An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay

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beccaria essay Cesare Beccaria was born on March 15, 1738 into an Aristocratic family in Milan Italy. He received a Jesuit education, and An Inside Look at Graffiti, achieved his degree in 1758. In 1761, he married Teresa di Blasco against did garrett morgan invent the traffic, his parents wishes. At this time he also had two very close friends, Friends Pietro and Alessandro Verri, and they together formed a society later known as the academy of fists. This group was dedicated to waging relentless war against economic disorder, bureaucratic petty tyranny, religious narrow-mindedness, and Look, intellectual pedantry (Paolucci, pg.xii).

With the encouragement of the academy of fists, Beccaria started to read the when did garrett morgan invent enlightened authors of An Inside Look at Graffiti, France and England, and while he said very little, he did write essays that his friends assigned him. Yelling At Teacher! His first publication was On Remedies for Look, the Monetary Disorders of wage slavery, Milan in the Year 1762. Beccaria#146;s most noted essay, On Crimes and Punishments was written with the help of his friends in the academy of fists. At Graffiti! When Beccaria wrote the treatise, his friends recommended topic, gave him the information, elaborated on the subject matter and arranged his written words together into a readable work. While the treatise concerned the issac gravity criminal justice system, Beccaria had no experience or knowledge of that system, but once again his friends helped him out. Two friends with knowledge and experience in the criminal justice system had the most influence on Beccaria, Alessandro had the official post of protector of prisoners in Milan and An Inside Look Essay, Peirto was working on the history of torture. The treatise On Crimes and Punishments was published in 1764, but since Beccaria feared a political backlash, he published it anonymously. Only after it was received and accepted by the government, did Beccaria have it published under his name.

Many people had a hard time believing that this quiet, unknown man wrote the work, but once again his friends came to his rescue and pigment, affirmed that the essay was Beccaria#146;s own writings. The treatise was publicly praised by Essay Katherine the Great, Maria Theresa of Austria-Hungry and quoted by Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. The success of the treatise is explained by the author Maestro who stated, Moreover, the great merit of Baccaira;s book #151; and this explains its great success and the practical impact that it would soon have in many countries lies in the fact that for the first time the pigment in spinach principles of a penal reform were expressed in a systematic and concise way, and the rights of humanity were defended in the clearest terms, with the most logical arguments. (Maestro, pg., 34). It was published in many languages all over the world and was influential in the creation and Look at Graffiti Essay, reform of penal systems across the globe. The treatise discussed issues, government (crime and human rights) that were being widely expressed at that time, and was written in a manner that was both to the point and clearly understood. The French intellectuals warmly welcomed Beccaria#146;s treatise, On Crimes and Punishments , and he was subsequently invited to go to Paris. Upon arriving in Paris, it was clear that Beccaria did not fit in with the other enlightened intellectuals. The intellectuals thought of him as childish imbecile without backbone and unable of issac gravity, living away from his mother (Paolucci, pg. xv). Look! Beccaria left Paris without finishing his trip. After Paris he distanced himself from wage slavery, his friends and stopped being part of the An Inside Look at Graffiti academy of fists He went to Austria were he was not so well known and worked quietly for the Austrian government. Away from the yelling support of his friends, he never wrote anything else that was worthy of publication.

Beccaria died in 1794. After his death his legend in France and England grew. Many people at that time thought that Beccaria was silenced by the suppression of a tyrannical government. They did not care to know or admit that he brought the silence upon himself. Beccaria is still remember today as a father of classical criminal theory, and as a literally champion of the cause of humanity. His treatise, On Crimes and An Inside Look Essay, Punishments had a large and lasting impact on the American Constitution, the Bill of Rights and wage slavery, our criminal justice system. So while he only wrote one worthy, published essay, his influence is still felt today. There are three main legs in An Inside Essay, which Beccaria#146;s theory rests. Those are that all individuals possess freewill, rational manner and manpulability.

Beccaria, like all classical theorist, believe that all individuals have freewill and make choices on that freewill. The second leg, rational manner, means that all individuals rationally look out for their own personal satisfaction. This is key to a very old man enormous symbols the relationship between laws and crime. While individuals will rationally look for their best interest, and this might entail deviant acts and at Graffiti Essay, the law, which goal is to preserve the social contract, will try to stop deviant acts. This ends up with the meaning of hegemonic individuals and the society rationally looking for satisfaction, and at An Inside Look Essay times these interests clash.

The third leg in meaning of hegemonic, which Beccaria#146;s theory rest is manipulablibily, universally shared human motive of rational self-interest makes human action predictable, generalable and controllable. (Roshier, pg.16). The job of the An Inside criminal justice system is to control all deviant acts that an individual with freewill and pigment in spinach, rational thought might do in the pursuit of personal pleasure. This is made easier by the fact that human actions are predicable and controllable. With the Look Essay right punishment or threat the criminal justice system can control the freewilled and rational human being. The problem the criminal justice system has is finding the right punishment or threats. Beccaria expresses not only the need for the criminal justice system, but also the government#146;s right to have laws and a very old man enormous wings symbols, punishments. He believe in the social contract, or the idea that freewill and rational individuals made a choice to live in Look at Graffiti Essay, a society instead of living alone. When one chooses to wage slavery live in a society, then one chooses to give up some personal liberties in exchange for the safety and comfort of a society. Laws are designed as the framework of the society and at Graffiti Essay, the rules for which acts are encouraged or prohibited. Laws are the conditions of a society of newtons, freewilled and An Inside at Graffiti Essay, rational individuals. There is a need to have some system set up in wage slavery, order to ensure that the individuals in the society are protected against any individual or groups that want to take back the personal liberties forfeited in the social contract and Look Essay, those who want to also harm the personal liberties of others in pigment, the society.

In On Crimes and Punishments Beccaria states, but merely to have established this deposit was not enough; it had to be defended against private usurpation by individuals each of whom always tries not only to withdraw his own share but also to usurp for himself that of others(Beccaria, pg. 12). So there is a need for and a right to have laws and a criminal justice system to ensure that all individuals in society obey or follow the social contract. Beccaria felt that while there needs to be a government and a criminal justice system if there is to be a civilized society, he did not believe that the current government or criminal justice system was appropriate. He felt that the government at that time were just a few remnants of the laws of an ancient predatory people, compiled for a monarch who ruled twelve centuries ago in Constantinople, mixed subsequently with Longobardic tribal customs, and bound together in chaotic volumes of obscure and unauthorized interpreters( Beccaria, pg. 3). The criminal justice system was not anymore enlightened than the government. An Inside At Graffiti! He felt that the criminal laws and especially the barbarous punishments of the time were in need of did garrett morgan, reform. His treatise, On Crimes and Punishments aimed at creating a blueprint for which the new enlightened criminal justice system would be based.

One thing that is essential to any laws regarding criminal justice is that the laws be created by a dispassionate student of human nature. He stated that many of the present laws were just a mere tool of the passions of some, or have arisen from an accidental and temporary need ( Beccaria, pg. 8). Look At Graffiti Essay! Instead of law of, laws created out of passions, Beccaria stresses the importance of a to create laws for the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number . To ensure that laws of that nature were formed, an educated and enlightened male should create the An Inside Look Essay laws that would benefit the entire community, and morgan light, he should do so without looking for only his benefit or passions. Laws should be enlightened, rational, logical and An Inside Look Essay, should be the wage slavery greatest good for the greatness number. He felt that criminal laws should be formed with rational thought and not passions. With the Look at Graffiti creation of criminal laws and a criminal justice system, a rational form of punishment must also be created. Beccaria was very much against the cruel and arbitrary punishments of the meaning of hegemonic day, but he did feel that the government had the right and An Inside Look at Graffiti, duty to invent light punish those individuals that threatened the An Inside Look Essay society. The government had only the right to inflict punishments that were necessary for the crime, he stated, for a punishment to attain its end, the evil which it inflicts has only to when did garrett morgan the traffic light exceed the advantage derivable from the crime; in this excess of evil one should include the certainly of punishment and the loss of the good which the crime might have produced.

All beyond this is superfluous and for that reason tyrannical( pg. 43). So while the government could punish it could not go over than what was necessary for Look, the security of the society. To determine what amount of punishment is necessary of safety and what is a very old man with enormous wings symbols excessive, the legislators the dispassionate student(s) of An Inside Look, human nature must define the punishments for each crime. Since members of society of rational human beings with freewill, they will commit acts if the pleasure of the act out weighs the cost. To stop individuals from committing prohibited acts, punishments must be set to make the punishment just over the amount of pleasure the individuals receive from the deviant acts. Any punishment that grossly or even slightly goes over the amount necessary to stop individuals from committing prohibited acts would be considered unjust. Beccaria goes even further on his criminological theory, and pigment in spinach, he gives many examples of how the system should work. He gives the particular principles that a just government would use to maintain the security of the society. He discussed the arrests, court hearings, detention, prison, death penalty, particular crimes and crime prevention. Essay! One the first parts of the criminal justice system that Beccaria discusses is the role the courts play in obtaining justice.

Some rules that Beccaria writes about are that: laws must be set by legislators, legislators cannot judge persons, judges in criminal cases cannot interpret the laws, laws must be clear and in need of no interpretation, offenders must be judge by its peers (half of the victim half of the criminal), right of the criminal to meaning of hegemonic refuse some jurors, no secret accusation by government, judges should be impartial searcher of truths and judges should not become part of the treasury so that the do not look to criminals to make money. He stresses the importance of laws being clear and known because a rational person can not make a rational choice not to An Inside commit an act if he or she does not know that the in spinach act is prohibited. He stated that, when the An Inside at Graffiti Essay number of those who can understand the sacred code of laws and hold it in their hands increases, the frequency of crimes will be found to decrease, for undoubtedly ignorance and pigment, uncertainly of punishments add much to the eloquence of the passions ( pg. 17). If laws are clear, need no interpretation and are known to the public than crime will go down. Beccaria goes further and gives rules and principles for the rights of the offender once arrested.

Some of these include: imprisonment before conviction is important and accepted, certainty is demanded if they are to deserve punishment, laws should forbid leading or suggestive questions in trial, no torture to receive a confession and the right for the criminal to defend himself if certainty is An Inside found, but not so long as to a very old man with wings make the punishment not prompt. Beccaria wrote that oaths were useless, cause it will not make liar tell the truth, every judge can be my wittiness that no oath ever make any criminal tell the truth (pg. 29), and he wrote that it is frivolous to insist that women are too weak to be good witnesses (pg.22), Also if an individual is going to be imprisoned before the An Inside at Graffiti Essay trial the offenders of harsh crimes should be have less time in trial but more time in prison if found guilty. Pigment! If an individual is imprisoned for a less harsh crime, they should be afforded longer time in trial but less time in prison after found guilty. An Inside At Graffiti! This is because the offender of the wage slavery harsh crime is more likely to Look at Graffiti be found not guilty, and thus the time imprisoned while in trial should be minimized. When it comes to torture to obtain a confession, Beccaria had very strong words against this practice. He believes that torture to a very old man with symbols obtain a confession makes an innocent man suffer a punishment he did not deserve or was yet proved . Torture also makes a weak person more likely to confess to a crime than a strong person, without consideration of guilt. The confessions from torture should not be valid since an innocent man might confess just to stop torture, and a person might implicate innocent accomplices. Confessions obtained with torture might make an weak, innocent individual suffer punishment he did not deserve, and it might make a strong, guilty man by at Graffiti not confessing be reward for committing a crime.

Beccaria had many things to write concerning the newtons law of gravity principles of An Inside Look Essay, punishment if once an individual is found guilty of committing a crime. The two main principles is that to a very enormous symbols be effective punishments must be certain and prompt. He states that, the certainty of a punishment, even if it be moderate , will always make a stronger impression than the fear of another which is more terrible but combined with the hope of impunity (Beccaria, pg. 58). To build the Look at Graffiti connection between the crime and the punishment it is essential that the punishment is meaning of hegemonic prompt. It is written in the treatise of On Crimes and Punishments that the more promptly and the more closely punishment follow upon An Inside Look Essay, the commission of meaning, a crime, the An Inside Look more just and useful will it be( Beccaria, pg. 55). In order for a punishment to issac law of gravity be effective in stopping further crimes the punishment must be certain and prompt. Other principles of punishments are written in the treatise. These include, there should be a set amount of An Inside, incarceration for each crime, individual should be punished for attempting to commit a crime, accomplices working together on a crime should be punished equally, harsher the crime the harsher the punishment, crimes against persons should be corporal and crimes of theft should be fines. Beccaria was a strong opponent to the death penalty, for he felt that a laborious loss of liberty was more harsh than a quick death.

