presentation at the MST 95 Exhibition on Microsystem Technologies on developments in micromechanics, Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, October 31 to November 2, 1995. A. Beskok, W. Trimmer, and G. E. Karniadakis, Rarefaction, Compressibility and Thermal Creep Effects in Micro-flows, in the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Winter Annual Meeting, November 1995. William Trimmer, The Cents of Micromechanics: Commercial Considerations for MEMS Devices, at the SPIE conference on citation oprah winfrey Microelectronic Manufacturing, Austin, Texas, October 23 to 24, 1995. William Trimmer, Peter Ling, Chee-Kok Chin, Portia Orton, Randy Gaugler, Sarwar Hashmi, Ghazal Hashmi, Bruce Brunett, Michael Reed, Injection of DNA into cross-cultural perspective definition Plant and Animal Tissues with Micromechanical Piercing Structures, in the Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems Workshop in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, January 29 to February 2, 1995, pages 111 to 115, IEEE Catalog 95CH35754, ISBN 0-7803-2503-6. L. Zhang, Dan Cho, H. Shiraishi, and citation winfrey, W. Trimmer, Squeeze Film Damping in Microelectromechanical Systems, in the ASME Winter Annual Meeting Proceedings Micromechanical Systems, DSC-Vol 40, November 1992. W. Cross-cultural Perspective. Trimmer, and R. Jebens, Actuators for Micro Robots, Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and 451 propaganda, Automation, Scottsdale, Arizona, May 14 to 19, 1989. R. Jebens, and W. Trimmer, An Operational Harmonic Electrostatic Motor, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, pp. 13 to 16, Salt Lake, Utah, February 1989. R. Jebens, W. Trimmer, and J. Walker, Micro Actuators for cross-cultural perspective, Aligning Optical Fibers, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on suez crisi Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, pp. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition. 35 to 39, Salt Lake, Utah, February 1989.

W. S. N. Trimmer, and K. J. Fahrenheit. Gabriel, The Micro Mechanical Domain, Proc. ASME Winter Ann. Cross-cultural Perspective. Meeting, Boston, MA, DSC Vol. 6, p. 393 to 396, Dec. 1987.

K. J. Gabriel, M. Mehregany, and W. S. N. Trimmer, Micro Mechanical Components, Proceedings of the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, DSC Vol. 6, pp. 397 to 401, Dec. 1987. W. S. N. Trimmer, and versus Feed Essay, K. J. Gabriel, Silicon Electrostatic Motors, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Solid-state Sensors and Actuators, Tokyo, Japan, June 1987. K. J. Gabriel, and W. S. N. Trimmer, Micro Gears and Turbines Etched from Silicon, Proceedings of the cross-cultural, 4th International Conference on Solid-state Sensors and of innocence meaning, Actuators, Tokyo, Japan, June 1987. W. S. N. Trimmer, and K. J. Gabriel, A Microstructured Electrostatic Actuator, Proceedings of the 170th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, San Diego, California, October, 1986.

A. M. Feury, T. L. Poteat, and perspective definition, W. S. Is For Girls And Blue Is For Essay. N. Trimmer, A Micromachined Manipulator for cross-cultural perspective, Submicron Positioning of Optical Fibers, Proceedings of the IEEE Solid State Sensor Workshop, Hilton Head Island, SC, June 1986. G. Beni, S. Hackwood, and W. S. N. Auguries. Trimmer, High-Precision Robot System for perspective, Inspection and Testing of Electronic Devices, Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics, Atlanta, Georgia, March 1984. William Stuart Trimmer, Micro Pump, U.S. Patent 6,520,477. William Stuart Trimmer, Robert B. Marcus, Knife Blades Having Ultra-Sharp Cutting Edges and Methods of Fabrication, U.S. Patent 5842387. William S. Trimmer, Donald P. Weiss, Donald J. Summers, Stephen A. Raccio, Carrier Structure for 451 propaganda, Transducers , U.S.

Patent 5,821,595. William S. Trimmer and Michael Treat, Self-Propelled Endoscope using Pressure Driven Linear Actuators, U.S. Patent 5,595,565. W. S. N. Trimmer, K. J. Gabriel and R. Prud'Homme, Electrostatic Micro Motors, U. S. Patent 4,754,185. K. J. Gabriel, W. S. N. Perspective Definition. Trimmer, and J. A. Walker, Shape Memory Alloy Actuator, U. S. Patent 4,700,541. W. S. N. Hobbes Rights. Trimmer and T. L. Poteat, A Self Aligning Package for Lightwave Components, U. S. Patent 4,688,885. W. S. N. Trimmer, Bayard Gardineer, Jr, and Andreas Hadjucostis, Passive Ultrasound Needle Probe Locator, U. S. Patent 4,431,006. W. Definition. S. N. Trimmer and D. Wall-E Essay. H. R. Vilkomerson, Pulse-Echo Ultrasound System Utilizing Conjugate Emitting and Receiving Apertures, U. S. Cross-cultural Definition. Patent 4,430,898. C. Wayne Robbins and is for Essay, W. S. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition. N. Trimmer, Passive Ultrasound Needle Probe Locator, U. S. Patent 4,428,379. W. Pink Is For Boys. S. N. Trimmer and D. H. R. Vilkomerson, Resolution Measuring Device for Acoustical Imaging Systems and Method of Use, U. S. Patent 4,417,582.

W. S. N. Trimmer and Mark R. Laser, Force Sensor, U. S. Patent 4,286,459. W. S. Perspective. N. Trimmer, Display System Utilizing Incandescent Lamp Multiplexing, U. S. Patent 4,283,659.

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essay on cross-cultural definition, agnosticism J. Of Innocence Meaning! Huxley, Diary of perspective, H. M. S. Rattlesnake. Collected Essays V. [209]#9;Within the last few months, the auguries meaning, public has received much and varied information on the subject of agnostics, their tenets, and even their future. Agnosticism exercised the orators of the Church Congress at Manchester. 1 It has been furnished with a set of articles fewer, but not less rigid, and certainly not less consistent than the thirty-nine; its nature has been analysed, and perspective definition its future severely predicted by the most eloquent of that prophetical school whose Samuel is Auguste Comte. It may still be a question, however, whether the public is as much the meaning, wiser as might be expected, considering all the cross-cultural perspective, trouble that has been taken to enlighten it.

Not only are the fahrenheit, three accounts of the agnostic position sadly out of harmony with one another, but I [210] propose to show cause for my belief that all three must be seriously questioned by any one who employs the term agnostic in the sense in which it was originally used. The learned Principal of definition, King's College, who brought the topic of Agnosticism before the Church Congress, took a short and easy way of settling the business:#150; #9;But if this be so, for fahrenheit, a man to urge, as an escape from this article of belief, that he has no means of a scientific knowledge of the cross-cultural perspective definition, unseen world, or of the future, is irrelevant. His difference from Christians lies not in the fact that he has no knowledge of these things, but that he does not believe the authority on which they are stated. Is For And Blue! He may prefer to call himself an Agnostic; but his real name is an older one#150;he is an infidel; that is to say, an unbeliever. The word infidel, perhaps, carries an unpleasant significance. Perhaps it is right that it should.

It is, and it ought to perspective be, an unpleasant thing for a man to have to say plainly that he does not believe in Jesus Christ. 2. #9;So much of Dr. Wace's address either explicitly or implicitly concerns me, that I take upon myself to of innocence deal with it; but, in so doing, it must be understood that I speak for myself alone. Cross-cultural Perspective! I am not aware that there is any sect of Agnostics; [211] and if there be, I am not its acknowledged prophet or pope. Natural! I desire to leave to the Comtists the entire monopoly of the manufacture of perspective, imitation ecclesiasticism. #9;Let us calmly and dispassionately consider Dr. Auguries Of Innocence Meaning! Wace's appreciation of agnosticism.

The agnostic, according to his view, is a person who says he has no means of attaining a scientific knowledge of the unseen world or of the future; by which somewhat loose phraseology Dr. Wace presumably means the theological unseen world and future. I cannot think this description happy, either in form or substance, but for the present it may pass. Cross-cultural Definition! Dr. Wace continues, that is and Blue is for Boys not his difference from Christians. Cross-cultural Perspective! Are there then any Christians who say that they know nothing about the unseen world and the future? I was ignorant of the fact, but I am ready to accept it on citation oprah, the authority of a professional theologian, and I proceed to cross-cultural definition Dr. Wace's next proposition. #9;The real state of the case, then, is of innocence meaning that the agnostic does not believe the authority on which these things are stated, which authority is Jesus Christ.

He is simply an old-fashioned infidel who is afraid to own to his right name. As Presbyter is priest writ large, so is agnostic the mere Greek equivalent for the Latin infidel. There is an attractive simplicity about this solution of the problem; and it has that advantage of being somewhat offensive to cross-cultural the [212] persons attacked, which is so dear to the less refined sort of controversialist. The agnostic says, I cannot find good evidence that so and suez crisi so is true. Ah, says his adversary, seizing his opportunity, then you declare that Jesus Christ was untruthful, for he said so and so; a very telling method of rousing prejudice. But suppose that the cross-cultural definition, value of the evidence as to what Jesus may have said and done, and as to the exact nature and scope of his authority, is just that which the agnostic finds it most difficult to determine. If I venture to doubt that the Duke of 451 propaganda, Wellington gave the command Up, Guards, and at 'em! at Waterloo, I do not think that even Dr. Wace would accuse me of disbelieving the Duke. Yet it would be just as reasonable to do this as to accuse any one of denying what Jesus said, before the preliminary question as to what he did say is definition settled.

#9;Now, the question as to Pink is for is for Boys Essay what Jesus really said and did is strictly a scientific problem, which is cross-cultural perspective capable of solution by no other methods than those practised by the historian and the literary critic. It is a problem of immense difficulty, which has occupied some of the best heads in Europe for the last century; and it is only of late years that their investigations have begun to converge towards one conclusion. 3. #9;[213] That kind of is for and Blue is for Boys Essay, faith which Dr. Wace describes and lauds is cross-cultural definition of no use here. Indeed, he himself takes pains to destroy its evidential value. #9;What made the Mahommedan world?

Trust and faith in the declarations and assurances of Mahommed. And what made the Christian world? Trust and faith in the declarations and assurances of Jesus Christ and His Apostles ( l.c. p. 253). 451 Propaganda! The triumphant tone of this imaginary catechism leads me to suspect that its author has hardly appreciated its full import. Perspective! Presumably, Dr. Wace regards Mahommed as an unbeliever, or, to use the term which he prefers, infidel; and rights considers that his assurances have given rise to cross-cultural a vast delusion which has led, and is leading, millions of men straight to everlasting punishment. And this being so, the Trust and fahrenheit 451 propaganda faith which have made the Mahommedan world, in just the same sense as they have [214] made the Christian world, must be trust and faith in falsehood. No man who has studied history, or even attended to the occurrences of everyday life, can doubt the enormous practical value of trust and faith; but as little will he be inclined to deny that this practical value has not the cross-cultural, least relation to the reality of the objects of that trust and suez crisi faith.

In examples of patient constancy of faith and of unswerving trust, the Acta Martyrum do not excel the annals of Babism. 4. #9;The discussion upon which we have now entered goes so thoroughly to perspective the root of the whole matter; the question of the day is so completely, as the of innocence, author of cross-cultural perspective, Robert Elsmere says, the value of Pink is for Girls is for Boys, testimony, that I shall offer no apology for following it out somewhat in detail; and, by way of giving substance to the argument, I shall base what I have to say upon a case, the consideration of which lies strictly within the province of natural science, and of that particular part of it known as the physiology and pathology of the nervous system. #9;I find, in the second Gospel (chap. v.), a statement, to all appearance intended to have the same evidential value as any other contained in [215] that history. Perspective! It is the well-known story of the suez crisi, devils who were cast out of a man, and ordered, or permitted, to enter into a herd of swine, to the great loss and damage of the perspective, innocent Gerasene, or Gadarene, pig owners. There can be no doubt that the narrator intends to convey to his readers his own conviction that this casting out and auguries entering in were effected by perspective definition the agency of Jesus of Nazareth; that, by of innocence meaning speech and action, Jesus enforced this conviction; nor does any inkling of the legal and moral difficulties of the case manifest itself. #9;On the other hand, everything that I know of physiological and pathological science leads me to entertain a very strong conviction that the definition, phenomena ascribed to possession are as purely natural as those which constitute small-pox; everything that I know of anthropology leads me to think that the belief in demons and suez crisi demoniacal possession is a mere survival of a once universal superstition, and that its persistence, at the present time, is pretty much in the inverse ratio of the general instruction, intelligence, and sound judgment of the perspective definition, population among whom it prevails. Everything that I know of law and justice convinces me that the oprah, wanton destruction of other people's property is a misdemeanour of cross-cultural perspective definition, evil example. Again, the study of history, and especially of that of the fahrenheit 451 propaganda, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries, leaves no shadow of doubt [216] on perspective, my mind that the rights, belief in the reality of possession and perspective of witchcraft, justly based, alike by Catholics and Protestants, upon this and innumerable other passages in both the Old and New Testaments, gave rise, through the special influence of Christian ecclesiastics, to the most horrible persecutions and judicial murders of auguries meaning, thousands upon thousands of innocent men, women, and children.

And when I reflect that the record of a plain and simple declaration upon such an occasion as this, that the belief in witchcraft and possession is wicked nonsense, would have rendered the cross-cultural perspective definition, long agony of mediæval humanity impossible, I am prompted to reject, as dishonouring, the Pink is for Girls is for Essay, supposition that such declaration was withheld out of condescension to popular error. #9;Come forth, thou unclean spirit, out of the man (Mark v. Definition! 8), 5 are the words attributed to Jesus. If I declare, as I have no hesitation in doing, that I utterly disbelieve in the existence of unclean spirits, and, consequently, in the possibility of their coming forth out of a man, I suppose that Dr. Wace will tell me I am disregarding the testimony of of innocence meaning, our Lord. For, if these words were really used, the definition, most resourceful of reconcilers can hardly venture to Girls and Blue is for Boys affirm that they are compatible with a disbelief in these things.

As the learned and perspective [217] fair-minded, as well as orthodox, Dr. Alexander remarks, in an editorial note to winfrey the article Demoniacs, in the Biblical Cyclopædia (vol. i. p. 664, note):#150; #9;. Cross-cultural Perspective! . .On the lowest grounds on which our Lord and His Apostles can be placed they must, at suez crisi least, be regarded as honest men. Now, though honest speech does not require that words should be used always and only in their etymological sense, it does require that they should not be used so as to affirm what the speaker knows to be false. Whilst, therefore, our Lord and His Apostles might use the word [to be possessed by perspective a demon], or the phrase, [to have a demon], as a popular description of certain diseases, without giving in to the belief which lay at the source of such a mode of meaning, expression, they could not speak of demons entering into a man, or being cast out of him, without pledging themselves to the belief of an actual possession of the man by the demons. (Campbell, Prel. Perspective Definition! Diss. vi. 1, 10). If, consequently, these did not hold this belief, they spoke not as honest men. #9;The story which we are considering does not rest on the authority of the second Gospel alone.

The third confirms the second, especially in fahrenheit 451 propaganda the matter of commanding the unclean spirit to come out of the man (Luke viii. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition! 29); and, although the first Gospel either gives a different version of the same story, or tells another of like kind, the essential point remains: If thou cast us out, send us away into fahrenheit the herd of swine. And He said unto them: Go! (Matt. viii. 31, 32). #9;If the concurrent testimony of the three synoptics, then, is really sufficient to do away with all rational doubt as to a matter of fact of the cross-cultural perspective definition, utmost practical and speculative importance#150;[218] belief or disbelief in which may affect, and has affected, men's lives and their conduct towards other men, in the most serious way#150;then I am bound to believe that Jesus implicitly affirmed himself to possess a knowledge of the unseen world, which afforded full confirmation of the belief in natural rights demons and possession current among his contemporaries. If the story is true, the mediæval theory of the invisible world may be and probably is, quite correct; and the witchfinders, from Sprenger to Hopkins and perspective Mather, are much-maligned men. #9;On the other hand, humanity, noting the frightful consequences of this belief; common sense, observing the futility of the evidence on which it is based, in all cases that have been properly investigated; science, more and more seeing its way to inclose all the auguries, phenomena of so-called possession within the domain of pathology, so far as they are not to be relegated to that of the cross-cultural perspective definition, police#150;all these powerful influences concur in warning us, at our peril, against accepting the belief without the Feed, most careful scrutiny of the authority on which it rests. #9;I can discern no escape from this dilemma: either Jesus said what he is reported to have said, or he did not.

In the former case, it is cross-cultural perspective definition inevitable that his authority on auguries, matters connected with the cross-cultural perspective, unseen world should be roughly shaken; in Pink is for Boys Essay the latter, the blow falls upon the [219] authority of the synoptic Gospels. If their report on a matter of such stupendous and far-reaching practical import as this is untrustworthy, how can we be sure of its trustworthiness in other cases? The favourite earth, in which the hard-pressed reconciler takes refuge, that the Bible does not profess to teach science, 6 is stopped in this instance. For the question of the definition, existence of hobbes natural, demons and definition of possession by them, though it lies strictly within the suez crisi, province of science, is also of the deepest moral and perspective religious significance. If physical and mental disorders are caused by demons, Gregory of Tours and his contemporaries rightly considered that relics and exorcists were more useful than doctors; the gravest questions arise as to the legal and moral responsibilities of persons inspired by demoniacal impulses; and our whole conception of the universe and of our [220] relations to it becomes totally different from suez crisi, what it would be on the contrary hypothesis. #9;The theory of life of an average mediæval Christian was as different from that of an average nineteenth-century Englishman as that of a West African negro is now, in cross-cultural perspective definition these respects. The modern world is slowly, but surely, shaking off these and other monstrous survivals of savage delusions; and, whatever happens, it will not return to that wallowing in the mire.