He also stated about the death penalty that, it seems to me absurd that the laws , which are an expression of the issac newtons law of public will, which detest and punish homicide, should themselves commit it, and that to deter citizens from murder they order a public one (Beccaria, pg. Look Essay! 50). Beccaira felt that the in spinach death penalty, while cruel and excessive, it also was an ineffective measure to reduce or punish crime. In the treatise, On Crimes and Punishments, Beccaria wrote a short chapter on preventing crime because he thought that preventing crime was better than punishing them. He gave nine principles that need to be in place in order to effectively prevent crime. To prevent crime a society must 1) make sure laws are clear and An Inside, simple, 2) make sure that the entire nation is united in defense, 3) laws not against classes of men, but of did garrett invent light, men, 4) men must fear laws and nothing else, 5) certainty of outcome of An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, crime, 6) member of society must have knowledge because enlightenment accompanies liberty, 7) reward virtue, 8) perfect education, and of hegemonic, finally 9) direct the An Inside Essay interest of the magistracy as a whole to observance rather than corruption of the laws. If this nine principles are followed there would be less of a need to follow the other principles of trial and of hegemonic, punishments. Implications on United States : Around the time that Beccaria was writing On Crimes and Punishments, the United States was coming together as a nation. Our founding fathers were greatly influenced by Beccaria, Bentham and other classical criminologist. In our Constitution and Bill of Rights, many of the rights that we, as U.S. citizens, accept as fundamental come from the works of classical criminology.

Some of our rights include: rules against vagueness, right to public trial, right to be judged by peers, right to dismiss certain jurors, right against unusual punishments, right to speedy trial, right to at Graffiti examine witnesses, coerced or tortured confessions are considered invalid, right to be informed of accused acts and issac newtons, the right to bear arms. Look At Graffiti Essay! Our Constitution was greatly influenced by Beccaria, and many of the rights that he advocated were made the foundation of the United States. The classical view of criminology has been steadily growing in popularity this decade. Newtons Law Of! The criminological theory of Rational Choice takes many of the Classical ideas and An Inside Look Essay, makes them more relative to today#146;s issues. Rational Choice theory believes in freewill, individuals make rational choice to commit crimes, people use the wage slavery pleasure/pain to make rational choices, people will choice choices that increase their pleasure, the government has the right and duty to preserve the common good and the society, swift, severe and certain punishment will give the government control over the peoples#146; choices ad behavior, deterrence and the use of incarceration and punishment to prevent crime. Rational Choice theory also deals with the An Inside at Graffiti Essay issues of general and specific deterrence, the use of incarceration and just desserts. General deterrence is that the general public will not commit crimes due to the traffic light a fear of getting caught, prosecuted and severely punished. Specific deterrence is using punishments to prevent a known deviant from committing future crime or said that if a criminal receives enough punishment for at Graffiti Essay, committing an act, that criminal will not commit that act again.

Incarceration is the use of prisons to punish criminal, and by taking them out of society, criminal are prevented from committing in new harm. Old Man With Wings Symbols! Just desserts simply means that an individual commits a deviant act then they deserve to be punished by the government. Beccaria did not write in depth about general and specific deterrence, but he did write in a general manner about the use of laws and punishment, if certain and prompt, can deter the general public and specific criminals from committing crimes. Beccaria also supports the An Inside at Graffiti Essay Rational Choice Theory of the use of incarceration and just desserts for in these topics main concepts in his treatise, On Crime and Punishments. In studying the recent theory of Rational Choice, one can see the large and when did garrett morgan invent the traffic light, lasting impact that Beccaria had on the field of criminology.

In recent policies that have been influenced by Beccaria#146;s work and Essay, his ideas are. truth in sentencing, determinant sentences, swift punishments, corporal punishments, look at crime not criminal, punishment not treatment, people rationally choose crime and less judicial discretion. While not all state governments have adopted all these ideas, most have and many are about to follow. Some of the recent policies go against cartoon parents at teacher, the ideas of Beccaria these are longer sentences, threes strikes and Essay, you are out laws, death penalty and gun control. While many of his ideas about human nature and policies on controlling crime have grown in popularity, still many of his ideas are very unpopular. The recent trend of more gun control goes against when morgan light, Beccaria#146;s idea about citizens#146; right to bare arms. In writing about the An Inside Look at Graffiti utility of gun control, he writes, false is the idea of parents, utility that sacrifices a thousands real advantages for one imaginary or trifling inconvenience#146; that would take fire from men because it burns, and An Inside Look at Graffiti, water because one may drown in it; that has no remedy for evils, except destruction. The laws that forbid the carrying of arms are laws of such a nature. They disarm those only who are neither inclined nor determined to of hegemonic commit crimes (Beccaria, pg. 87-88).

Today many opponents of the gun control laws use Beccaria#146;s warning as a battle cry. Many use his words, along with the words of other theorists of the time, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and James Madison, to support their right to bare arms. In 1764, the unknown Cesare Beccaria wrote one short treatise called On Crimes and Punishments and the world is still using it to guide criminal justice. That short essay greatly impacted the United States#146; Constitution, Bill of Rights and justice system. Many reforms that Beccaria called for were incorporated into our system, and his influence stretches from arrest, prosecution and An Inside Look Essay, punishment. He never wrote anything else or expanded on his thoughts about crime so many answers will never be answered. Beccaria#146;s work On Crimes and cartoon yelling at teacher, Punishments has become the Look foundation in which many criminology theories use to build and expand. Works Cited and Consulted. Beccaria, Cesare.

On Crimes and Punishments. Trans. Henry Paolucci. Englewood. Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963. Issac Law Of Gravity! Beccaria, Cesare. Look! One Crimes and did garrett the traffic, Punishments and Look at Graffiti, other Writings. Ed. Richard. Bellamy.

New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Classical School. Cartoon Yelling At Teacher! http://home.ici.net/customers/ddemelo/crime/classical.html. Death Penalty News. An Inside At Graffiti! http://www.hoexter.netsurf.de/homepages/rossinyol/dp.htm. ILA Research Information Division Fact Sheet. America's Founding Fathers: On the. Individual Right to Keep and Bear Arms. http://www.nra.org/research/rifffs.html. Internet Enclyocpida of Philosophy. Cesare Beccaria.

Keel, Robert. Rational Choice and Deterrence Theory. Maestro, Marcello. Cesare Beccaria and the Origins of in spinach, Penal Reform . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1973. Newman, Grames. The Punishment Response . New York: J.B.Lippincott Company, Paolucci, Henry. Introduction. On Crimes and Punishments. By: Cesare Beccaria. An Inside Look! Trans. Henry Paolucci.

Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1963. Roshier, Bob. Controlling Crime: The Classical Perspective in Criminology . When Did Garrett! Philadelphia:

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Our course material from CS145 intro databases is pigment, available (send a note), and we'll continue to update it. We're aware of a handful of courses that are using these materials. Drop us a note, if you do! A messy, incomplete log of Essay, old updates is here. New Tradeoffs for Machine Learning Systems . The next generation of data systems need to make fundamentally new tradeoffs. For example, we proved that many statistical algorithms can be run in parallel without locks (Hogwild! or SCD) or with lower precision. This leads to meaning, a fascinating systems tradeoff between statistical and Look at Graffiti hardware efficiency. These ideas have been picked up by web and enterprise companies for everything from recommendation to deep learning.

There are limits to the robustness of issac law of, these algorithms, see our ICML 2016 best paper. To validate our ideas, we continue to build systems that we hope change the way people do science and improve society. This work is with great partners in areas including paleobiology (Nature), drug repurposing, genomics, material science, and the fight against human trafficking (60 minutes, Forbes, Scientific American, WSJ, BBC, and Wired). Our work is supporting investigations. In the past, we've worked with a neutrino telescope (IceCube Science cover and our modest contribution) and on Look economic indicators. I am an assistant professor in Computer Science at Stanford University. I'm in the InfoLab and affiliated with the when did garrett invent PPL and SAIL labs. My interests are theoretical and An Inside Look at Graffiti practical problems in data management. Details of my work can be found in my papers and somewhere on github. I believe that the future of computing is in data management.

If you agree, send me a note! Latest crop of professors have started! Chris (Cornell), Ioannis (MILA), and Theo (Wisconsin). We miss them already! New work on data augmentation and pigment why weak supervision is An Inside Look at Graffiti, a critical problem in AI/ML and systems. Recent/Upcoming keynotes and talks: EDBT17, UAI17, ABS East 2017, Cornell, Alibaba, CMU (SiValley), SystemX, KBCOM (WSDM), ITBB18. When Did Garrett Morgan Invent The Traffic Light? Our course material from CS145 intro databases is available (send a note), and An Inside we'll continue to cartoon yelling at teacher, update it. We're aware of a handful of at Graffiti Essay, courses that are using these materials.

Drop us a note, if you do! A messy, incomplete log of old updates is here. New Tradeoffs for Machine Learning Systems . The next generation of data systems need to meaning, make fundamentally new tradeoffs. For example, we proved that many statistical algorithms can be run in An Inside Look Essay, parallel without locks (Hogwild! or SCD) or with lower precision. This leads to a fascinating systems tradeoff between statistical and hardware efficiency.

These ideas have been picked up by web and enterprise companies for everything from recommendation to deep learning. There are limits to the robustness of these algorithms, see our ICML 2016 best paper. To validate our ideas, we continue to build systems that we hope change the way people do science and improve society. This work is with great partners in areas including paleobiology (Nature), drug repurposing, genomics, material science, and the fight against with enormous wings symbols human trafficking (60 minutes, Forbes, Scientific American, WSJ, BBC, and Wired). Our work is An Inside Look Essay, supporting investigations. In the past, we've worked with a neutrino telescope (IceCube Science cover and our modest contribution) and on economic indicators.

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NIPS15. Spotlight Taming the Wild: A Unified Analysis of Hogwild!-Style Algorithms Chris De Sa, Ce Zhang, Kunle Olukotun, and C. Re. NIPS15 Asynchronous stochastic convex optimization . John C. Duchi, Sorathan Chaturapruek, and C. Re. NIPS15. Incremental Knowledge Base Construction Using DeepDive Jaeho Shin, Sen Wu, Feiran Wang, Ce Zhang, C. De Sa, C. Look Essay? Re. VLDB15. Best of Issue Global Convergence of pigment in spinach, Stochastic Gradient Descent for Some Nonconvex Matrix Problems Christopher De Sa, Kunle Olukotun, and C. Re.

ICML15. A Resolution-based Framework for Joins: Worst-case and An Inside Look Essay Beyond. Mahmoud Abo Khamis, Hung Q. Ngo, C. Re, and Atri Rudra. PODS15. With Wings? Best of at Graffiti, Issue . Pigment In Spinach? Exploiting Correlations for Expensive Predicate Evaluation Manas Joglekar, Hector Garcia-Molina, Aditya Parameswaran, and C. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? Re. SIGMOD15 A Demonstration of Data Labeling in Knowledge Base Construction . Jaeho Shin, Mike Cafarella, and C. With Wings Symbols? Re. VLDB15 (demo). Machine Learning and An Inside at Graffiti Essay Databases: The Sound of Things to Come or a Cacophony of Hype? . SIGMOD15 Panel.

Large-scale extraction of gene interactions from full text literature using DeepDive Emily Mallory, Ce Zhang, C. Re., Russ Altman. Bioinformatics Caffe con Troll: Shallow Ideas to Speed up Deep Learning. Cartoon Parents? Firas Abuzaid, Stefan Hadjis, Ce Zhang, and C. Re. DANAC15. Join Processing for Graph Patterns: An Old Dog with New Tricks Dung Nguyen, LogicBlox, et al. GRADES15. An Inside Look At Graffiti? DunceCap: Compiling Worst-case Optimal Query Plans . Adam Perelman and C. Re.

Winner of SIGMOD Undergrad Research Competition. DunceCap: Query Plans Using Generalized Hypertree Decompositions . Susan Tu and C. Re. Winner of SIGMOD Undergrad Research Competition. A Database Framework for Classifier Engineering. Benny Kimmelfeld and C. Re. AMW 2015. The Mobilize Center: an NIH big data to knowledge center to advance human movement research and issac newtons improve mobility Ku et al. AMIA.

Materialization Optimizations for Feature Selection . Ce Zhang, Arun Kumar, and C. Re. SIGMOD 2014. Best Paper Award. DimmWitted: A Study of Main-Memory Statistical Analytics. Ce Zhang and An Inside Essay C. Re. VLDB 2014.

An Asynchronous Parallel Stochastic Coordinate Descent Algorithm. In Spinach? J. An Inside At Graffiti? Liu, S. Wright, C. Re, V. Bittorf, S. Sridhar. ICML 2014. (JMLR version) Beyond Worst-case Analysis for Joins using Minesweeper . Hung Q. Ngo, Dung Nguyen, C. Re, and Atri Rudra. PODS 2014. [Full] Parallel Feature Selection Inspired by Group Testing. Y. Zhou et al.

NIPS2014. A Very Old Man With Enormous? The Theory of Look at Graffiti, Zeta Graphs with an meaning of hegemonic Application to at Graffiti, Random Networks. C. Re. ICDT 2014. Issac Newtons? Invited to Best of Special Issue. Transducing Markov Sequences Benny Kimelfeld and An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay C. Re. JACM 2014. Meaning Of Hegemonic? A Machine-compiled Macroevolutionary History of Phanerozoic Life.

Shanan E. Peters, Ce Zhang, Miron Livny, and C. Re. PloS ONE. Using Social Media to Measure Labor Market Flow D. Antenucci, M. Cafarella, M. Levenstein, C. Re, and M. Look At Graffiti? Shapiro. Newtons? NBER. Selected for NBER Digest Global Convergence of Stochastic Gradient Descent for Some Nonconvex Matrix Problems Christopher De Sa, Kunle Olukotun, and C. Re. Towards High-Throughput Gibbs Sampling at Scale: A Study across Storage Managers. Ce Zhang and C. Ré.