Until the contrary is proved, I venture to doubt whether, at this present moment, any Protestant theologian, who has a reputation to lose, will say that he believes the natural, Gadarene story. #9;The choice then lies between discrediting those who compiled the Gospel biographies and disbelieving the Master, whom they, simple souls, thought to honour by preserving such traditions of the exercise of his authority over Satan's invisible world. This is the dilemma. No deep scholarship, nothing but a knowledge of the revised version (on which it is to be supposed all that mere scholarship can do has been done), with the application thereto of the commonest canons of cross-cultural perspective, common sense, is needful to enable us to make a choice between its alternatives. It is hardly doubtful that the story, as told in the first Gospel, is merely a version of that told in the second and third. Nevertheless, the discrepancies are serious and winfrey irreconcilable; and, on this ground [221] alone, a suspension of judgment, at the least, is called for. But there is a great deal more to be said. From the cross-cultural, dawn of scientific biblical criticism until the present day, the evidence against the long-cherished notion that the three synoptic Gospels are the works of three independent authors, each prompted by Divine inspiration, has steadily accumulated, until, at rights the present time, there is no visible escape from the cross-cultural perspective definition, conclusion that each of the three is a compilation consisting of a groundwork common to all three#150;the threefold tradition; and suez crisi of a superstructure, consisting, firstly, of matter common to it with one of the others, and, secondly, of matter special to each. The use of the terms groundwork and superstructure by no means implies that the cross-cultural perspective definition, latter must be of later date than the former.

On the winfrey, contrary, some parts of it may be, and probably are, older than some parts of the groundwork. 7. #9;The story of the Gadarene swine belongs to cross-cultural perspective the groundwork; at least, the essential part of it, in Wall-E which the belief in cross-cultural definition demoniac possession is suez crisi expressed, does; and therefore the cross-cultural definition, compilers of the oprah, first, second, and third Gospels, whoever they [222] were, certainly accepted that belief (which, indeed, was universal among both Jews and pagans at that time), and attributed it to Jesus. #9;What, then, do we know about the originator, or originators, of this groundwork#150;of that threefold tradition which all three witnesses (in Paley's phrase) agree upon#150;that we should allow their mere statements to outweigh the counter arguments of cross-cultural perspective definition, humanity, of common sense, of exact science, and to imperil the respect which all would be glad to be able to render to their Master? #9;Absolutely nothing. Suez Crisi! 8 There is no proof, nothing more than a fair presumption, that any one of the Gospels existed, in the state in which we find it in the authorised version of the Bible, before the second century, or, in other words, sixty or seventy years after the events recorded. And, between that time and the date of the oldest extant manuscripts of the Gospels, there is no telling what additions and cross-cultural definition alterations and interpolations may have been made. It may be said that this is Pink is for all mere speculation, but it is a good deal more.

As competent scholars and honest men, our revisers have felt compelled to point out that such things have happened even [223] since the date of the oldest known manuscripts. The oldest two copies of the second Gospel end with the 8th verse of the 16th chapter; the definition, remaining twelve verses are spurious, and it is noteworthy that the maker of the of innocence, addition has not hesitated to introduce a speech in which Jesus promises his disciples that in My name shall they cast out devils. #9;The other passage rejected to the margin is still more instructive. It is that touching apologue, with its profound ethical sense, of the woman taken in adultery#150;which, if internal evidence were an infallible guide, might well be affirmed to be a typical example of the teachings of Jesus. Yet, say the revisers, pitilessly, Most of the perspective definition, ancient authorities emit John vii. 53-viii. 11. Now let any reasonable man ask himself this question.

If, after an approximate settlement of the Pink and Blue Essay, canon of the New Testament, and even later than the fourth and fifth centuries, literary fabricators had the skill and the audacity to make such additions and interpolations as these, what may they have done when no one had thought of a canon; when oral tradition, still unfixed, was regarded as more valuable than such written records as may have existed in the latter portion of the first century? Or, to perspective take the other alternative, if those who gradually settled the canon did not know of the existence of the oldest codices which have come down to us; or if, [224] knowing them, they rejected their authority, what is to 451 propaganda be thought of their competency as critics of the text? #9;People who object to free criticism of the Christian Scriptures forget that they are what they are in virtue of very free criticism; unless the advocates of inspiration are prepared to affirm that the majority of influential ecclesiastics during several centuries were safeguarded against cross-cultural perspective error. For, even granting that some books of the period were inspired, they were certainly few amongst many; and those who selected the canonical books, unless they themselves were also inspired, must be regarded in the light of mere critics, and, from the evidence they have left of their intellectual habits, very uncritical critics. When one thinks that such delicate questions as those involved fell into the hands of men like Papias (who believed in the famous millenarian grape story); of Irenæus with his reasons for the existence of only four Gospels; and of such calm and dispassionate judges as Tertullian, with his Credo quia impossibile : the marvel is that the selection which constitutes our New Testament is as free as it is from obviously objectionable matter. The apocryphal Gospels certainly deserve to hobbes be apocryphal; but one may suspect that a little more critical discrimination would have enlarged the Apocrypha not inconsiderably, #9;At this point a very obvious objection arises [225] and deserves full and candid consideration. It may be said that critical scepticism carried to cross-cultural perspective the length suggested is historical pyrrhonism; that if we are altogether to discredit an ancient or a modern historian, because he has assumed fabulous matter to be true, it will be as well to Pink Girls and Blue is for give up paying any attention to history. It may be said, and with great justice, that Eginhard's Life of Charlemagne is none the less trustworthy because of the cross-cultural definition, astounding revelation of credulity, of suez crisi, lack of judgment, and even of respect for the eighth commandment, which he has unconsciously made in the History of the Translation of the Blessed Martyrs Marcellinus and Paul.

Or, to go no further back than the cross-cultural perspective, last number of the suez crisi, Nineteenth Century, surely that excellent lady, Miss Strickland, is not to be refused all credence, because of the myth about the second James's remains, which she seems to have unconsciously invented. #9;Of course this is perfectly true. I am afraid there is cross-cultural no man alive whose witness could be accepted, if the condition precedent were proof that he had never invented and promulgated a myth. In the minds of fahrenheit, all of us there are little places here and there, like the indistinguishable spots on perspective, a rock which give foothold to meaning moss or stonecrop; on which, if the germ of a myth fall, it is certain to grow, without in the least degree affecting our accuracy or truthfulness elsewhere. Sir Walter Scott knew that he could not repeat a [226] story without, as he said, giving it a new hat and stick.

Most of us differ from Sir Walter only in not knowing about perspective definition, this tendency of the mythop#156;ic faculty to Feed Essay break out cross-cultural perspective definition unnoticed. But it is fahrenheit 451 propaganda also perfectly true that the mythop#156;ic faculty is not equally active in all minds, nor in all regions and definition under all conditions of the same mind. David Hume was certainly not so liable to temptation as the Venerable Bede, or even as some recent historians who could be mentioned; and the most imaginative of debtors, if he owes five pounds, never makes an obligation to pay a hundred out of Wall-E versus, it. The rule of common sense is prima facie to trust a witness in all matters, in which neither his self-interest, his passions, his prejudices, nor that love of the marvellous, which is inherent to a greater or less degree in all mankind, are strongly concerned; and, when they are involved, to perspective definition require corroborative evidence in exact proportion to the contravention of probability by the thing testified. #9;Now, in suez crisi the Gadarene affair, I do not think I am unreasonably sceptical, if I say that the existence of demons who can be transferred from cross-cultural, a man to a pig, does thus contravene probability. Let me be perfectly candid. I admit I have no a priori objection to offer.

There are physical things, such as tæniæ and trichinæ, which can be transferred from of innocence, men to cross-cultural pigs, and vice versa, and which do undoubtedly produce most diabolical [227] and deadly effects on both. For anything I can absolutely prove to the contrary, there may be spiritual things capable of the same transmigration, with like effects. Moreover I am bound to add that perfectly truthful persons, for whom I have the Boys, greatest respect, believe in stories about cross-cultural, spirits of the present day, quite as improbable as that we are considering. #9;So I declare, as plainly as I can, that I am unable to show cause why these transferable devils should not exist; nor can I deny that, not merely the whole Roman Church, but many Wacean infidels of no mean repute, do honestly and firmly believe that the Girls and Blue Boys, activity of such like demonic beings is in full swing in this year of grace 1889. #9;Nevertheless, as good Bishop Butler says, probability is the perspective definition, guide of life; and it seems to me that this is just one of the citation oprah, cases in which the canon of credibility and testimony, which I have ventured to lay down, has full force.

So that, with the most entire respect for perspective, many (by no means for all) of our witnesses for the truth of Pink Boys Essay, demonology, ancient and modern, I conceive their evidence on this particular matter to be ridiculously insufficient to warrant their conclusion. 9. #9;[228] After what has been said, I do not think that any sensible man, unless he happen to cross-cultural perspective be angry, will accuse me of suez crisi, contradicting the Lord and His Apostles if I reiterate my total disbelief in the whole Gadarene story. But, if that story is cross-cultural definition discredited, all the other stories of demoniac possession fall under suspicion. And if the belief in demons and demoniac possession, which forms the sombre background of the whole picture of primitive Christianity, presented to us in the New Testament, is shaken, what is to be said, in any case, of the uncorroborated testimony of the Gospels with respect to the unseen world? #9;I am not aware that I have been influenced by any more bias in regard to the Gadarene story than I have been in dealing with other cases of like kind the investigation of which has interested me. I was brought up in the strictest school of evangelical orthodoxy; and when I was old enough to think for myself, I started upon my journey of citation oprah winfrey, inquiry with little doubt about the general truth of perspective definition, what I had been taught; and with that feeling [229] of the unpleasantness of being called an infidel which, we are told, is so right and proper. Near my journey's end, I find myself in a condition of something more than mere doubt about these matters.

#9;In the course of other inquiries, I have had to do with fossil remains which looked quite plain at a distance, and became more and more indistinct as I tried to define their outline by close inspection. There was something there#150;something which, if I could win assurance about it, might mark a new epoch in the history of the earth; but, study as long as I might, certainty eluded my grasp. So has it been with me in my efforts to define the grand figure of Jesus as it lies in meaning the primary strata of Christian literature. Is he the kindly, peaceful Christ depicted in the Catacombs? Or is he the stern Judge who frowns above the altar of SS. Cosmas and Damianus?

Or can he be rightly represented by the bleeding ascetic, broken down by physical pain, of too many mediæval pictures? Are we to accept the Jesus of the definition, second, or the Jesus of the fourth Gospel, as the true Jesus? What did he really say and do; and how much that is attributed to him, in citation winfrey speech and action, is the embroidery of the various parties into which his followers tended to split themselves within twenty years of his death, when even the threefold tradition was only nascent? #9;[230] If any one will answer these questions for me with something more to the point than feeble talk about the cowardice of cross-cultural, agnosticism, I shall be deeply his debtor. Unless and until they are satisfactorily answered, I say of suez crisi, agnosticism in this matter, J'y suis, et j'y reste. #9;But, as we have seen, it is asserted that I have no business to call myself an agnostic; that, if I am not a Christian I am an infidel; and that I ought to definition call myself by that name of unpleasant significance. Well, I do not care much what I am called by other people, and if I had at my side all those who, since the suez crisi, Christian era, have been called infidels by other folks, I could not desire better company. If these are my ancestors, I prefer, with the cross-cultural definition, old Frank, to be with them wherever they are.

But there are several points in Dr. Wace's contention which must be elucidated before I can even think of undertaking to carry out his wishes. I must, for instance, know what a Christian is. Now what is a Christian? By whose authority is the signification of that term defined? Is there any doubt that the immediate followers of Jesus, the meaning, sect of the Nazarenes, were strictly orthodox Jews differing from other Jews not more than the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes differed from one another; in fact, only in the belief that the Messiah, for whom the rest of cross-cultural definition, their nation waited, had come? Was not their chief, James, the 451 propaganda, brother of the Lord, [231] reverenced alike by Sadducee, Pharisee, and Nazarene?

At the famous conference which, according to the Acts, took place at Jerusalem, does not James declare that myriads of Jews, who, by that time, had become Nazarenes, were all zealous for the Law? Was not the name of Christian first used to denote the perspective definition, converts to the doctrine promulgated by Paul and Barnabas at Antioch? Does the Wall-E Essay, subsequent history of Christianity leave any doubt that, from this time forth, the perspective, little rift within the lute caused by the new teaching, developed, if not inaugurated, at Antioch, grew wider and wider, until the two types of doctrine irreconcilably diverged? Did not the primitive Nazarenism, or Ebionism, develop into the Nazarenism, and and Blue Ebionism, and Elkasaitism of later ages, and finally die out in obscurity and condemnation, as damnable heresy; while the younger doctrine throve and pushed out its shoots into that endless variety of sects, of which the three strongest survivors are the Roman and definition Greek Churches and modern Protestantism? #9;Singular state of things! If I were to profess the doctrine which was held by James, the brother of the Lord, and by every one of the myriads of his followers and co-religionists in Jerusalem up to twenty or thirty years after the Crucifixion (and one knows not how much later at Pella), I should be condemned, with unanimity, as an ebionising heretic by the Roman, Greek, and [232] Protestant Churches! And, probably, this hearty and unanimous condemnation of the creed, held by those who were in the closest personal relation with their Lord, is almost the only point upon which they would be cordially of one mind. On the citation winfrey, other hand, though I hardly dare imagine such a thing, I very much fear that the pillars of the definition, primitive Hierosolymitan Church would have considered Dr. Wace an infidel.

No one can read the famous second chapter of is for Essay, Galatians and perspective definition the book of Revelation without seeing how narrow was even Paul's escape from suez crisi, a similar fate. And, if ecclesiastical history is to be trusted, the thirty-nine articles, be they right or wrong, diverge from the primitive doctrine of the Nazarenes vastly more than even Pauline Christianity did. #9;But, further than this, I have great difficulty in assuring myself that even James, the cross-cultural perspective definition, brother of the Lord, and his myriads of Nazarenes, properly represented the doctrines of their Master. For it is constantly asserted by our modern pillars that one of the chief features of the work of Jesus was the instauration of Religion by the abolition of what our sticklers for articles and liturgies, with unconscious humour, call the narrow restrictions of the Law. Yet, if James knew this, how could the bitter controversy with Paul have arisen; and why did not one or the other side quote any of the various sayings of [233] Jesus, recorded in the Gospels, which directly bear on the question#150;sometimes, apparently, in opposite directions? #9;So, if I am asked to call myself an infidel, I reply: To what doctrine do you ask me to be faithful? Is it that contained in the Nicene and the Athanasian Creeds? My firm belief is that the Nazarenes, say of the year 40, headed by James, would have stopped their ears and thought worthy of stoning the audacious man who propounded it to them. Is it contained in the so-called Apostles' Creed? I am pretty sure that even that would have created a recalcitrant commotion at Pella in the year 70, among the Nazarenes of Jerusalem, who had fled from the soldiers of of innocence, Titus. And yet, if the cross-cultural definition, unadulterated tradition of the teachings of the Nazarene were to be found anywhere, it surely should have been amidst those not very aged disciples who may have heard them as they were delivered.

#9;Therefore, however sorry I may be to be unable to demonstrate that, if necessary, I should not be afraid to call myself an infidel, I cannot do it. Infidel is a term of reproach, which Christians and natural rights Mahommedans, in their modesty, agree to definition apply to those who differ from them. If he had only thought of it, Dr. Wace might have used the term miscreant, which, with the same etymological signification, has the advantage of being still more unpleasant to the persons to whom [234] it is applied. But why should a man be expected to call himself a miscreant or an infidel? That St. Patrick had two birthdays because he was a twin is a reasonable and intelligible utterance beside that of the man who should declare himself to Girls be an infidel, on cross-cultural, the ground of denying his own belief.

It may be logically, if not ethically, defensible that a Christian should call a Mahommedan an infidel and vice versa; but, on Dr. Wace's principles, both ought to call themselves infidels, because each applies the term to the other. #9;Now I am afraid that all the Mahommedan world would agree in reciprocating that appellation to Dr. Wace himself. I once visited the auguries, Hazar Mosque, the great University of cross-cultural definition, Mahommedanism, in Cairo, in Pink is for Girls and Blue is for Essay ignorance of the fact that I was unprovided with proper authority.

A swarm of angry undergraduates, as I suppose I ought to cross-cultural call them, came buzzing about natural, me and my guide; and if I had known Arabic, I suspect that dog of an infidel would have been by no means the most unpleasant of the epithets showered upon me, before I could explain and apologise for the mistake. If I had had the pleasure of Dr. Wace's company on perspective, that occasion, the undiscriminative followers of the Prophet would, I am afraid, have made no difference between us; not even if they had known that he was the head of an orthodox Christian seminary. And I have not the smallest [235] doubt that even one of the learned mollahs, if his grave courtesy would have permitted him to say anything offensive to men of another mode of belief, would have told us that he wondered we did not find it very unpleasant to disbelieve in the Prophet of Islam. #9;From what precedes, I think it becomes sufficiently clear that Dr. Wace's account of the origin of the name of Agnostic is quite wrong. Indeed, I am bound to fahrenheit 451 propaganda add that very slight effort to discover the perspective, truth would have convinced him that, as a matter of fact, the term arose otherwise.

I am loath to oprah go over an old story once more; but more than one object which I have in view will be served by perspective definition telling it a little more fully than it has yet been told. #9;Looking back nearly fifty years, I see myself as a boy, whose education has been interrupted, and who, intellectually, was left, for suez crisi, some years, altogether to his own devices. At that time, I was a voracious and omnivorous reader; a dreamer and speculator of the first water, well endowed with that splendid courage in attacking any and every subject, which is the blessed compensation of cross-cultural perspective definition, youth and inexperience. Among the books and essays, on all sorts of topics from metaphysics to heraldry, which I read at this time, two left indelible impressions on fahrenheit 451 propaganda, my mind. One was Guizot's History of Civilisation, the other was Sir William Hamilton's essay On the Philosophy of [236] the Unconditioned, which I came upon, by chance, in an odd volume of the Edinburgh Review.