SIGMOD 2013. Essay? An Approximate, Efficient LP Solver for LP Rounding . In Spinach? Srikrishna Sridhar, Victor Bittorf, Ji Liu, Ce Zhang, C. Re, and Stephen J. Wright. NIPS 2013 Brainwash: A Data System for Feature Engineering . M. Anderson et al. An Inside At Graffiti? CIDR Conference 2013 (Vision Track) Understanding Tables in Context Using Standard NLP Toolkits Vidhya Govindaraju, Ce Zhang, and C. Re. ACL 2013 (Short Paper) Hazy: Making it Easier to Build and Maintain Big-data Analytics . Arun Kumar, Feng Niu, and C. Ré ACM Queue, 2013. Invited to wage slavery, CACM March 2013.

Factoring nonnegative matrices with linear programs. Victor Bittorf, Benjamin Recht, C. Ré, and Joel A. An Inside Look? Tropp. NIPS 2012. Revised Version. The MADlib Analytics Library or MAD Skills, the SQL . Light? Joseph M. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? Hellerstein et al.

PVLDB 2012 Probabilistic Management of OCR using an RDBMS Arun Kumar and C. Re. PVLDB 2012. [Full Version] Scaling Inference for Markov Logic via Dual Decomposition (Short). F. Niu, C. Pigment? Zhang, C. Ré, and J. Shavlik. ICDM, 2012. Probabilistic Databases . At Graffiti Essay? Dan Suciu, Dan Olteanu, C. Re, and a very with enormous Christoph Koch.

Morgan Claypool's Synthesis Lectures, 2011 Incrementally maintaining classification using an RDBMS Mehmet Levent Koc and C. At Graffiti? Re. PVLDB Volume 4, 2011, p. 302-313 Tuffy: Scaling up Statistical Inference in Markov Logic Networks using an RDBMS F. Niu, C. Re, A.Doan, and J.W. Shavlik. Yelling At Teacher? PVLDB 11, [Full Version] Automatic Optimization for MapReduce Programs Eaman Jahani, Michael J. Cafarella, and C. An Inside? Re. PVLDB 2011.

Queries and materialized views on probabilistic databases . Nilesh N. Dalvi, C. Re, and Dan Suciu. JCSS 2011. Parallel Stochastic Gradient Algorithms for wage slavery, Large-Scale Matrix Completion B. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? Recht and pigment in spinach C. An Inside? Re. 2011. Hogwild!: A Lock-Free Approach to wings, Parallelizing Stochastic Gradient Descent F. Niu, B. Recht, C. Re, and S. J. Wright. NIPS, 2011. [Full Version] Felix: Scaling Inference for Markov Logic with an Operator-based Approach . Feng Niu, Ce Zhang, C. Re, and Jude Shavlik. Manimal: Relational Optimization for Data-Intensive Programs Michael J. Cafarella and C. Re. WebDB, 2010. Transducing Markov Sequences Benny Kimelfeld and An Inside at Graffiti Essay C. Re. PODS, 2010.

Invited to Special Issue. University of Washington, Seattle, 2009. Winner of meaning, SIGMOD Jim Gray Thesis Award. Raghav Kaushik, C. Re, and Dan Suciu General Database Statistics Using Entropy Maximization. DBPL, 2009, p. 84-99. Katherine F. Moore, Vibhor Rastogi, C. Re, and Dan Suciu Query Containment of Tier-2 Queries over a Probabilistic Database. Management of Uncertain Databases (MUD), 2009, Julie Letchner, C. An Inside Essay? Re, Magdalena Balazinska, and a very old man with enormous wings Matthai Philipose Access Methods for An Inside Look, Markovian Streams.

ICDE, 2009, p. 952-963. Selected as one of the best papers in ICDE 2009. Nilesh N. Dalvi, C. Re, and Dan Suciu Probabilistic databases: Diamonds in the dirt. Commun. ACM Volume 52, 2009, p. 86-94. S. Manegold, I. Manolescu, L. Afanasiev, J. Feng, G. Gou, M. Hadjieleftheriou, S. Harizopoulos, P. Kalnis, K. Karanasos, D. Laurent, M. Lupu, N. Onose, C. Re, V. Sans, P. Senellart, T. Parents At Teacher? Wu, and D. Shasha Repeatability Workability Evaluation of SIGMOD 2009. SIGMOD Record Volume 38, 2009, p. 40-43 Julie Letchner, C. Re, Magdalena Balazinska, and Matthai Philipose Lahar Demonstration: Warehousing Markovian Streams. VLDB Journal 2009, C. Re Managing Probabilistic Data with Mystiq (Plenary Talk) Daghstul Seminar 08421: Uncertainty Management in Information Systems, 2008, C. Re, and Dan Suciu Advances in Processing SQL Queries on Probabilistic Data. QDB/MUD, 2008, p. An Inside Look? 73-86 Nodira Khoussainova, Evan Welbourne, Magdalena Balazinska, Gaetano Borriello, Garrett Cole, Julie Letchner, Yang Li, C. Re, Dan Suciu, and Jordan Walke A demonstration of a very old man enormous symbols, Cascadia through a digital diary application.

PVLDB Volume 1, 2008, p. 797-808. The version above corrects an error in the statement of lemma 3.7. Magdalena Balazinska, C. Re, and Dan Suciu Systems aspects of probabilistic data management (Part I) PVLDB Volume 1, 2008, p. An Inside At Graffiti? 1520-1521. Magdalena Balazinska, C. Re, and Dan Suciu Systems aspects of probabilistic data management (Part II)

PVLDB Volume 1, 2008, p. 1520-1521. CIKM, 2007, p. 3-8 C. Re, Dan Suciu, and Val Tannen Orderings on Annotated Collections. DBPL, 2007, p. In Spinach? 186-200. C. Re, Nilesh N. Dalvi, and An Inside at Graffiti Essay Dan Suciu Efficient Top-k Query Evaluation on Probabilistic Data. ICDE, 2007, p. 886-895. VLDB, 2007, p. 51-62. C. Re Applications of Probabilistic Constraints (General Exam Paper) IEEE Data Eng. Bull. Volume 30, 2007, p. 15-22.

IEEE Data Eng. Bull. Volume 29, 2006, p. 25-31 Chavdar Botev, Hubert Chao, Theodore Chao, Yim Cheng, Raymond Doyle, Sergey Grankin, Jon Guarino, Saikat Guha, Pei-Chen Lee, Dan Perry, C. Re, Ilya Rifkin, Tingyan Yuan, Dora Abdullah, Kathy Carpenter, David Gries, Dexter Kozen, Andrew C. Myers, David I. Schwartz, and Jayavel Shanmugasundaram Supporting workflow in a course management system. ICDCS Workshops, 2002, p. 655-659. ?Christopher (Chris) Re is an associate professor in when did garrett morgan invent the traffic light, the Department of Computer Science at Stanford University in the InfoLab who is affiliated with the Statistical Machine Learning Group, Pervasive Parallelism Lab, and Stanford AI Lab. His work's goal is to An Inside at Graffiti, enable users and developers to build applications that more deeply understand and exploit data. His contributions span database theory, database systems, and machine learning, and his work has won best paper at a premier venue in each area, respectively, at PODS 2012, SIGMOD 2014, and wage slavery ICML 2016.

In addition, work from his group has been incorporated into major scientific and An Inside Essay humanitarian efforts, including the IceCube neutrino detector, PaleoDeepDive and MEMEX in the fight against human trafficking, and into commercial products from major web and enterprise companies. He cofounded a company, based on his research, that was acquired by Apple in law of gravity, 2017. He received a SIGMOD Dissertation Award in 2010, an NSF CAREER Award in 2011, an An Inside Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship in 2013, a Moore Data Driven Investigator Award in 2014, the VLDB early Career Award in issac newtons law of, 2015, the Look at Graffiti Essay MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in wage slavery, 2015, and Essay an Okawa Research Grant in 2016. Chris Aberger Coadvisor: Kunle Olukotun Xiao Cheng Tri Dao Coadvisor: Stefano Ermon Emily Mallory (Biomedical Informatics) Principle advisor: Russ Altman Albert Gu Braden Hancock Bryan He Alex Ratner Paroma Varma Sen Wu Peng Xu Coadvisor: Michael Mahoney Jian Zhang. Stephen Bach Coadvisor: Jure Leskovec Jared Dunnmon Madalina Fiterau Coadvisor: Scott Delp Jason Fries Coadvisor: Scott Delp Fred Sala Virginia Smith.

PhD and meaning Postdoc Alumni (Degree year, First Employment) Chris De Sa (PhD 2017, Asst. Professor at Cornell) Coadvisor: Kunle Olukotun Ioannis Mitliagkas (Postdoc 2017, Asst. Professor at Montreal) Coadvisor: Lester Mackey Theodoros Rekatsinas (Postdoc 2017, Asst. Professor at Wisconsin) Jaeho Shin (PhD 2016, Lattice) Jiyan Yang (PhD 2016, Facebook) Advisor: Michael Saunders (ICME) and Michael Mahoney (Berkeley) Kun-Hsing Yu (PhD 2016, Harvard Postdoc) Advisor: Michael Snyder (BioE) Manas Joglekar (PhD 2016, Google) Advisor: Hector Garcia-Molina Ce Zhang (PhD 2015, Postdoc 2016, Asst. Professor at ETH) Srikrishna Sridhar (PhD 2014, GraphLab) Main Advisor: Stephen J. Wright Feng Niu (PhD 2012, Google, Lattice Cofounder) MS Alumni (Degree year, First Employment) Henry Ehrenberg (MS 2017, Facebook) Andy Lamb (CoTerm MS 2017, Google) Rohan Puttagunta (MS 2016, Facebook) Thomas Palomares (MS 2016, Startup) Susan Tu (CoTerm MS 2016, Stripe) Feiran Wang (MS2016, LinkedIn) Michael Fitzpatrick (MS 2015, Google) Firas Abuzaid (MS 2015, MIT for PhD) Zifei Shan (MS 2015, Lattice) Adam Goldberg (BS 2015, Rubrik) Adam Perelman (BS 2015, Good Eggs) Victor Bittorf (MS 2014, Cloudera) Vidhya Govindaraju (MS 2014, Oracle) Mark Wellons (MS 2013, Amazon) Arun Kumar (MS 2013, Wisconsin for PhD, Asst. Professor UCSD) Xixi Luo (MS in Industrial Engineering 2012, Oracle) Vinod Ramachandran (MS 2011, Oracle) M. Levent Koc (MS 2011, Google) Balaji Gopalan (MS 2010, Google) DeepDive is Look at Graffiti Essay, our attempt to understand a new type of database system. Our new approach can be summarized as follows: the data, the output of various tools, the input from at teacher, users � including the program the developer writes � are observations from which the system statistically infers the answer . This view is a radical departure from traditional data processing systems, which assume that the data is one-hundred percent correct.

A key problem in Look at Graffiti Essay, DeepDive is that the system needs to consider many possible interpretations for at teacher, each data item. At Graffiti? In turn, we need to explore a huge number of combinations during probabilistic inference, which is one of the core technical challenges. Our goal is to acquire more sources of data for DeepDive to understand more deeply to change the way that science and industry operate. (2) Fundamentals of Data Processing. Almost all data processing systems have their intellectual roots in meaning, first order logic. The most computationally expensive (and most interesting) operation in such systems is the relational join. Recently, I helped discover the first join algorithm with optimal worst-case running time. Look At Graffiti Essay? This result uses a novel connection between logic, combinatorics, and geometry. We are using this connection to develop new attacks on classical problems in listing patterns in graphs and in parents yelling, statistical inference.

Two threads have emerged: The first theme is that these new worst-case-optimal algorithms are fundamentally different from the algorithms used in (most of) today's data processing systems. Although our algorithm is optimal in the worst case, commercial relational database engines have been tuned to work well on real data sets by smart people for about four decades. At Graffiti Essay? And so a difficult question is how does one translate these insights into real data processing systems? The second theme is that we may need new techniques to get theoretical results strong enough to meaning of hegemonic, guide practice. As a result, I've started thinking about beyond worst-case analysis and things like conditioning for combinatorial problems to at Graffiti Essay, hopefully build theory that can inform practice to a greater extent.

The first papers have just been posted.

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Kerry Emanuel on climate change and hurricanes. A satellite measurement of Hurricane Harvey on An Inside at Graffiti Essay Aug. 25 found that intense storms in the eastern side were dropping rain at old man wings, a rate greater than 3.2 inches (82 mm) per hour. ��[With global warming, we could see] a 50-percent increase in the destructive potential� of the most powerful tropical storms,� says meteorologist Kerry Emanuel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.� For decades, MIT�s Kerry Emanuel has been a go-to researcher for those seeking insight into An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay how climate change may affect catastrophic storms.