The latter was certainly strange reading for a boy, and I could not possibly have understood a great deal of it; 10 nevertheless, I devoured it with avidity, and it stamped upon my mind the cross-cultural, strong conviction that, on even the most solemn and important of questions, men are apt to take cunning phrases for Wall-E, answers; and that the limitation of our faculties, in a great number of cases, renders real answers to such questions, not merely actually impossible, but theoretically inconceivable. #9;Philosophy and cross-cultural perspective definition history having laid hold of me in this eccentric fashion, have never loosened their grip. 451 Propaganda! I have no pretension to be an expert. in either subject; but the turn for philosophical and historical reading, which rendered Hamilton and Guizot attractive to me, has not only filled many lawful leisure hours, and still more sleepless ones, with the repose of changed mental occupation, but has not unfrequently disputed my proper work-time with my liege lady, Natural Science. In this way I have found it possible to cover a good deal of ground in the territory of philosophy; and all the more easily that I have never cared much about A's [237] or B's opinion's, but have rather sought to know what answer he had to definition give to Wall-E versus Feed Essay the questions I had to put to him#150;that of the limitation of possible knowledge being the chief. The ordinary examiner, with his State the views of cross-cultural, So-and-so, would have floored me at any time. If he had said what do you think about any given problem, I might have got on fairly well. #9;The reader who has had the patience to follow the enforced, but unwilling, egotism of citation oprah, this veritable history (especially if his studies have led him in the same direction), will now see why my mind steadily gravitated towards the cross-cultural definition, conclusions of Hume and Kant, so well stated by the latter in a sentence, which I have quoted elsewhere. #9;The greatest and perhaps the citation oprah, sole use of all philosophy of pure reason is, after all, merely negative, since it serves not as an organon for the enlargement [of knowledge], but as a discipline for cross-cultural, its delimitation; and, instead of discovering truth, has only the modest merit of preventing error.

11. #9;When I reached intellectual maturity and Girls and Blue Essay began to ask myself whether I was an atheist, a theist, or a pantheist; a materialist or an idealist; Christian or a freethinker; I found that the more I learned and reflected, the less ready was the perspective definition, answer; until, at last, I came to the conclu[238]sion that I had neither art nor part with any of these denominations, except the last. The one thing in which most of these good people were agreed was the one thing in which I differed from them. They were quite sure they had attained a certain gnosis,#150;had, more or less successfully, solved the problem of suez crisi, existence; while I was quite sure I had not, and had a pretty strong conviction that the cross-cultural perspective, problem was insoluble. Suez Crisi! And, with Hume and Kant on my side, I could not think myself presumptuous in holding fast by that opinion. Like Dante, Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita. Mi ritrovai per una selva oscura, but, unlike Dante, I cannot add,

Che la diritta via era smarrita. On the contrary, I had, and have, the firmest conviction that I never left the verace via#150;the straight road; and that this road led nowhere else but into the dark depths of a wild and tangled forest. And though I have found leopards and cross-cultural lions in the path; though I have made abundant acquaintance with the hungry wolf, that with privy paw devours apace and nothing said, as another great poet says of the ravening beast; and though no friendly spectre has even yet offered his guidance, I was, and am, minded to go straight on, until I either come out on the other side of the [239] wood, or find there is no other side to it, at least, none attainable by of innocence me. #9;This was my situation when I had the good fortune to find a place among the cross-cultural, members of of innocence meaning, that remarkable confraternity of antagonists, long since deceased, but of green and pious memory, the Metaphysical Society. Every variety of philosophical and theological opinion was represented there, and expressed itself with entire openness; most of my colleagues were -ists of one sort or another; and, however kind and friendly they might be, I, the man without a rag of a label to cover himself with, could not fail to have some of the uneasy feelings which must have beset the historical fox when, after leaving the trap in cross-cultural which his tail remained, he presented himself to his normally elongated companions. So I took thought, and invented what I conceived to be the Feed Essay, appropriate title of agnostic.

It came into my head as suggestively antithetic to the gnostic of Church history, who professed to know so much about the very things of which I was ignorant; and I took the perspective, earliest opportunity of oprah, parading it at our Society, to show that I, too, had a tail, like the other foxes. To my great satisfaction, the term took; and when the Spectator had stood godfather to it, any suspicion in the minds of respectable people, that a knowledge of its parentage might have awakened was, of course, completely lulled. #9;That is the history of the origin of the terms [240] agnostic and agnosticism; and cross-cultural perspective definition it will be observed that it does not quite agree with the confident assertion of the reverend Principal of King's College, that the adoption of the term agnostic is Pink is for and Blue is for Essay only an attempt to shift the issue, and perspective definition that it involves a mere evasion in relation to the Church and Christianity. 12. #9;The last objection (I rejoice as much as my readers must do, that it is the last) which I have to take to Dr. Wace's deliverance before the Church Congress arises, I am sorry to say, on Pink is for, a question of morality. #9;It is, and it ought to be, authoritatively declares this official representative of perspective, Christian ethics, an unpleasant thing for a man to have to say plainly that he does not believe in Jesus Christ ( l.c. p. 254). #9;Whether it is so depends, I imagine, a good deal on 451 propaganda, whether the man was brought up in a Christian household or not.

I do not see why it should be unpleasant for a Mahommedan or Buddhist to say so. But that it ought to definition be unpleasant for any man to citation winfrey say anything which he sincerely, and after due deliberation, believes, is, to my mind, a proposition of the most profoundly immoral character. I verily believe that the great good which has been effected in the world by Christianity has been largely counteracted by the pestilent [241] doctrine on which all the Churches have insisted, that honest disbelief in their more or less astonishing creeds is a moral offence, indeed a sin of the deepest dye, deserving and involving the same future retribution as murder and robbery. If we could only perspective definition see, in fahrenheit one view, the torrents of definition, hypocrisy and cruelty, the lies, the Wall-E versus Feed, slaughter, the violations of every obligation of humanity, which have flowed from cross-cultural definition, this source along the course of the history of Christian nations, our worst imaginations of Hell would pale beside the vision. #9;A thousand times, no!

It ought not to be unpleasant to Pink and Blue is for Essay say that which one honestly believes or disbelieves. That it so constantly is painful to do so, is quite enough obstacle to the progress of mankind in that most valuable of all qualities, honesty of word or of deed, without erecting a sad concomitant of human weakness into something to be admired and cherished. Cross-cultural! The bravest of soldiers often, and Feed Essay very naturally, feel it unpleasant to go into action; but a court-martial which did its duty would make short work of the officer who promulgated the doctrine that his men ought to definition feel their duty unpleasant. #9;I am very well aware, as I suppose most thoughtful people are in natural these times, that the process of breaking away from old beliefs is cross-cultural extremely unpleasant; and citation I am much disposed to think that the cross-cultural perspective definition, encouragement, the consolation, and the peace afforded to auguries of innocence meaning earnest believers in even the [242] worst forms of Christianity are of great practical advantage to cross-cultural them. What deductions must be made from this gain on the score of the harm done to Pink is for is for Boys the citizen by cross-cultural definition the ascetic other-worldliness of logical Christianity; to Pink Girls is for Essay the ruler, by the hatred, malice, and all uncharitableness of sectarian bigotry; to the legislator, by the spirit of cross-cultural, exclusiveness and domination of those that count themselves pillars of orthodoxy; to hobbes the philosopher, by the restraints on the freedom of learning and teaching which every Church exercises, when it is strong enough; to the conscientious soul, by the introspective hunting after sins of the mint and cummin type, the perspective, fear of theological error, and the overpowering terror of possible damnation, which have accompanied the Churches like their shadow, I need not now consider; but they are assuredly not small. If agnostics lose heavily on the one side, they gain a good deal on the other. People who talk about the comforts of belief appear to forget its discomforts; they ignore the fact that the Feed Essay, Christianity of the cross-cultural definition, Churches is something more than faith in the ideal personality of Jesus, which they create for themselves, plus so much as can be carried into practice, without disorganising civil society, of the maxims of the Sermon on the Mount. Meaning! Trip in morals or in doctrine (especially in doctrine), without due repentance or retractation, or fail to cross-cultural definition get properly baptized before you die, and a plébiscite of the Christians of Europe, if they [243] were true to their creeds, would affirm your everlasting damnation by an immense majority. #9;Preachers, orthodox and heterodox, din into our ears that the world cannot get on without faith of natural, some sort. There is perspective definition a sense in which that is Wall-E versus Feed Essay as eminently as obviously true; there is another, in cross-cultural definition which, in my judgment, it is as eminently as obviously false, and it seems to me that the hortatory, or pulpit, mind is apt to oscillate between the suez crisi, false and the true meanings, without being aware of the fact.

#9;It is quite true that the ground of every one of cross-cultural perspective, our actions, and the validity of all our reasonings, rest upon the great act of faith, which leads us to auguries of innocence meaning take the experience of the past as a safe guide in our dealings with the present and the future. From the cross-cultural perspective, nature of ratiocination, it is obvious that the axioms, on which it is based, cannot be demonstrated by ratiocination. It is also a trite observation that, in the business of life, we constantly take the hobbes natural, most serious action upon evidence of an utterly insufficient character. Perspective Definition! But it is surely plain that faith is not necessarily entitled to dispense with ratiocination because ratiocination cannot dispense with faith as a starting-point; and that because we are often obliged, by the pressure of events, to rights act on very bad evidence, it does not follow that it is proper to act on such evidence when the pressure is absent. #9;The writer of the epistle to the Hebrews tells [244] us that faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the proving of things not seen. In the authorised version, substance stands for assurance, and cross-cultural evidence for proving. Meaning! The question of the exact meaning of the two words, [substance] and [examination], affords a fine field of discussion for the scholar and the metaphysician. But I fancy we shall be not far from the mark if we take the writer to have had in his mind the definition, profound psychological truth, that men constantly feel certain about things for which they strongly hope, but have no evidence, in the legal or logical sense of the word; and he calls this feeling faith. I may have the most absolute faith that a friend has not committed the crime of which he is accused.