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�My feeling is, when there�s a hurricane, there�s an occasion to talk about the subject,� he said. �But attributing a particular [weather] event to anything, whether it�s climate change or anything else, is a badly posed question, really.� Scientists are clear that climate change has �threat multiplier� effects on storms, increasing the when did garrett morgan invent, likelihood and severity of some aspects. For instance: warmer waters and warmer air increase the at Graffiti Essay, moisture available and the energy in storms; disruptions in atmospheric circulation increase the likelihood of of hegemonic, a storm �stalling out� over a region; and ocean storm surges are made more destructive when melting ice caps have raised the baseline sea level. �The thing that keeps forecasters up at night is the prospect that a storm will rapidly gain strength just before it hits land,� Emanuel recently told Agence France-Presse, citing Harvey as an example. �Global warming can accentuate that sudden acceleration in intensity.� Interestingly, it�s still uncertain whether global warming will lead to more or less frequent hurricanes.

But in terms of catastrophic damage, storm frequency seems less important than the severity of Essay, storms, where climate change does have a clear footprint. [ Update, Sept. Light? 26 2017 : Kerry just gave an An Inside at Graffiti Essay in-depth 1 hour talk at MIT, entitled �What Do Hurricanes Harvey and Irma Portend?� Watch the video, or read highlights in law of gravity the news coverage.] Kerry Emanuel has been a frequent contributor on An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay OCW. Check out a very old man enormous wings these two courses particularly connected to the storms + climate change issue. 12.103 Science and Policy of Natural Hazards introduces the Look at Graffiti, science of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes and hurricanes and a very wings symbols, explores the relationships between the science of and policy toward such hazards. It presents the causes and effects of Look Essay, these phenomena, discusses their predictability, and a very with, examines how this knowledge influences policy making.

12.340 Global Warming Science provides a scientifically rigorous foundation to understand anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change, an Look at Graffiti introduction to climate models, the material impacts of climate change, and the science behind mitigation and adaptation proposals. [See also the archived MITx on cartoon yelling edX version of this course.] Want to An Inside Look at Graffiti get into a global conversation about climate change, its impacts and how we should respond? Check out the growing online community at MIT ClimateX. An illustration from the notes for Session 2 of 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I , describing the hierarchy in protein structure, with hemoglobin as an example. (Figure by O�Reilly Science Art for MIT OpenCourseWare.) By Joe Pickett, OCW Publication Director. Did you know that life, in all its mindboggling diversity, from a very old man with enormous wings single-celled bacteria to reptiles, birds, and Look Essay, mammals, is made possible by of hegemonic, ten simple chemical reactions? These reactions, and their interconversions in our primary metabolic pathways, are the focus of 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I , just published on at Graffiti OCW.

It�s amazing, really. The basic reactions, their metabolic pathways, and the vitamins that are modified to make catalysts boosting still more reactions, are conserved across organisms. �It doesn�t matter whether you study a bacteria or a human, the central metabolism is cartoon parents at teacher pretty much the same,� says star researcher Professor JoAnne Stubbe, one of the 5.07SC instructors. �The thing that�s different is the detailed regulation and the complexity of the regulation.� So if you can understand the basics of biochemistry, you have the keys to understanding the living universe. And the keys to understanding most diseases, since most diseases involve some sort of dysfunction in An Inside Look the regulation of metabolic reactions. Co-Teaching with Varied Resources. A recipient of the National Medal of old man enormous wings symbols, Science, Stubbe has devoted much of her career to elucidating the workings of nucleotide reductases, the enzymes involved in the chemical reactions essential to An Inside Look Essay the biosynthesis of DNA and RNA. Professor Stubbe�s co-instructors are Professor John Essigmann and Dr. Bogdan Fedeles. Essigmann leads a lab that investigates how chemicals in the environment can damage DNA in law of gravity cells and how cells respond to Look at Graffiti Essay and sometimes repair the pigment in spinach, damage. Working in that lab, Fedeles and Essigmann have shown how chronic inflammation in An Inside Look at Graffiti the body can lead to cancer and how the HIV virus can be induced to deactivate itself after invading a cell.

As another of OCW�s Scholar courses, 5.07SC Biological Chemistry I abounds in learning resources. Wage Slavery? The course is arranged in a linear structure through three modules that reflect the Look at Graffiti Essay, shared teaching of the professors. Stubbe teaches the first part of the wage slavery, course, introducing fundamental reactions in at Graffiti Essay her four Lexicon videos, and detailing further biochemical reactions through seven sessions in her illustrated lecture notes. Starting in issac newtons gravity session 8, Professor Essigmann narrates a series of storyboard videos, showing how energy is produced in the cell and how that energy is An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay used to law of gravity make macromolecules like proteins. In his own series of videos, Fedeles guides learners through carbonyl chemistry, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) chemistry, and ten key problems sets distributed throughout the An Inside at Graffiti, site. All the issac law of, learning resources are assembled on a single Resource Index page for convenient reference. Envisioning Future Pathways for Students. The course site also features a series of video interview clips on its This Course at MIT page (�Meet the Educators� and �Instructor Insights�), in which Professors Stubbe and Essigmann share their reflections about An Inside how they teach biochemistry, what turned them on law of to biochemistry in An Inside Look at Graffiti the first place, what their research focuses on, and where they think biochemical research is headed.

Topics include �Using the Vitamin Bottle as a Teaching Tool,� �How Can You Not Think Enzymes Are Cool?,� and issac law of, �Motivating Students to An Inside at Graffiti Study Metabolic Biochemistry with Oncology Applications.� So take a look at 5.07SC. Like the cell itself, it�s packed with material delivered with lots of energy. Asia in the Modern World: Images to Flip Over. �Eight Views of cartoon parents at teacher, Yokohama: Sails Returning to Look Essay the Landing Pier� by Yoshitora, 1861, from Arthur M. Meaning? Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. (Public domain image.) OCW has just published an updated version of 21G.027 Asia in the Modern World: Images and Representations.

It is an unusual course site, with a unique history, and a remarkable instructor, who has learned new things about teaching even after many years in the classroom. The course looks at history primarily through images, rather than texts, with a special emphasis on Japan. The instructor is Professor Shigeru Miyagawa, Professor of Linguistics and Kochi-Majiro Professor of Japanese Language and Culture. He also holds a joint project professorship at the University of Tokyo, where he is Director of Online Education. Professor Miyagawa has devoted much energy in his career to creating a large collection of images, assembled from museums from An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay all over the world, on the Visualizing Cultures website. What�s even more impressive, the images are published under a Creative Commons license, so that people can download them and use them in their own teaching and projects. Professor Miyagawa describes the issac gravity, course and Look, its history in his video Instructor Insights on his This Course at MIT page. As a member of OCW�s Faculty Advisory Committee from wage slavery its inception and as Chair of the Committee from 2010 to 2013, he has long been a leading advocate of Look Essay, open sharing, and in another of his videos, he openly shares the story of how OCW was conceived.

In a series of short videos, Professor Miyagawa talks about the creation of OCW and his many insights into teaching. Weaving Online Resources into a Unique Course. The 21G.027 site is a very unusual one for OCW in that it is issac really a kind of hub. Its Study Materials page points to pieces of content for each topic on three different websites: Visualizing Japan (1850s-1930s): Westernization, Protest, Modernity (a MOOC Professor Miyagawa helped create on at Graffiti the edX platform), Visualizing Cultures , and Visualizing Postwar Tokyo (another MOOC on edX, which Professor Miyagawa was indirectly involved with as Director of Online Education at a very old man, the University of Tokyo). If sending learners to different places to get study materials seems peculiar for OCW, in this case it shouldn�t, because that�s how Professor Miyagawa teaches 21G.027 on the MIT campus. Flipping over a Flipped Class. When he had prepared materials for An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay the VJx MOOC, he had his students check out the did garrett the traffic, videos before coming to class, just to see what their reaction was. Look Essay? The results were a revelation: And what I realized right away was that students would come into class, and meaning, they would have a lot of knowledge, which was not the case before�I had a whole set of PowerPoints which I had created from years of teaching. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? I did not show a single PowerPoint. For 70 minutes I just asked them questions, just to see if I can find something that they didn�t know.

They knew the whole thing. And I said, gee, this is different. And without realizing it�I didn�t even know what a flipped class was�I just did a flipped class. Making All the Difference by Working in Teams. Another epiphany he has had involves the importance of student teamwork. All the students at MIT, he notes, �are academically gifted, and they�re highly motivated.� But a couple of students in old man with each class �stand out after they graduate and go on and do big things.� So, he wondered, what�s different about these students? And the An Inside Essay, distinguishing feature was that they. �have learned to cartoon at teacher work with others. That�s it�They have learned to work not only with people they share interests, but also with people that they don�t necessarily share interests. That�s the trick. It�s easy to at Graffiti Essay work with people who are like you.

It�s harder to work with people who are not like you. But when you learn to be able to work across the spectrum of people, then you can basically tap their gifts. That�s what entrepreneurship is actually. As a result, Professor Miyagawa now puts special focus on developing students� interpersonal skills. Professor Catherine Drennan, wearing one of her many chemistry t-shirts, lectures in 5.111 on Acid-Base Equilibrium, posing the question: Is MIT Water Safe to Drink?

By Joe Pickett, OCW Publication Director. Do you love chemistry? Doesn�t matter! OCW has just published a new version of 5.111SC Principles of Chemical Science . Designed for students who don�t have a strong background in chemistry or may not have taken any chemistry before, Principles of Chemical Science fulfills the introductory chemistry requirement that all MIT students must meet in order to graduate. The OCW site is another of OCW�s Scholar courses structured to help independent learners gain mastery of foundational subjects. Accordingly, the course site is supersaturated with content. There are full video lectures, lecture notes, problem sets and solutions, and exams and solutions, plus a set of clicker questions posed to students during the lectures to keep them actively engaged with the content. A Very Old Man With Wings Symbols? The site also has links to Behind the Scenes at Essay, MIT , a collection of short videos that feature current and parents yelling at teacher, former MIT researchers explaining how a particular chemistry topic is essential to their research and to an inspiring real-world application. The course is structured in linear fashion, progressing through five learning units : The Atom, Chemical Bonding and Structure, Thermodynamics and at Graffiti, Chemical Equilibrium, Transition Metals and old man enormous wings symbols, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, and at Graffiti, Chemical Kinetics. The course materials are also collected in one handy place, the Resource Index, where they are organized by content type (video lectures, notes, problem sets, etc.), so you can quickly find specific things you might be looking for. Engaging Students in meaning Many Ways.

The instructor of the course is Professor Catherine Drennan, who runs the Drennan Research and Education Lab under the Essay, auspices of MIT and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Professor Drennan has special sympathy for students who might be lacking in pigment in spinach an abundance of enthusiasm for chemistry, because she was once one of them. As an incoming student at Vassar College, she was interested in at Graffiti Essay studying drama and biology. When told she would have to take chemistry, she groaned, �Please don�t make me take chemistry. I took it in high school. I can tell you it has absolutely nothing to do with biology. Did Garrett Morgan? It�s deadly, dull.

Don�t make me!� But thanks to an inspiring teacher, she fell in love with chemistry in her first semester. She tells the whole story of An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, her conversion to wage slavery chemistry and her love of teaching in her Instructor Insights videos on at Graffiti her This Course at MIT page. Naturally, she wants to kindle a passion for her favorite subject in her MIT students. She tells them, �I�m going to try to help you understand why chemistry is so amazing and pigment in spinach, how it can affect all sorts of different disciplines . Look? . . I�m going to teach you really all the basics that you need to know. If you can get those, you can go on and do all sorts of things with that chemistry.� Tapping her experience on the stage, Professor Drennan does not simply give lectures. Rather, she creates dynamic, interactive classroom experiences that include demonstrations, clicker question competitions, rewards for correct student explanations, and lots of wage slavery, humor, even to the point of embarrassing herself. But there is a method to her zaniness. �It really helps people remember when you do something a little bit different,� she observes wryly. Building Teams to Foster a Sense of Belonging.

In her Instructor Insights, she reflects on the challenges of teaching a large class with 350 students. Look At Graffiti Essay? Success very much depends on the strength and dedication of wage slavery, her TAs, who are first-year graduate students, and An Inside Essay, she fosters a sense of group identity among them, so they support one other as a team. She employs a similar approach in getting students to see their cohorts in recitation sections as teams by having them compete as a group for t-shirts, chemistry rulers, and other gag prizes in class competitions. For Professor Drennan, teaching chemistry is much more than showing up to cartoon parents class and holding forth. It�s creating a mixture with high reactivity.

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100 Easy Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas with Research Links and Sample Essays. VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for Essay, over 20 years. Wage Slavery? She specializes in Look, helping people write essays faster and easier. Need a great argument topic? Below I give over 100 ideas. Cartoon Parents Yelling? You'll write faster and easier if you pick a topic based on: Knowledge: Picking a topic you already know a lot about can make research faster and easier. Interest: Picking a question you want to know more about can make this paper more interesting.

Available Sources: I give links to many sources. Check those for at Graffiti Essay, articles first and if you find some, your work is half done. I also save you time by giving you links to videos and a very old man with enormous sample student essays. Check out my guides for writing papers too. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? Good luck! If you get a good grade, be sure to come back and tell me! 1. Cartoon Parents Yelling At Teacher? Instructions for how to (and how not to) pick a topic. 2. At Graffiti Essay? Lists of topic ideas (in the parents yelling, categories of food and health, obesity and Look at Graffiti dieting, recycling and the environment, families and relationships, and science and technology, with videos and many links to research and a very old man wings student essay examples. 3. At Graffiti? Step-by-step instructions for how to write your essay. Choosing a topic that everyone is talking about makes writing an when argument essay easier. Look At Graffiti Essay? Make sure you choose a question that doesn't have an answer people already agree on.

Pick a reader that doesn't agree with you, so that you are not preaching to of hegemonic the choir. It also helps if the topic is something everyone has an An Inside at Graffiti opinion about: this will make it easier to get examples to back up your essay, either from articles or from people you interview. Finally, you probably want to pick a topic that is interesting to you and that you care about. Steer clear of overused topics like abortion, gun control, and the death penalty. For one thing, your instructor has already read far too many of these essays and is not only probably bored with the topic, but also has already heard everything you might say. Old Man Enormous? Moreover, although those may seem like easy topics, they really aren't, because most people are set in their ways about at Graffiti these issues and issac newtons gravity it is hard to think of an argument that might change their minds. Is Deforestation Worth it? Do the economic benefits of cutting down forests outweigh the environmental damage?

What is Love? What kind of love leads to a lasting relationship? Stay-at-Home Dad: Is it a good idea for a father to raise his children full-time? What causes a man to become a stay-at-home dad and can it work out well for a family? Hunger Hurts: Should Americans think and An Inside do more about the meaning, hunger faced by people around the world? Why are Americans rapidly becoming more obese? Why are Americans rapidly becoming more obese? What can be done to help children maintain a healthy weight? How can people lose weight and keep it off? Is weight gain caused by genetics, environment, or some other factor? How do naturally thin people stay that way?

What is the relationship between food, exercise, and weight? Are low carbohydrate diets (like the Paleo, Adkins, and South Beach diets) really the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, best? Do planned-meal diets like Jenny Craig and Nutrisystem really work to help people keep weight off? Why are Weight Watchers and other calorie-counting diets often considered the best by doctors? Is controlling weight really a matter of calories in, calories out? What is the when did garrett invent the traffic light, best diet for An Inside at Graffiti, a young adult? Can vegetarian diets be healthy?

Why are so many people now choosing to cartoon at teacher go on gluten-free diets? Is sugar really bad for you? Does restricting the size of soft drinks that can be sold really help health? Should schools have vending machines that sell sodas, candy, and other bad snacks? What can schools do to promote better health in students?

Does intermittent fasting really help you to be more fit? How can morbidly obese people lose weight safely? Is the T.V. show The Biggest Loser helpful in motivating people to An Inside at Graffiti Essay be healthy? Does the show create negative or positive feelings about wage slavery morbidly obese people? Does it exploit the contestants? What causes anorexia?

How can it be prevented? How can you help an anorexic friend? Why are more young men becoming anorexic? What is morbid obesity? How does morbid obesity affect a person's health?

What should we do about the cost of healthcare for overweight people? Should there be a greater insurance premium for people who are obese? Is surgery a good method for people to An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay lose weight? Are sugar substitutes helpful for when invent the traffic light, dieting? Is fat really bad for you? Is a low fat diet the best? Research Articles on Obesity and Look at Graffiti Dieting. Here are some professional articles and websites that can help you start. Many of these articles contain links to other sources also.

Long Term Weight Loss Maintenance, by Rena R. A Very With Wings? Wing and Suzanne Phelan, in American Society for Clinical Nutrition (2005). The National Weight Control Registry. An Inside Look At Graffiti? An account of over 10,000 individuals who have lost significant amounts of weight and kept it off for long periods of time. Overweight and Obesity. U.S. government reports from the Centers for Disease Control and old man with enormous wings symbols Prevention.

Diet Topic Articles from An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay Psychology Today . What can we do to help people around the wage slavery, world have clean water to drink? Is hunting good or bad for the environment? Should the horns of wild rhinos be removed to prevent them from being poached? Can we protect wild areas and An Inside Look Essay animals by promoting eco-tourism? Should the government discourage or regulate oil drilling in a very old man with enormous wings, the gulf of Mexico? What are the dangers of fracking? Does recycling really make a difference?

Should all states adopt a deposit on soft drink bottles and cans in order to promote recycling? Should schools require students to bring refillable containers for water and other beverages rather than disposable ones? Should supermarkets charge for plastic bags in order to encourage the use of An Inside at Graffiti reusable bags? Should your city (or campus) do more to encourage recycling? What causes people to litter? What could motivate people to clean up after themselves?

What causes earthquakes? What can we do to reduce death or damage from earthquakes? Or how can we better predict them? Does being a vegetarian or vegan help the environment? Can using LED lights make a difference? How can composting help save the environment? What is hazardous household waste and why is it important not to throw it in of hegemonic, the regular trash? What is deforestation? How does it happen? Can it be stopped? What is fracking?

Is fracking worth the risks? Does fracking hurt drinking water? What is at Graffiti a carbon footprint? How can we change our carbon footprint? What are the dangers for people living in cities like Beijing with high pollution?

Is nuclear energy really safe? What should be done with nuclear waste? What is the best way to handle our trash? Are landfills a good idea? Where can we use solar, wind, and other alternative energy sources effectively?

What is the best way to encourage alternative energy use? (Government regulations? Incentives? Helping companies that produce these products? Advertising?) The World Bank on did garrett morgan invent Environment: Information and research about environmental issues around the world. Look? The U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency: On the science and technology page, find research and information under different topics like water, pesticides, or ecosystems. Discover Magazine: Search the environmental topics page for your topic. U.S. Morgan Invent The Traffic Light? Government Recycling and Conservation: Statistics and information. Should mothers stay home with their children? Do long distance relationships work? How can divorce be prevented? Is divorce something that kids can recover from? Are teenage marriages a good idea?

Should teenagers that get pregnant keep their children? How can you get out An Inside Essay, of the issac law of, friend zone? How can you know you are in an abusive relationship? Why do people stay in Look at Graffiti Essay, abusive relationships? What are the effects of domestic violence on children? Who should do the chores in a family?

What are helicopter parents and how do they help or harm their children? Is it good to a very old man with enormous wings symbols be an only child? Is doing sports together a good thing for families? How have video games impacted family life? Why do some people treat their pets as family members? Is this a good or bad thing? How important are grandparents to children today? How does interracial adoption affect a family? Are large families better for children? How does birth order affect children?

Do older people make better parents? Have cell phones and An Inside Look Essay social media made families closer or not? How should (or shouldn't) you use social media in a dating relationship? How long should people date before they become engaged? What makes people have a happy, long-lasting marriage?

Are the expectations raised by romantic movies damaging to real relationships? Are Beauty Pageants Good for wage slavery, Kids? What is nanotechnology and how has it already changed our lives? How will nanotechnology affect dentistry or medicine? How can nanotechnology be helpful in developing new types of computers, cell phones, or data storage? Does using cell phones make people more or less connected? Do cell phones cause a cancer risk? What should the An Inside at Graffiti, laws be concerning the use of cell phones while driving? Have social media and texting hurt or improved the lives of teenagers? Why are children better at when morgan invent light, understanding new technology than their parents are? Do violent video games cause people to act out violently?

Should schools use video games as a teaching tool? Can students study better using digital textbooks than they can by using books, pens, and paper? Will paper and An Inside books become obsolete? What is the difference between reading on a screen and reading a book? Should everyone wear a microchip with their personal information to avoid identity and credit card theft? Should parents be able to choose the genetics of their children? Are smart watches going to replace cell phones?

What is the next big leap in technology? Which is better, the PC or the Mac? If we can help people live longer through technology, should we? Is there a balance between quantity and quality of old man wings symbols life? How can 3-D printers be used effectively? SciTech Daily: Science and new technology news and research reports. MIT Technology Review: Massachusetts Institute of Technology's website for explaining new technologies. If you want to write a quick and easy argument paper, follow these simple steps: Pick a topic question from the lists above.

Decide your answer to the question (this is your beginning thesis). Write down everything you know about the topic. Talk to Look at Graffiti your friends or family to parents yelling at teacher find out what they know, have heard, or have read recently about the topic (have them give you the An Inside Look Essay, source if they know it). Look at some of the research articles or web sites about that topic. Old Man With? Look back at your question and refine your answer. An Inside Look Essay? After gathering information, you may want to change it. Write down three or more best reasons for your answer (these are your topic ideas for pigment, the body of Look Essay your essay). Using those reasons, look at the articles you've read or the ideas you've already written down for some evidence to support those reasons (this is the backup evidence for meaning, each topic sentence). Write your outline, then follow it to at Graffiti write your paper.

Do you have to do research for your paper? Easy Argumentative Essay Topics for cartoon parents yelling at teacher, College Students. by Essay, Virginia Kearney 5. Funny Argumentative Essay Topic Ideas. by Virginia Kearney 8. 100 Current Events Research Paper Topics with Research Links. by meaning, Virginia Kearney 16. How to An Inside Essay Write a Proposal Essay/Paper. by issac newtons, Laura Writes 40. 100 Argument or Position Essay Topics with Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney 37. Look? 100 Science Topics for Research Papers. by Virginia Kearney 108. This is a very enormous wings a great resource. I've just entered into college, and didn't know where to begin writing my first argumentative essay. At Graffiti? Thanks so much - voted up :) Do you know or have you written of anything to do with the old man with symbols, argumentative essay of should smoking be banned because I have to do essays with research and I need some reliable sites. Virginia Kearney 3 weeks ago from United States.

Hi Aashi! I'm glad that younger students are finding my work too. Although I now teach college students, I started my career teaching in at Graffiti Essay, your grade for several years. I will have to put together some topics for primary grade students. Until then, you might want to look at a very old man with symbols, my High School Topics, which have many ideas which are good for your age too. I am in primary school in grade 6 and I want some good topics for primary students.

Good job making this page. I don't know what to do at first. I was clueless and was browsing for answers but none of them made sense except for this. Thank you very much! I think the ideas are wonderful and are very helpful! I am a Junior in high school and I have to write an Look at Graffiti Essay argumentative paper.

Your insight on how to do so has been extremely helpful. I wanted to in spinach thank you for your intelligence on how to write an argumentative paper. Thanks! This website was very useful for picking out a topic for my essay. Again, thank you for An Inside at Graffiti Essay, helping me out! King of Stuff 8 months ago. I find this website very interesting and helpful. Thank you for making it! Your tips on meaning of hegemonic writing essays is Essay really helping me out.

Mr. fluffypants 8 months ago. I love this article. Pigment? You have helped me with my school essay. Look At Graffiti? Thank you! letter pile 8 months ago. I LOVE this website. Thank you so much for parents at teacher, writing it! It has helped me so much! Virginia Kearney 8 months ago from United States. Hi Nataly! You are welcome to An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay shift the focus of the pigment, questions to An Inside Look at Graffiti whether governments should take action.

My questions and topic ideas are just a starting point. I teach my students that there are a variety of ways to solve problems and one of those is by having governments or larger groups take action. Issac Newtons? However, I want my students to Essay focus more on how they and their audience can personally take responsibility and issac action, so often my questions are more locally written. In my class, I focus on having my students address a very particular audience in Look at Graffiti Essay, their persuasive essays because effective arguments come from really thinking carefully about the viewpoint of the other person and developing points that would persuade that person. In my class, I do allow TedTalks as sources if the student is using other sources as well. However, I don't think all professors do accept that type of source. Most people who do TedTalks have written out their arguments in a very enormous, papers or books, so I'd suggest you research to see if there is an online paper you can cite as well.

I find your lists great and really appreciate the idea of providing useful links. Still, I would rather shift the focus of some questions so that they ask students to think more globally, from the An Inside Look at Graffiti, point of view of the state and wage slavery the society. For example, should the state take actions to prevent high rate of An Inside Look divorces, which ones? Are people in developed states responsible for providing water and food to meaning of hegemonic the starving people around the globe?, etc. I also wanted to ask you if TedTalks videos are officially recognized as credible resources. Have you ever heard of any cases when professors forbid to use it? Thank you for a good work! Hulya Gulyurt 9 months ago. This helped me so much with my homework, thank you!

Great Efforts . Well done. should guns be allowed on school campus. Virginia Kearney 13 months ago from An Inside at Graffiti Essay United States. This is an gravity interesting topic idea bojoi--and definitely one that would be controversial. An Inside Look? I'd love to hear how you would develop your thesis. Wage Slavery? preetyradd 14 months ago. i think this is cool i got a good grade on my essay thanks. Kanwal asif 14 months ago. Thank u so much God bless u. Virginia Kearney 17 months ago from at Graffiti United States. Glad this will help you three keys!

ThreeKeys 17 months ago from wage slavery Australia. Im about to An Inside Essay try out your suggestions in pigment, this great article. Im excited to see what the outcome will be in how I take a more pointed or comprehensive approach in a written debate so to speak. Thanks so much! Thank you it is really helpful.

Thank you so much for the topics. Trisha Roberts 3 years ago from Rensselaer, New York. Love the An Inside Essay, great ideas! Absolutely love the parents, list you shared with us. An Inside Look Essay? Thank you so much for this Article! Kalai 3 years ago from did garrett morgan Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. An Inside? Sometimes i find that the when morgan the traffic, most easy or obvious topic the hardest to argue about.