In the early days of English history, if my friend could have obtained a few more compurgators of a like robust faith, he would have been acquitted. Auguries Of Innocence Meaning! At the present day, if I tendered myself as a witness on that score, the judge would tell me to stand down, and the youngest barrister would smile at my simplicity. Miserable indeed is the cross-cultural perspective definition, man who has not such faith in some of is for and Blue Boys, his fellow-men#150;only less miserable than the man who allows himself to forget that such faith is not, strictly speaking, evidence; and when his faith is disappointed, as will happen now and cross-cultural again, turns Timon and blames the universe for his own blunders. And so, if a man can find a friend, the hypostasis of all his hopes, the mirror of his [245] ethical ideal, in the Jesus of any, or all, of the Gospels, let him live by faith in that ideal. Suez Crisi! Who shall or can forbid him? But let him not delude himself with the notion that his faith is evidence of the objective reality of that in which he trusts. Such evidence is to be obtained only by the use of the methods of science, as applied to history and to literature, and it amounts at present to perspective very little. #9;It appears that Mr. Gladstone some time ago asked Mr.

Laing if he could draw up a short summary of the negative creed; a body of negative propositions, which have so far been adopted on the negative side as to be what the Apostles' and other accepted creeds are on the positive; and Mr. Laing at 451 propaganda once kindly obliged Mr. Gladstone with the desired articles#150;eight of them. #9;If any one had preferred this request to me, I should have replied that, if he referred to cross-cultural agnostics, they have no creed; and, by the nature of the case, cannot have any. Oprah Winfrey! Agnosticism, in fact, is not a creed, but a method, the essence of which lies in the rigorous application of a single principle.

That principle is of great antiquity; it is definition as old as Socrates; as old as the writer who said, Try all things, hold fast by that which is good it is the foundation of the Reformation, which simply illustrated the axiom that every man should be able [246] to give a reason for Wall-E versus Feed, the faith that is in him; it is the cross-cultural definition, great principle of Descartes; it is the fundamental axiom of suez crisi, modern science. Positively the principle may be expressed: In matters of the intellect, follow your reason as far as it will take you, without regard to any other consideration. And negatively: In matters of the intellect do not pretend that conclusions are certain which are not demonstrated or demonstrable. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition! That I take to Pink Girls is for Boys Essay be the agnostic faith, which if a man keep whole and undefiled, he shall not be ashamed to look the universe in the face, whatever the future may have in store for him. #9;The results of the cross-cultural perspective definition, working out of the agnostic principle will vary according to fahrenheit 451 propaganda individual knowledge and cross-cultural capacity, and according to the general condition of science. Suez Crisi! That which is cross-cultural definition unproven today may be proven by the help of new discoveries to-morrow. The only natural rights negative fixed points will be those negations which flow from the demonstrable limitation of our faculties. And the only obligation accepted is to have the mind always open to conviction.

Agnostics who never fail in carrying out their principles are, I am afraid, as rare as other people of whom the same consistency can be truthfully predicated. But, if you were to meet with such a ph#156;nix and to tell him that you had discovered that two and two make five, he would patiently ask you to state your reasons for that conviction, and perspective express his readiness to [247] agree with you if he found them satisfactory. The apostolic injunction to suffer fools gladly should be the suez crisi, rule of life of cross-cultural definition, a true agnostic. I am deeply conscious how far I myself fall short of this ideal, but it is my personal conception of what agnostics ought to be. #9;However, as I began by stating, I speak only for myself; and auguries meaning I do not dream of anathematizing and excommunicating Mr. Laing. But, when I consider his creed and compare it with the cross-cultural perspective definition, Athanasian, I think I have on the whole a clearer conception of the meaning of the latter. Polarity, in Article VIII., for example, is winfrey a word about which I heard a good deal in my youth, when Naturphilosophie was in fashion, and cross-cultural greatly did I suffer from it.

For many years past, whenever I have met with polarity anywhere but in a discussion of some purely physical topic, such as magnetism, I have shut the book. Mr. Laing must excuse me if the force of habit was too much for hobbes natural rights, me when I read his eighth article. #9;And now, what is to be said to cross-cultural Mr. Harrison's remarkable deliverance On the future of agnosticism? 13 I would that it were not my business to say anything, for I am afraid I can say nothing which shall manifest my great personal respect for this able writer, and for the zeal and energy with which he ever and anon galvanises the [248] weakly frame of Positivism until it looks, more than ever, like John Bunyan's Pope and Pagan rolled into one. There is a story often repeated, and I am afraid none the less mythical on that account, of a valiant and loud-voiced corporal in command of two full privates who, falling in with a regiment of the enemy in the dark, orders it to surrender under pain of instant annihilation by suez crisi his force; and definition the enemy surrenders accordingly. Pink Is For And Blue Is For Boys! I am always reminded of perspective definition, this tale when I read the positivist commands to the forces of fahrenheit, Christianity and of Science; only the enemy show no more signs of intending to obey now than they have done any time these forty years. #9;The allocution under consideration has a certain papal flavour. Mr. Harrison speaks with authority and definition not as one of the common scribes of the period.

He knows not only what agnosticism is and hobbes natural how it has come about, but what will become of it. The agnostic is to content himself with being the definition, precursor of the positivist. In his place, as a sort of navvy levelling the ground and cleansing it of oprah, such poor stuff as Christianity, he is a useful creature who deserves patting on the back, on condition that he does not venture beyond his last. But let not these scientific Sanballats presume that they are good enough to take part in the building of the Temple#150;they are mere Samaritans, doomed to cross-cultural perspective definition die out in proportion as [249] the Religion of Humanity is accepted by mankind. Versus Essay! Well, if that is their fate, they have time to be cheerful. But let us hear Mr.

Harrison's pronouncement of their doom. #9;Agnosticism is a stage in cross-cultural perspective the evolution of rights, religion, an entirely negative stage, the point reached by physicists, a purely mental conclusion, with no relation to things social at all (p. 154). I am quite dazed by this declaration. Are there, then, any conclusions that are not purely mental? Is there no relation to cross-cultural perspective things social in mental conclusions which affect men's whole conception of life? Was that prince of agnostics, David Hume, particularly imbued with physical science? Supposing physical science to be non-existent, would not the agnostic principle, applied by the philologist and the historian, lead to suez crisi exactly the same results? Is the modern more or less complete suspension of judgment as to cross-cultural perspective the facts of the history of regal Rome, or the real origin of the Homeric poems, anything but agnosticism in citation oprah winfrey history and in literature? And if so, how can agnosticism be the mere negation of the cross-cultural perspective definition, physicist?

#9;Agnosticism is a stage in the evolution of religion. No two people agree as to what is meant by the term religion; but if it means, as I think it ought to mean, simply the reverence and love for the ethical ideal, and the desire to realise that ideal in life, which every man ought [250] to feel#150;then I say agnosticism has no more to natural rights do with it than it has to do with music or painting. If, on the other hand, Mr. Harrison, like most people, means by religion theology, then, in my judgment, agnosticism can be said to be a stage in its evolution, only as death may be said to be the final stage in cross-cultural the evolution of life. #9;When agnostic logic is simply one of the canons of thought, agnosticism, as a distinctive faith, will have spontaneously disappeared (p. 155). #9;I can but marvel that such sentences as this, and those already quoted, should have proceeded from Mr.

Harrison's pen. Does he really mean to suggest that agnostics have a logic peculiar to themselves? Will he kindly help me out of 451 propaganda, my bewilderment when I try to think of logic being anything else than the canon (which, I believe, means rule) of thought? As to agnosticism being a distinctive faith, I have already shown that it cannot possibly be anything of the kind, unless perfect faith in logic is distinctive of agnostics; which, after all, it may be. #9;Agnosticism as a religious philosophy per se rests on an almost total ignoring of history and social evolution (p. 152). #9;But neither per cross-cultural, se nor per aliud has agnosticism (if I know anything about it) the least pretension to be a religious philosophy; so far from resting on ignorance of history, and that social evolution [251] of which history is the account, it is and has been the inevitable result of the strict adherence to scientific methods by historical investigators. Our forefathers were quite confident about the existence of Romulus and Remus, of King Arthur, and of Hengist and Horsa. 451 Propaganda! Most of us have become agnostics in cross-cultural perspective definition regard to the reality of these worthies. It is a matter of notoriety of which Mr. Harrison, who accuses us all so freely of ignoring history, should not be ignorant, that the hobbes natural, critical process which has shattered the foundations of orthodox Christian doctrine owes its origin, not to the devotees of physical science, but, before all, to Richard Simon, the learned French Oratorian, just two hundred years ago.

I cannot find evidence that either Simon, or any one of the great scholars and critics of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who have continued Simon's work, had any particular acquaintance with physical science. I have already pointed out perspective definition that Hume was independent of it. And certainly one of the most potent influences in the same direction, upon history in the present century, that of Grote, did not come from the physical side. Physical science, in fact, has had nothing directly to do with the criticism of the Gospels; it is wholly incompetent to furnish demonstrative evidence that any statement made in these histories is untrue. Indeed, modern physiology can find parallels in rights nature for events of cross-cultural, apparently [252] the most eminently supernatural kind recounted in some of those histories. #9;It is a comfort to hear, upon Mr. Harrison's authority, that the laws of physical nature show no signs of becoming less definite, less consistent, or less popular as time goes on (p. 154). Auguries Meaning! How a law of nature is to become indefinite, or inconsistent, passes my poor powers of imagination.

But with universal suffrage and the coach-dog theory of premiership in full view; the theory, I mean, that the whole duty of a political chief is to look sharp for the way the definition, social coach is 451 propaganda driving, and then run in front and bark loud#150;as if being the leading noise-maker and guiding were the same things#150;it is truly satisfactory to me to know that the laws of nature are increasing in popularity. Cross-cultural Definition! Looking at recent developments of the of innocence, policy which is said to express the great heart of the people, I have had my doubts of the fact; and my love for my fellow-countrymen has led me to reflect, with dread, on what will happen to them, if any of the laws of cross-cultural definition, nature ever become so unpopular in their eyes, as to be voted down by the transcendent authority of universal suffrage. If the legion of demons, before they set out on their journey in Girls is for the swine, had had time to hold a meeting and to resolve unanimously That the law of gravitation is oppressive and ought to be repealed, I am afraid it would have made no sort of difference to the result, when their two [253] thousand unwilling porters were once launched down the steep slopes of the fatal shore of cross-cultural definition, Gennesaret. #9;The question of the place of religion as an auguries, element of human nature, as a force of human society, its origin, analysis, and functions, has never been considered at cross-cultural definition all from an agnostic point of 451 propaganda, view (p. 152). #9;I doubt not that Mr. Harrison knows vastly more about history than I do; in fact, he tells the public that some of my friends and I have had no opportunity of occupying ourselves with that subject.

I do not like to contradict any statement which Mr. Harrison makes on his own authority; only, if I may be true to my agnostic principles, I humbly ask how he has obtained assurance on this head. I do not profess to know anything about the range of Mr. Harrison's studies; but as he has thought it fitting to cross-cultural perspective start the oprah winfrey, subject, I may venture to point out cross-cultural that, on evidence adduced, it might be equally permissible to draw the conclusion that Mr. Harrison's other labours have not allowed him to acquire that acquaintance with the methods and results of physical science, or with the Pink Girls Boys Essay, history of philosophy, or of philological and cross-cultural historical criticism, which is Essay essential to any one who desires to obtain a right understanding of cross-cultural perspective definition, agnosticism. Incompetence in natural rights philosophy, and in all branches of science except mathematics, is the well-known [254] mental characteristic of the founder of positivism. Faithfulness in disciples is an admirable quality in itself; the pity is that it not unfrequently leads to cross-cultural perspective definition the imitation of the weaknesses as well as of the strength of the master. It is only such over-faithfulness which can account for a strong mind really saturated with the historical sense (p. Natural! 153) exhibiting the extraordinary forgetfulness of the perspective, historical fact of the existence of hobbes natural rights, David Hume implied by perspective the assertion that. it would be difficult to name a single known agnostic who has given to history anything like the amount of thought and study which he brings to a knowledge of the physical world (p.

153) #9;Whoso calls to mind what I may venture to term the bright side of Girls and Blue is for, Christianity#150;that ideal of manhood, with its strength and its patience, its justice and its pity for human frailty, its helpfulness to the extremity of cross-cultural perspective, self-sacrifice, its ethical purity and nobility, which apostles have pictured, in which armies of martyrs have placed their unshakable faith, and whence obscure men and women, like Catherine of Sienna and John Knox, have derived the auguries of innocence, courage to rebuke popes and kings#150;is not likely to underrate the perspective, importance of the Wall-E versus Feed, Christian faith as a factor in human history, or to perspective definition doubt that if that faith should prove to be incompatible with our knowledge, or necessary want of knowledge, some other hypostasis of men's hopes, genuine enough and suez crisi worthy enough [255] to replace it, will arise. But that the incongruous mixture of bad science with eviscerated papistry, out of which Comte manufactured the positivist religion, will be the cross-cultural perspective, heir of the Wall-E versus, Christian ages, I have too much respect for cross-cultural definition, the humanity of the future to believe. Charles the Second told his brother, They will not kill me, James, to make you king. And if critical science is remorselessly destroying the historical foundations of the noblest ideal of winfrey, humanity which mankind have yet worshipped, it is little likely to permit the pitiful reality to cross-cultural perspective definition climb into the vacant shrine. #9;That a man should determine to devote himself to the service of humanity#150;including intellectual and moral self-culture under that name; that this should be, in the proper sense of the word, his religion#150;is not only an intelligible, but, I think, a laudable resolution. And I am greatly disposed to believe that it is the only religion which will prove itself to be unassailably acceptable so long as the human race endures.

But when the Comtist asks me to worship Humanity#150;that is to say, to adore the generalised conception of men as they ever have been and probably ever will be#150;I must reply that I could just as soon bow down and worship the generalised conception of suez crisi, a wilderness of apes. Surely we are not going back to the days of Paganism, when individual men were deified, and the hard good sense of a dying Vespasian [256] could prompt the bitter jest, Ut puto Deus fio. No divinity doth hedge a modern man, be he even a sovereign ruler. Nor is there any one, except a municipal magistrate, who is officially declared worshipful. But if there is no spark of worship-worthy divinity in the individual twigs of humanity, whence comes that godlike splendour which the Moses of Positivism fondly imagines to pervade the cross-cultural perspective definition, whole bush?

#9;I know no study which is so unutterably saddening as that of the evolution of humanity, as it is set forth in the annals of history. Out of the darkness of prehistoric ages man emerges with the marks of his lowly origin strong upon him. He is a brute, only more intelligent than the other brutes, a blind prey to impulses, which as often as not lead him to destruction; a victim to endless illusions, which make his mental existence a terror and a burden, and fill his physical life with barren toil and battle. He attains a certain degree of physical comfort, and develops a more or less workable theory of Pink is for Girls and Blue, life, in such favourable situations as the cross-cultural perspective, plains of Mesopotamia or of Egypt, and then, for thousands and thousands of winfrey, years, struggles, with varying fortunes, attended by infinite wickedness, bloodshed, and misery, to maintain himself at cross-cultural perspective this point against the greed and the ambition of auguries meaning, his fellow-men. He makes a point of killing and otherwise persecuting all those who first try to get him to move on; and cross-cultural perspective definition [257] when he has moved on a step, foolishly confers post-mortem deification on his victims. Citation Winfrey! He exactly repeats the process with all who want to move a step yet farther. And the best men of the best epochs are simply those who make the fewest blunders and commit the fewest sins. #9;That one should rejoice in the good man, forgive the perspective definition, bad man, and pity and help all men to the best of one's ability, is Pink is for and Blue Boys Essay surely indisputable. It is the glory of Judaism and of Christianity to have proclaimed this truth, through all their aberrations. But the worship of a God who needs forgiveness and help, and deserves pity every hour of his existence, is no better than that of definition, any other voluntarily selected fetish.

The Emperor Julian's project was hopeful in comparison with the Wall-E, prospects of the Comtist Anthropolatry. #9;When the historian of religion in the twentieth century is writing about the nineteenth, I foresee he will say something of this kind: #9;The most curious and cross-cultural perspective instructive events in the religious history of the preceding century are the Pink is for and Blue Boys, rise and progress of two new sects called Mormons and Positivists. To the student who has carefully considered these remarkable phenomena nothing in the records of religious self-delusion can appear improbable. #9;The Mormons arose in the midst of the great [258] Republic, which, though comparatively insignificant, at that time, in territory as in the number of its citizens, was (as we know from the definition, fragments of the speeches of its orators which have come down to natural rights us) no less remarkable for the native intelligence of its population than for the wide extent of their information, owing to the activity of cross-cultural, their publishers in meaning diffusing all that they could invent, beg, borrow, or steal. Nor were they less noted for cross-cultural, their perfect freedom from all restraints in thought, or speech, or deed; except, to be sure, the beneficent and suez crisi wise influence of the majority, exerted, in case of need, through an institution known as tarring and feathering, the exact nature of cross-cultural perspective, which is now disputed.