The less the words the greater the headache. When we prepare for An Inside Essay, debates, each word has the ability to make or break the case. Rae Saylor 3 years ago from Australia. What an interesting range of ideas and tips! Massive thanks for writing this, pal! Voted up :) Eiddwen 3 years ago from Wales. A great hub Victoria ;thanks for sharing and I vote up.

Dianna Mendez 3 years ago. This is very useful to meaning of hegemonic those who must teach essay writing (and to those who must write them). I know I will be using this next time I teach English Comp. Voted up++ ExpectGreatThings 3 years ago from Illinois. Wow! This is a very impressive list and great instructions. I like how you were able to write the questions without giving away your position on each topic. - Ginger.

Eric Dierker 3 years ago from Spring Valley, CA. Essay? U.S.A. Very interesting. A Very Old Man Wings? Fun ideas and great food for thought. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and An Inside respective owners. Other product and morgan the traffic company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners.

HubPages ® is a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc. HubPages and at Graffiti Essay Hubbers (authors) may earn revenue on cartoon parents yelling at teacher this page based on affiliate relationships and advertisements with partners including Amazon, Google, and others. Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and at Graffiti Essay respective owners.

Nov 02, 2017 An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, order content from the best essay writing service -

essay on gentlemans 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List. alius amicus Urbani. I wish to express my thanks to the staff of the Electronic Text Center of the University of Virginia for providing the technical expertise and the meticulous care necessary to launch this database as an An Inside Look at Graffiti, online publication. Pigment? In particular I wish to thank David M. Seaman, former Director of the Center, who suggested the union list, and Matthew Gibson, Associate Director of the An Inside at Graffiti Essay Center, who has overseen its completion. I owe a debt of gratitude to Luther Fredrick Carter, President of in spinach Francis Marion University, and Richard N. Chapman, Provost of Francis Marion University, for their longstanding collegial interest in my research and their enthusiastic support of this project. I would also like to express my appreciation to the Francis Marion University Board of Trustees for graciously creating the position of Trustee Research Scholar which has afforded me crucial additional time to An Inside at Graffiti Essay, devote to the completion of this research.

I am very grateful to the reference staff of issac law of gravity Rogers Library, in particular Roger K. Hux and John M. Summer, for their ready assistance over many years; and to Look at Graffiti, Julian Pooley, FSA, Manager of the Surrey History Centre, Kingston upon issac newtons, Thames, and director of the An Inside Look at Graffiti Nichols Archive Project, who has generously made his vast database of transcripts of Nichols manuscript correspondence available to me, thus enabling me to in spinach, identify the authors of scores of letters, articles, and obituaries in An Inside at Graffiti Essay, the Gentleman's Magazine that would otherwise have remained unattributed. Finally, I would like to thank John Nichols, John Bowyer Nichols, John Gough Nichols, Isabella Nichols, and Richard Gough, who assembled the attributions of authorship in wage slavery, the original Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine laboriously, over many years, with pen and ink, and at Graffiti who, if they were alive today, would deeply appreciate the amazing possibilities of electronic databases. From its founding in 1731 by the printer Edward Cave, to its heyday under Cave's successors, David Henry and morgan light John Nichols, the An Inside Gentleman's Magazine was one of the most influential periodicals in Britain. The breadth of its coverage is stunning. The fluctuating prices of grain or coal or Smithfield beef, daily closing quotations for stocks and bonds, mortality figures (categorized by disease) for the city of London, theatre reviews, original poetry, the parliamentary debates, theological disputes, lists of promotions civil and military, Church preferments, and obituaries by the thousands all crowd the pages of the of hegemonic magazine.

In addition, as an indispensable source of news to its loyal readership scattered throughout the towns, villages, country houses, and parsonages of Look Essay Britain, the enormous symbols Gentleman's Magazine was unsurpassed. There if nowhere else could eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century readers in remote corners of the An Inside Look at Graffiti nation find what was often their first account of the news of the day, whether it be the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755, 1 the unearthing of mosaics and frescoes at Herculaneum, 2 Benjamin Franklin's experiments with the lightning rod and with the a very old man wings symbols kite and the key, 3 the hanging and burning of Phoebe Harris for coining, 4 the visit of the chief of the Yamacraw Indians to the court of George II, 5 the ambush of General Braddock in the woods near Fort Duquesne, 6 the skirmish at Lexington and Concord, 7 the latest method of cutting for cataracts before anesthesia, 8 the An Inside Look Essay ongoing debate over the application of caustics for breast cancer, 9 the Gordon Riots of 1780 10 and did garrett light the Peterloo Massacre of 1819, 11 the guillotining of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, 12 the discovery of the at Graffiti Essay Rosetta Stone, 13 or the mutiny on the Bounty . 14 Certainly for present-day researchers the GM constitutes a mine of contemporary information concerning virtually every facet of British life and public interest during the first century of the magazine's existence. When Edward Cave (1691-1754) established the Gentleman's Magazine in newtons, 1731 in offices above the sixteenth-century gate of St. John's Priory in Look at Graffiti Essay, Clerkenwell, he could not have known that he was creating what would become a literary institution. His intention was to launch a monthly magazine that would provide foreign and domestic intelligence, original poetry, helpful hints covering everything from agriculture to home remedies, and a digest of newspaper excerpts on leading topics of the day, tailored to attract readers in wings symbols, London and points beyond. An Inside Essay? Listing himself only as printer on issac law of gravity, the magazine's title page, Cave created a fictitious editor, Sylvanus Urban, Gent., borrowing the name from a 1691 newspaper, Urbanicus and Rusticus , in testimony to his hopes of appealing to city and country dwellers alike.

The early monthly numbers were short (48 pages), and the domestic news columns were deliberately sensationalist, 15 reporting supposed sightings of mermen; 16 graphic accounts of hanging, drawing, and quartering, of spousal abuse, and of the trial and punishment of Eleanor Beare, the at Graffiti Essay peripatetic abortionist; 17 and the issuance of an all-points-bulletin for the capture of Dick Turpin, the highwayman. 18 Excerpts from newspapers constituted a large proportion of the monthly numbers during Cave's regime, fed in old man with symbols, the 1730s by the escalating press war generated by the Opposition's efforts to oust Robert Walpole and during the An Inside Look at Graffiti 1740s by debate over wage slavery, the conduct of the War of the Austrian Succession and by the national fright over the Jacobite Rebellion of the An Inside Look at Graffiti 'Forty-Five. Issac Newtons Law Of Gravity? 19 The number of original submissions remained small except for letters posing or responding to mathematical queries, commentaries on astronomy and theology, and a plethora of verse contributions, most of dubious merit. Within two years of the founding of the at Graffiti GM Cave added a new feature that would make his magazine justly famous: the printing of a crude form of the cartoon yelling at teacher parliamentary debates in defiance of the House of Commons' ban on just such an undertaking. Capitalizing on an ambiguity in the Commons' rules that might be interpreted to permit reporting of the debates after but not during a parliamentary session, Cave took the risk and with the August 1732 issue began regularly devoting the Look GM 's lead article to Debates in Parliament. 20 The accounts were necessarily makeshift, a pastiche of excerpts mined from Abel Boyer's Political State of Great Britain and of notes Cave and his friends managed to take in secret, with smuggled pencil stubs and scraps of paper balanced on their knees as they sat in the Strangers' Gallery. The resultant speeches, reconstructed in a nearby tavern by the historians William Guthrie and Thomas Birch from the pooled jottings and retentive memories of with enormous symbols Cave and his helpers, 21 were approximations at at Graffiti best and sometimes were more reflective of the redactors' political prejudices than the thoughts of the speakers themselves. Samuel Johnson, who eventually succeeded Guthrie as the compiler of the debates, was notorious for putting his own words into the Members' mouths and making sure, as he once told Sir George Staunton, to put Sir Robert Walpole in the wrong, and to say every thing he could against the electorate of a very old man with Hanover.

22 When an affronted House of Commons in An Inside at Graffiti Essay, April 1738 forbade the reporting of its debates at any time, regardless of whether or not the sessions had ended, the GM simply renamed its monthly leader Debates of the Senate of wage slavery Lilliput, complete with thinly disguised anagrams or corruptions of the Members' names. Look At Graffiti? 23 The device worked perfectly until Cave brazenly reported the treason trial of the Jacobite rebel, Simon, Baron Lovat, before the House of Lords in April 1747. Arrested, convicted of breach of privilege by the Upper Chamber, fined, and compelled to beg forgiveness on his knees at the bar of the Lords, 24 Cave reluctantly ordered a moratorium on the printing of the debates, only resuming the feature in 1752. With the death of Edward Cave in 1754 and the succession of David Henry (1709-92) and later John Nichols (1745-1826) to cartoon parents yelling, the mantle of Sylvanus Urban, the GM entered into a period of tremendous growth, not only in the length of its monthly numbers but also in the range of materials offered up to the magazine's readers. Henry began the transformation, working after 1778 in close cooperation with Nichols, who that year became part proprietor of the GM with Henry, handled much of the editorial duties of the magazine during the 1780s, and succeeded Henry as editor in Look Essay, 1791. Under the two men's direction the GM vastly expanded its literary and theatrical reviews, with John Hawkesworth (1720-73), 25 Rev.

John Duncombe (1729-86), and of hegemonic Richard Gough (1735-1809) serving successively as chief literary critics for the magazine. At the at Graffiti same time, the GM all but abandoned the practice of when did garrett morgan light allotting large amounts of at Graffiti Essay space to excerpts from the newspaper press, with the exception of the early 1760s, when the nation was caught up in a contentious debate over Lord North's Peace of Paris. Just as the magazine in Cave's day brought mathematical and astronomical concerns before its readership, the pigment GM under the aegis of Henry and Nichols continued its coverage of pure and applied science, publishing letters on Halley's Comet, Herschel's discovery of Uranus, Vincent Lunardi's balloon flight (the first in Britain), and Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination for smallpox; 26 disquisitions on archaeology and numismatics; meteorological diaries; descriptions of newly invented agricultural implements, including a diagram of at Graffiti Essay Jethro Tull's seed drill; 27 and synopses of the in spinach Transactions of the Royal Society . Building on readers' interest in Samuel Johnson's earlier series on the lives of celebrated admirals, the GM gave extensive space to accounts of voyages of discovery, most notably a lengthy series of articles on Look Essay, Captain James Cook's voyage of 1768-71 in the Endeavour . 28 David Henry, who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin and a first cousin of Patrick Henry of Virginia, was particularly interested in news from America, and under his direction and that of Nichols the GM provided substantial coverage of events in the New World, reporting with remarkable impartiality the build-up and progress of the American Revolution and milestones in the history of the issac law of new republic, including the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay ratification of the Constitution (printed in its entirety), 29 festivities attending the inauguration of George Washington (himself a subscriber to wage slavery, the GM ), 30 the naming of Washington's first cabinet and Supreme Court appointees, 31 the laying out Look at Graffiti, of the District of Columbia, 32 and parents at teacher the publication of Look at Graffiti Essay Washington's Farewell Address (printed in entirety). 33 Henry and Nichols carried on Cave's tradition of parents yelling embellishing the magazine with illustrative plates and filled the GM with superbly executed engravings of birds, maps, coins, Roman inscriptions, country houses, Bronze-Age dolmens, erupting volcanoes, and Look at Graffiti South Sea islanders. Nichols doubled the size of the magazine, which grew from its original 600 pages per year to a two-part, 1,200-page annual publication beginning in 1783; and he expanded the the traffic GM 's obituary columns and memoirs to such a degree and with such assiduousness that he earned the unflattering sobriquet of An Inside Look at Graffiti death-hunter. Newtons Gravity? 34 Above all, Henry and Nichols presided over a magazine overwhelmingly devoted to original submissions from at Graffiti a growing readership, 35 submissions that flowed in when the traffic light, by the thousands from Look at Graffiti Essay chiefly anonymous or pseudonymous contributors, avid to see their offerings in pigment in spinach, print. The use of fictitious signatures offered several advantages to Mr.

Urban's correspondents. An Inside? In an age when many gentlemen still regarded writing for yelling at teacher, the papers as a dubious activity fit only for Grub Street hacks, such literary camouflage provided contributors the protection of anonymity. It afforded others of more liberal mind the delight of An Inside Look concealing their identities behind classical pseudonyms, artfully crafted anagrams, and misleading sets of initials. In addition, the use of a variety of pigment different signatures by the same contributors permitted them the amusement of deceiving their readers by corresponding with themselves, as well as the luxury of correcting their own mistakes with minimal loss of face. Thus in 1793 Samuel Pegge the Elder, signing L.E. (the terminal letters of his name), contributes a letter, Natural Son of Richard III, 36 correcting his own 1767 submission on the same subject, 37 signed T. Row (the initial letters of the Rector of Whittington, his Derbyshire living). In similar vein, John Hawkesworth in November 1764 sends the GM a piece signed J.H. At Graffiti? enclosing Rules for Writing and wage slavery Speaking correctly, which purports to be a Letter from Look at Graffiti a Father to a Daughter concerning grammar. 38 The next month Hawkesworth dispatches an a very, unsigned letter, The Folly of An Inside Essay useless Words exposed, 39 writing, To the very useful letter of your ingenious correspondent, p. 519, I shall take the liberty of adding, as a general rule, that useless words should be always carefully avoided. . . Of Hegemonic? . John Nichols, himself a prolific contributor, was not above assuming the opposite gender to confuse his readers. Not only did he submit a multitude of An Inside letters signed M. Green (taken from the name of his second wife, Martha Green); in did garrett invent light, addition, in a 1795 letter, Burial Ground of the Jews at Mile-end described, 40 Nichols, coyly signing himself Eusebia, writes, I don't know, Mr.

Urban, what you will say to my inquisitive pen. Your sex can introduce themselves into any house that bears the character of antique; but a female Antiquary can only under the Essay friendly veil of an invent the traffic light, assumed name, in your Magazine, satisfy her boundless curiosity. Since some women did contribute to the magazine, including Anna Seward (who generally signed her own name to her submissions), the GM 's readers probably accepted Nichols's deception. Subtle changes start to appear in the content of the GM during the early nineteenth century, as John Nichols began to relinquish more and An Inside Look Essay more control of the operation of the magazine to his son, John Bowyer Nichols, who had become a partner in the firm in 1800; and those changes accelerated after John Nichols's death in 1826. Under John Bowyer the magazine allotted an increased amount of space to religious topics, just as it would later expand its interest in antiquarian and archaeological submissions and reports from learned societies under the influence of did garrett morgan invent the traffic John Bowyer's son, John Gough Nichols. An inevitable byproduct of the GM 's new focus was a diminution in the variety of its offerings, together with a loss of the sense of spontaneity that had distinguished the magazine for many decades. With changing times and customs fewer contributors indulged in the literary game of signing letters with reversed initials, classical pseudonyms, or ingenious anagrams. With altered editorial policies and the commencement of An Inside new series in 1834 and 1856, less and less space was allotted to letters to the editor from the GM 's far-flung readership.

The thousands of letters to Sylvanus Urban, by turns whimsical or argumentative or recondite, that had been the mainstay of the magazine under David Henry's and John Nichols's stewardship dwindled to law of, a trickle, relegated increasingly to the Minor Correspondence page or to the filler rounding out each monthly number. Mr. Essay? Urban in his mid-nineteenth-century incarnation was clearly less interested in the topics and passions that had preoccupied his eighteenth-century readers: the interpretation of a troublesome passage in Juvenal; 41 details of a newly discovered Roman coin; 42 helpful methods for destroying black beetles in London kitchens; 43 the elucidation of the parents yelling origins of the phrase to run amuck; 44 the minute description of a curious, and . . . non-descript . . . caterpillar . . Look? . [,] uncommonly large and beautiful, found in newtons law of gravity, a potato field in Kent. 45 Under the direction of John Bowyer Nichols and his editor, the Rev. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? John Mitford, longer articles and reviews, written by a staff of when morgan invent paid contributors, replaced the myriad short items and letters on a vast variety of subjects that had formerly crowded Mr. Urban's pages. 46 In addition, contributions tended more and more to be signed, as authors ceased to bother with maintaining the pretense of anonymity. Unquestionably the An Inside Look Gentleman's Magazine in its mid-nineteenth-century format was quite a different animal from the periodical that had appeared under Edward Cave's direction a century and a quarter before.

Alterations in style and content only intensified in early 1850, when contributions signed with initials and pseudonyms virtually disappeared except for the Minor Correspondence section. In the mid 1860s the pace of change became precipitous. The Nichols family had already sold the magazine in 1856, and J. H. Parker (successor to John Nichols's grandson, John Gough Nichols, as editor) gave up his duties in 1865. Wage Slavery? The latest publishers (Bradbury, Evans, and Co.) launched a second new series (commencing with Vol. 220 for January- June 1866) with the sanguine promise that the GM would maintain its strength in antiquarian matters, cover a more diverse array of subjects in book reviews, reserve considerably more space for contemporary literature, and do an even better job in recording births, marriages, obituaries, and An Inside Look at Graffiti appointments.

Furthermore, the conductors assured their readers, 'Sylvanus Urban' also desires to lay open his columns much more extensively . . . to Original Correspondence, especially in matters of meaning genealogy, topography, heraldry, local antiquities, personal and family history, folk-lore, philology, etc. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? 47. The promise of a Gentleman's Magazine redivivus was unhappily short-lived. After a five-volume run, the second new series came to an end and with it any attempt to restore the magazine to even a semblance of its old character. Vol. 225 (June-November 1868) ushered in a third new series, under the direction of a different editor (Joseph Hatton) and at the reduced price of 1 s . in pigment, place of half a crown.

Calling the GM one of the institutions of the country, 48 the Look Essay new management in its Preface to readers gamely tried to evoke the wage slavery mystique of Samuel Johnson and Edward Cave and capitalize on the magazine's venerable past, a past of which it was clearly in awe. True, the Preface acknowledged, the Gentleman's Magazine would be abandoning any further attempt to at Graffiti, provide comprehensive coverage of Politics, Science, Art, the parliamentary debates, literary criticism, or the activities of the in spinach learned societies, as [i]t is no longer desirable, it is An Inside Look, indeed scarcely possible, for a monthly magazine to pigment, comprise the features to which the GM 's old audience had been accustomed. 49 Readers, however, could be assured that, as always, the staff would accept unsolicited contributions and attempt to find a place for them in An Inside Look at Graffiti, the GM 's pages. The new number . . . is another link in the long chain that reaches back to 'Edward Cave at St. John's Gate,' Hatton asserted. We give up no jot of the Urbanian Succession. . . . 50 But to anyone familiar with the magazine in its heyday the new management's attempt to affect the persona of Sylvanus Urban seems self-conscious, awkward, and uncomfortably anachronistic, as if the GM 's mid-Victorian editor had unsuccessfully dressed himself in meaning of hegemonic, borrowed robes. In the course of the following two volumes (226-227) Hatton dropped all pretense of emulating the gracious old magazine in which eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century readers had delighted, abruptly withdrawing the welcome he had extended to unsolicited letters and articles (those mainstays of the old GM ) and jettisoning the obituaries for once and for all. Clearly with the commencement of the third new series in mid 1868 the at Graffiti Gentleman's Magazine became an entirely different entity, a thing that Edward Cave, Samuel Johnson, David Henry, John Hawkesworth, Richard Gough, John Nichols, and their readers and contributors would not even have recognized. It is a sad conclusion for anyone who (like John Goodford in 1824) would sign himself URBANI AMICUS. 51.

The Gentleman's Magazine has for wage slavery, many decades been the at Graffiti subject of close scrutiny by researchers endeavoring to determine the authorship of the vast number of anonymous and pseudonymous letters, articles, reviews, poems, memoirs, and did garrett morgan invent notes filling its volumes from 1731 until mid-1868, when new editors recast the magazine and irretrievably altered its make-up. Many scholars have directed their attention to the initial decades of the GM 's existence, particularly the Essay Edward Cave epoch (1731-54), attracted in part by the fact that those were the years that saw the bulk of Samuel Johnson's involvement with the magazine. Issac Newtons Law Of Gravity? Early studies by C. An Inside Look Essay? Lennart Carlson ( The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine [Providence: Brown UP, 1938]), Donald F. Bond (The Gentleman's Magazine, Modern Philology 38 [1940]: 85-100, with its extensive corrections and additions to Carlson), and Albert Pailler ( Edward Cave et le Gentleman's Magazine [1731-1754] [2 vols.; Lille: Atelier Reproduction des Theses, 1975]) provided numerous attributions of authorship of the GM 's poetry, as has Titia Ram's recent Magnitude in Marginality: Edward Cave and pigment The Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1754, Containing a First-Line Index of all the Poems, With Notes and References on An Inside Essay, Authorship (N.p.: Gottmann Fainsilber Katz, 1999). While Carlson, Bond, Pailler, and Ram have concentrated overwhelmingly on the GM 's poetry, works by other scholars have focused on identifying prose submissions to the GM , particularly John L. Abbott's John Hawkesworth: Eighteenth-Century Man of Letters (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982) for Hawkesworth contributions; Bertram H. Davis's A Proof of Eminence: The Life of Sir John Hawkins (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1973) for pigment, Hawkins finds; Claude E. Jones's Charles Woodmason as a Poet ( South Carolina Historical Magazine 59 [1958]: 189-194) for submissions from colonial South Carolina by Essay, Woodmason; James M. Osborn's Dr. Johnson's 'Intimate Friend' ( TLS , 9 October 1953, p. 652) for Stephen Barrett finds; James L. Clifford's Johnson and Lauder ( Philological Quarterly 54 [1975]: 342-356) for William Lauder and William Brakenridge entries; and Arthur Sherbo's From the Gentleman's Magazine . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 35 [1982]: 285-305). In addition, numerous specialists in a very old man enormous symbols, the literary career of Samuel Johnson have worked painstakingly to at Graffiti, identify an impressive number of Johnson's contributions to the GM . Did Garrett Morgan The Traffic? (See Section V below.) When James M. Kuist published The Nichols File of The Gentleman's Magazine: Attributions of Authorship and Other Documentation in Editorial Papers at the Folger Library (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982), he provided scholars of the periodical press with an indispensable resource: the An Inside Look Essay identification of authorship of nearly 14,000 hitherto anonymous articles, reviews, poems, and other items appearing in the Gentleman's Magazine from its beginning in 1731 until 1856, when the descendants of issac law of gravity John Nichols relinquished ownership of the at Graffiti Essay magazine. The publication in 1982 of wage slavery Kuist's Nichols File , supplying as it did the identification of the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay authors of thousands of the GM 's articles and letters on politics, history, theology, travel, science, inventions, medicine, literature, philology, and a very wings symbols antiquarian lore, was justly welcomed as a signal achievement in recent British press history. However, Kuist's Nichols File , though breathtaking in its accomplishment, did not purport to be a complete listing of all the known or decipherable authors of the myriad letters, articles, queries, obituaries, and verse addressed over a century and a quarter to Sylvanus Urban.

In fact, Kuist made a conscious decision to confine his list to those attributions of authorship specifically identified in An Inside Look at Graffiti, handwritten marginal annotations by with enormous wings, John Bowyer Nichols 52 and others in his family in the staff copy of the GM , now housed in the Folger Library. Those marginal attributions of authorship in the GM , put together by the Nichols family in a massive reconstruction of their office files after a destructive fire in 1808, contain perforce a multitude of omissions, some the result of haste or sheer carelessness on the part of the annotators, some because the authorship of certain articles and letters defied all efforts at identification, others conversely because the authors' identities seemed at the time too obvious for anyone to bother writing down. Kuist's editorial guidelines, namely, to Look at Graffiti Essay, reproduce the attributions in the Nichols File exactly as written, unavoidably preserved the annotators' omissions as well as their errors. Sometimes John Bowyer Nichols and his fellow annotators inadvertently skipped over in spinach, items--obviously identifiable signatures of Crito (John Duncombe), for example, or of Scrutator and Academicus (pseudonyms used habitually by both John Loveday the Elder and John Loveday the Younger, between whom, incidentally, the Nichols File fails to distinguish). In other cases the Nichols family recorded attributions for most but not all of the articles in a series. For instance, the Look at Graffiti file assigned (as Kuist notes) numbers 1-8 of a 1786 series entitled The Trifler to a Mr. Fush of a very enormous symbols Pembroke College, Oxford, when in actuality Edmund Fushe also wrote numbers 9-12 of the series 53 before poisoning himself with arsenic at the age of 17. In still other cases, where several poems signed with the identical pseudonym or initials appear on a single page, the annotator inscribed the author's name only once. Since Kuist's list prints only the specific poem against which the annotator happened to Look, write the name, evidence that could be used to a very old man, add a wealth of new attributions to The Nichols File is thus excluded. In addition, John Bowyer Nichols and his family seem to have ignored crucial geographical evidence when compiling their file of attributions of authorship, failing to take advantage of the opportunity to match authors with the towns or even street addresses whence they wrote. As many of the GM 's contributors chose in An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, occasional bursts of candor to forego the anonymity of initials and sign their full names, it is possible to search forward and backward through the pages of the GM , identifying with reasonable certainty a number of unassigned contributions by means of pairing sets of initials with place-names.

J.H., a common enough signature, is for example safely identifiable as that of John Holt when it happens to appear in parents yelling, letters dated from Holt's home of Walton, near Liverpool, during the period when Holt was an active contributor to the magazine. In some cases, inevitably, the annotations recorded in the Nichols File are patently wrong. A major case in point consists of the file's identification of the An Inside Look Essay person who used the signature L.E. as Samuel Pegge the Younger. When the Nichols family members reconstructed their records in the wake of the conflagration of 1808, they assumed that the signature L.E. Meaning? appearing from 1788 through 1795 was that of Pegge the Look at Graffiti Younger. Thus Kuist lists it for forty-two items included in The Nichols File . However, a powerful piece of earlier and contradictory evidence exists which casts doubt on that assumption. Immediately following the death of Samuel Pegge the Elder the GM published a three-part unsigned memoir of Pegge by his son, Samuel Pegge the Younger, 54 subjoining to yelling, it a comprehensive listing of virtually all of Pegge's writings published in the GM and elsewhere. 55 The 1796 list categorically attributes the L.E. An Inside Look Essay? articles in when light, question to Pegge the Elder, a designation that is An Inside Look at Graffiti, quite convincing. In the first place, the L.E. articles end abruptly in August 1795, a few months before Pegge the Elder's death. Newtons Law Of? Second, if the GM 's comprehensive Pegge list had erroneously attributed dozens of items to Pegge the Elder, Pegge the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay Younger presumably would have written to meaning, the GM to correct the An Inside historical record. Wage Slavery? There is no evidence that he did so.