#9;There is suez crisi a complete consensus of cross-cultural definition, testimony that the founder of Mormonism, one Joseph Smith, was a low-minded, ignorant scamp, and that he stole the hobbes, Scriptures which he propounded; not being clever enough to definition forge even such contemptible stuff as they contain. Nevertheless he must have been a man of some force of character, for a considerable number of disciples soon gathered about him. In spite of repeated outbursts of popular hatred and 451 propaganda violence#150;during one of cross-cultural perspective, which persecutions Smith was brutally murdered#150;the Mormon body steadily increased, and became a flourishing community. But the Mormon practices being objectionable to the majority, they were, more than once, without any pretence of law, but by Wall-E versus force of riot, arson, and [259] murder, driven away from the land they had occupied. Cross-cultural Definition! Harried by these persecutions, the Mormon body eventually committed itself to citation oprah winfrey the tender mercies of a desert as barren as that of Sinai; and after terrible sufferings and privations, reached the Oasis of cross-cultural perspective definition, Utah. Here it grew and flourished, sending out missionaries to, and receiving converts from, all parts of Europe, sometimes to the number of meaning, 10,000 in a year; until, in 1880, the rich and flourishing community numbered 110,000 souls in Utah alone, while there were probably 30,000 or 40,000 scattered abroad elsewhere. In the whole history of religions there is no more remarkable example of the power of faith; and, in this case, the founder of that faith was indubitably a most despicable creature.

It is interesting to observe that the course taken by the great Republic and its citizens runs exactly parallel with that taken by the Roman Empire and its citizens towards the cross-cultural perspective, early Christians, except that the Romans had a certain legal excuse for their acts of violence, inasmuch as the Christian sodalitia were not licensed, and consequently were, ipso facto, illegal assemblages. Until, in the latter part of the nineteenth century, the United States legislature decreed the illegality of polygamy, the fahrenheit 451 propaganda, Mormons were wholly within the law. #9;Nothing can present a greater contrast to all this than the history of the cross-cultural, Positivists. This sect arose much about the same time as that of the [260] Mormons, in the upper and most instructed stratum of the quick-witted, sceptical population of hobbes natural, Paris. The founder, Auguste Comte, was a teacher of mathematics, but of no eminence in that department of knowledge, and with nothing but an cross-cultural perspective definition, amateur's acquaintance with physical, chemical, and biological science. His works are repulsive, on account of the dull diffuseness of their style, and of innocence a certain air, as of a superior person, which characterises them; but nevertheless they contain good things here and cross-cultural there. It would take too much space to and Blue is for Essay reproduce in detail a system which proposes to regulate all human life by the promulgation of a Gentile Leviticus.

Suffice it to perspective say, that M. Comte may be described as a syncretic, who, like the Gnostics of early Church history, attempted to combine the substance of Pink is for Girls and Blue, imperfectly comprehended contemporary science with the definition, form of Roman Christianity. It may be that this is the reason why his disciples were so very angry with some obscure people called Agnostics, whose views, if we may judge by the account left in the works of a great Positivist controversial writer, were very absurd. #9;To put the matter briefly, M. Comte, finding Christianity and Science at daggers drawn, seems to rights have said to Science, You find Christianity rotten at the core, do you? Well, I will scoop out the cross-cultural definition, inside of it. And to Romanism: You find Science mere dry light#150;cold and fahrenheit bare. [261] Well, I will put your shell over it, and so, as schoolboys make a spectre out of cross-cultural, a turnip and a tallow candle, behold the new religion of Humanity complete! #9;Unfortunately neither the Romanists, nor the people who were something more than amateurs in science, could be got to worship M. Comte's new idol properly.

In the native country of Positivism, one distinguished man of letters and one of science, for a time, helped to 451 propaganda make up a roomful of the perspective, faithful, but their love soon grew cold. Of Innocence! In England, on cross-cultural perspective, the other hand, there appears to suez crisi be little doubt that, in the ninth decade of the century, the multitude of disciples reached the grand total of several score. Cross-cultural Definition! They had the advantage of the 451 propaganda, advocacy of one or two most eloquent and learned apostles, and, at any rate, the sympathy of definition, several persons of light and leading; and, if they were not seen, they were heard, all over the world. On the other hand, as a sect, they laboured under the prodigious disadvantage of being refined, estimable people, living in the midst of the suez crisi, worn-out civilisation of the old world; where any one who had tried to persecute them, as the Mormons were persecuted, would have been instantly hanged. But the majority never dreamed of persecuting them; on the contrary, they were rather given to scold and cross-cultural perspective otherwise try the patience of the majority. #9;The history of these sects in Wall-E the closing years [262] of the century is highly instructive. Mormonism . Cross-cultural Perspective Definition! . . . #9;But I find I have suddenly slipped off Mr.

Harrison's tripod, which I had borrowed for the occasion. The fact is, I am not equal to the prophetical business, and ought not to suez crisi have undertaken it. #9;[It did not occur to me, while writing the latter part of this essay, that it could be needful to disclaim the intention of putting the religious system of Comte on a level with Mormonism. And I was unaware of the fact that Mr. Harrison rejects the greater part of the Positivist Religion, as taught by Comte. I have, therefore, erased one or two passages, which implied his adherence to the Religion of Humanity as developed by Comte, 1893.] 1 See the Official Report of the Church Congress held at Manchester, October 1888, pp. 253, 254.

2 [In this place and in the eleventh essay, there are references to the late Archbishop of York which are of no importance to my main argument, and which I have expunged because I desire to obliterate the cross-cultural definition, traces of a temporary misunderstanding with a man of rare ability, candour, and wit, for whom I entertained a great liking and no less respect. I rejoice to think now of the suez crisi, (then) Bishop's cordial hail the first time we met after our little skirmish, Well, is it to be peace or war? I replied, A little of both. But there was only peace when we parted, and definition ever after. 3 Dr. Suez Crisi! Wace tells us, It may be asked how far we can rely on the accounts we possess of perspective, our Lord's teachings on these subjects. Auguries! And he seems to think the question appropriately answered by the assertion that it ought to be regarded as settled by M. Renan's practical surrender of the adverse case. I thought I knew M. Renan's works pretty well, but I have contrived to miss this practical (I wish Dr. Cross-cultural Perspective Definition! Wace had defined the scope of that useful adjective) surrender. However, as Dr.

Wace can find no difficulty in pointing out the passage of M. Renan's writings, by which he feels justified in making his statement, I shall wait for of innocence meaning, further enlightenment, contenting myself, for the present, with remarking that if M. Renan were to retract and do penance in Notre Dame to-morrow for any contributions to Biblical criticism that may be specially his property, the main results of definition, that criticism, as they are set forth in the works of Strauss, Baur, Reuss, and Wall-E Essay Volkmar, for example, would not be sensibly affected. 4 [See De Gobineau, La Religions et les Philosophies dans l'Asie Centrale; and the recently published work of Mr. E. G. Browne, The Episode of the Bab. ] 5 Here, as always the revised version is cited. 6 Does any one really mean to say that there is any internal or external criterion by which the reader of a biblical statement, in which scientific matter is contained, is enabled to judge whether it is to be taken au sérieux or not? Is the account of the Deluge, accepted as true in the New Testament, less precise and specific than that of the cross-cultural perspective definition, call of Abraham, also accepted as true therein? By what mark does the story of the feedings with manna in the wilderness, which involves some very curious scientific problems, show that it is meant merely for edification, while the story of the inscription of the Law on stone by Feed the hand of Jahveh is cross-cultural literally true? If the story of the Fall is not the true record of an historical occurrence, what becomes of auguries meaning, Pauline theology?

Yet the perspective, story of the Fall as directly conflicts with probability, and is as devoid of trustworthy evidence as that of the Creation or that of the Deluge, with which it forms an Essay, harmoniously legendary series. 7 See, for an admirable discussion of the cross-cultural perspective, whole subject, Dr. Abbott's article on the Gospels in the Encyclopædia Britannica; and the remarkable monograph by natural rights Professor Volkmar, Jesus Nazarenus und die erste christliche Zeit (1882). Whether we agree with the conclusions of these writers or not, the method of critical investigation which they adopt is unimpeachable. 8 Notwithstanding the hard words shot at me from behind the hedge of cross-cultural perspective, anonymity by a writer in hobbes natural a recent number of the Quarterly Review, I repeat, without the slightest fear of refutation, that the four Gospels, as they have come to us, are the work of unknown writers.

9 Their arguments, in the long run, are always reducible to one form. Otherwise trustworthy witnesses affirm that such and such events took place. These events are inexplicable, except the agency of spirits is admitted. Therefore spirits were the cross-cultural definition, cause of the phenomena. And the heads of the reply are always the same. Citation Oprah Winfrey! Remember Goethe's aphorism: Alles factische ist schon Theorie. Trustworthy witnesses are constantly deceived, or deceive themselves, in definition their interpretation of sensible phenomena.

No one can prove that the sensible phenomena, in these cases, could be caused only by the agency of spirits: and there is abundant ground for believing that they may be produced in other ways. Therefore, the utmost that can be reasonably asked for, on the evidence as it stands, is suspension of judgment. And, on the necessity for even that suspension, reasonable men may differ, according to their views of Wall-E versus, probability. 10 Yet I must somehow have laid hold of the pith of the matter, for, many years afterwards, when Dean Mansel's Bampton Lectures were published, it seemed to me I already knew all that this eminently agnostic thinker had to perspective definition tell me. 11 Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Edit. Hartenstein, p. 256. 12 Report of the Church Congress, Manchester, 1888, p. 252. 13 Fortnightly Review, Jan. Winfrey! 1889.

Preface and Table of Contents to Volume V, Science and perspective Christian Tradition, of fahrenheit 451 propaganda, Huxley's Collected Essays.