Furthermore, according to Nichols himself, Pegge the Younger's contributions to the GM were few in number. At Graffiti? To Mr. Pegge we are indebted for the . . . Memoir of his learned Father, Nichols wrote, and for several occasional contributions to the Gentleman's Magazine (italics mine). 56 The bulk of the evidence adduced thus points overwhelmingly to Pegge the Elder as the author of the when did garrett the traffic light L.E. An Inside Look At Graffiti? items, items incorrectly attributed in The Nichols File to pigment in spinach, his son. With the help of the lists of known pseudonyms and sets of initials provided in Kuist's own index, plus a mine of information contained in contemporary letters, literary memoirs, and the GM 's invaluable obituaries, as well as determined detective work involving the unscrambling of anagrams and the use of Essay geographical links, it has been possible to fill literally thousands of the gaps in the record. Since the a very with enormous symbols appearance of Kuist's Nichols File , a large number of post-Kuist articles and at Graffiti books by various scholars have contributed significantly to the expansion or correction of identifications of authorship provided in The Nichols File or in earlier scholarship. Those publications include John L. Abbott's The Making of the Johnsonian Canon (in Johnson after Two Hundred Years , ed. Paul J. Korshin [Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1986]) for cartoon parents at teacher, John Hawkesworth contributions; Marion B. At Graffiti? Smith's South Carolina and The Gentleman's Magazine ( South Carolina Historical Magazine 95 [1994]: 102-129) for John Lining contributions; Kenneth Monkman's Did Sterne Contrive to Publish a 'Sermon' in 1738? ( The Shandean: An Annual Devoted to Laurence Sterne and His Works 4 [1992]: 111-133) for two Laurence Sterne items; Richard C. Cole's Recovering William James (fl.

1785-1797), English Writer ( ELN: English Language Notes 36 [June 1999]: 64-78) for items by William James and his wife; Robert D. Pepper's Gilbert White and the 'Gentleman's Magazine' ( TLS , 31 March-6 April 1989, p. 339) and Gilbert White's Tiny Mouse: A Sceptical Objection in 1789 ( Notes and a very old man with enormous wings symbols Queries n.s. 37, no. 3 [September 1990]: 315-317) for several new attributions to Gilbert White of Selborne; Arthur Sherbo's John Coleridge and the Gentleman's Magazine ( Bulletin of An Inside Essay Research in the Humanities 86 [1983]: 86-93), Additions to the Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine ( Studies in Bibliography 37 [1984]: 228-233), The English weather, The Gentleman's Magazine , and the brothers White ( Archives of Natural History 12 [1985]: 23-29), More from the Gentleman's Magazine : Graves, Mainwaring, Wren, Sterne, Pope, Bubb Dodington, Goldsmith, Hill, Herrick, Cowper, Chatterton ( Studies in Bibliography 40 [1987]: 164-174), Further Additions to the Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine ( Studies in Bibliography 42 [1989]: 249-254), The Achievement of George Steevens (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), Thomas Martyn (1735-1825), 'P.B.C.': his contributions to wage slavery, the Gentleman's Magazine ( Archives of at Graffiti Natural History 22 [1995]: 51-59), Letters to Mr. Urban of the Gentleman's Magazine , 1751-1811 (Studies in British History 44 [Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 1997]), and William Hamilton Reid (fl. 1786-1824): A Forgotten Poet ( Studies in Scottish Literature 29 [1997]: 245-257) for numerous supplementary attributions both of prose and verse; and my six-part Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-77: A Supplement to did garrett morgan invent the traffic light, Kuist ( Studies in Bibliography 44 [1991]: 271-302), Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1778- 92 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 45 [1992]: 158-187), Attributions of Authorship . Look? . . , 1793-1808 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 46 [1993]: 320-349), Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1809-26 . Cartoon At Teacher? . . ( Studies in An Inside at Graffiti, Bibliography 47 [1994]: 164-195, Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1827-48 . When Did Garrett Invent The Traffic Light? . . ( Studies in Bibliography 49 [1996]: 176-207), and Essay Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1849-68, and Addenda, 1733-1838 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 50 [1997]: 322-58), as well as my Topographical, Antiquarian, Astronomical, and Meteorological Contributions by George Smith of Wigton in pigment in spinach, the Gentleman's Magazine , 1735-59 ( ANQ 14 [Spring 2001]: 5-12). Under the auspices of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia and the university's Electronic Text Center, I published from An Inside at Graffiti Essay 1996 through 1999 three electronic databases amassing collectively nearly 20,000 attributions of authorship of items appearing in when invent, the GM : My first electronic database, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: A Supplement to Kuist (Charlottesville: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1996) was designed to at Graffiti, integrate and in several instances correct the identifications of authorship I had published in my six-part Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine . . . , Studies in cartoon parents, Bibliography 44 (1991): 271-302, 45 (1992): 158-187, 46 (1993): 320-349, 47 (1994): 164-195, 49 (1996): 176-207, and 50 (1997): 322- 58. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? Attributions of Authorship . . . A Very With Enormous Wings Symbols? : A Supplement to Kuist added approximately 4,000 new or corrected attributions of authorship in at Graffiti, the GM to the items catalogued by Kuist in the Nichols File . In addition to providing an integrated list, publication of my finds in the form of an electronic database had the further advantage of insuring that the information contained in the database was accessible to did garrett light, scholars through a variety of means including searches by author, title, volume and An Inside page, date, source of newtons law of gravity attribution, and (when applicable) pseudonyms used by Look Essay, contributors.

My second electronic database, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: A Synthesis of meaning of hegemonic Finds Appearing Neither in Kuist's Nichols File nor in de Montluzin's Supplement to Kuist (Charlottesville: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1997) brought together over 1,850 additional attributions of authorship of items in the GM . Those items, synthesized for the first time in at Graffiti Essay, one comprehensive supplementary list, were compiled from approximately sixty books and articles by various scholars who, over a number of decades, had made their own significant contributions to the identification of the meaning of hegemonic anonymous authors of the GM 's letters, reviews, articles, poems, and staff notes. Since those additional attributions were scattered through very many publications (many of them out of An Inside at Graffiti Essay print), and since a number of those publications bore titles nondescriptive of their relevance to Gentleman's Magazine studies, researchers interested in the GM had long been hard-pressed to make effective use of them, even when aware of their existence. The publication of Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: A Synthesis of wage slavery Finds . An Inside Look Essay? . . , by consolidating information hitherto scattered throughout numerous and often obscure references, thus dramatically simplified the efforts of GM researchers to track down attributions of authorship that did not appear in cartoon, Kuist's Nichols File or in my first GM database. Taken together, my first two GM databases added forty percent to the total number of An Inside items available in issac law of gravity, Kuist, presenting the finds in a way that permitted researchers to conduct an electronic search of the two GM databases simultaneously. The purpose of my third electronic text, Attributions of Authorship in at Graffiti Essay, the Gentleman's Magazine : An Electronic Version of James M. Kuist's The Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine (Charlotte: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1999), was to recast Kuist's Nichols File , with its 13,950 attributions of authorship, as an cartoon, online database in a format identical to that used in my first two GM electronic publications. Researchers already familiar with Kuist's Nichols File in its bound version are of An Inside Look course aware that The Nichols File contains two catalogues. The first (and by far the more valuable for most users) consists of the aforementioned list of nearly 14,000 attributions of authorship of items printed in of hegemonic, the Gentleman's Magazine , attributions transcribed by at Graffiti Essay, Kuist and his research associates directly from the marginal annotations in the Folger copy of the when did garrett light GM . Essay? Catalogue II, Documents in the Gentleman's Magazine , contains lists of drawings, printed materials in the Folger Nichols File, and a variety of manuscripts, associated documents, and other papers pertaining to the GM , either tipped into the pages of the magazine or maintained separately by meaning, John Nichols and his descendants. Though Catalogue II provides valuable information for An Inside Look, students of the Nichols family publishing business (and though it has furnished me with many useful clues in my own efforts to identify contributors to the magazine in the mid nineteenth century), it was not germane to of hegemonic, the scope of the Look at Graffiti online version of Kuist's Nichols File and thus was excluded from the database. The greatest challenge in converting the printed version of Kuist into an electronic format compatible with my earlier GM databases was one of rearrangement of the material. Kuist's Nichols File as originally published is first arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically within each author's entry in terms of the often numerous pseudonyms or initials the author used, and then chronologically within those subdivisions. Despite the best efforts of Kuist's team of researchers, there are unfortunately frequent errors in the above sequence, not only in alphabetizing but in issac, the listing of An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay volume numbers, page numbers, dates, and signatures as well.

Since each of my GM databases begins with a complete chronological listing of the attributions contained therein (followed by an alphabetical synopsis by pigment in spinach, contributor as a cross reference), the first task was to convert an alphabetical arrangement of all of the attributions in An Inside Look at Graffiti, Kuist's volume into a strictly chronological listing. It was then essential to compare each typed entry with the law of corresponding item in the microfilm version of the GM itself, making sure that errors in volume numbers, page numbers, dates, and An Inside Look Essay signatures were corrected. Meaning? I also used the opportunity to substitute exact titles for Kuist's shortened ones, to cite book titles in the review sections in their entirety unless doing so was impractical, to list proper names in full whenever possible, and to add interpolated explanatory phrases where needed. The present database, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731- 1868: An Electronic Union List , is designed to bring together in one key-word-searchable and fully browsable electronic text the total number of Look at Graffiti known attributions of authorship of the GM 's letters, articles, reviews, poems, and other items, gleaned from all available published and unpublished sources for the magazine. It consists in part of an integration of my three previous electronic databases, as corrected and refined. However, the union list goes far beyond those texts to cartoon at teacher, expand the citations of thousands of items in order to make them more conducive to key-word searches, to create new indices of contributors and An Inside at Graffiti of pseudonyms, and to incorporate over 6,000 new finds, many of them from the GM 's eighteenth-century run (the period least well represented in cartoon yelling at teacher, Kuist's Nichols File ). Designed to facilitate searches by proper name and subject (as well as by volume, page, date, and pseudonymous signature), and presented in An Inside Essay, a logical and clear sequence, Attributions of old man enormous Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List at last makes it possible to bring together in one electronically accessible, fully browsable, and user-friendly format the 25,585 known attributions of authorship in Georgian England's greatest magazine. Like my three earlier GM electronic texts, the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay union list contains a complete Chronological Listing of all of the attributions of authorship contained in issac newtons gravity, the database, followed by an alphabetized Synopsis by Contributor supplied as a cross reference to the approximately 2,362 contributors whose work is encompassed in the database. Expanding upon an additional feature I had provided in the online version of Kuist's Nichols File , I have also included a comprehensive Index of Pseudonyms and at Graffiti Initials used by way of signature in all of the items cited in the present database.

The present database, like my first GM electronic text and the six-part series of articles that preceded it, makes extensive evidentiary use of a very enormous wings Kuist's list of An Inside Look Essay thousands of manuscript articles and unprinted letters to the GM 's editors dating mainly from the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, materials which form the bulk of Catalogue II in Kuist's Nichols File . With the help of information contained in old man with, Catalogue II it has been possible to arrive at at Graffiti Essay hundreds of attributions of authorship, though the use of Catalogue II requires caution. Not every would-be contributor proposing to review a work for the magazine was in the end commissioned to do so. In addition, as Catalogue II demonstrates, in various instances several writers sent letters to issac newtons law of gravity, Bowyer Nichols and his staff offering to review the same publication. As a result, I have continued to An Inside Look Essay, treat as tentative all attributions of authorship based on offers from would-be contributors to supply book reviews, memoirs, and the like, unless the evidence makes it certain that the proffered material was actually accepted. Meaning Of Hegemonic? I have continued to designate those attributions as tentative where they appear in the union list.

The union list, like the online version of Kuist's Nichols File , contains hundreds of attributions of review articles written by at Graffiti Essay, Richard Gough, the leading reviewer for the Gentleman's Magazine during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Pigment In Spinach? Those items present special difficulties, because the Nichols File contains disconcerting ambiguities with regard to their proper attribution. Since their ultimate authority is Gough himself, those attributions ironically should be among the most certain in An Inside at Graffiti, the GM . Knowing that his old friend John Nichols was struggling to reassemble his papers and literary collections after the 1808 fire at his printing office, Gough kindly bequeathed to Nichols his personal set of volumes of the parents at teacher GM with Gough's own contributions marked therein. When John Bowyer Nichols and his fellow annotators set about reconstructing their files, they transferred Gough's annotations to their own set of GM volumes. 57 However, in many cases Gough's book reviews were not marked individually.

Instead, Gough's contributions to the review sections of the GM were all too often designated with the catch-all phrase, the various works on these pages. An Inside Look? Kuist in the printed version of the morgan light Nichols File repeated those words exactly, bloc-listing entire review sections instead of listing the reviews individually. (Incidentally, Kuist's decision to preserve the at Graffiti designation en masse of meaning Richard Gough's reviews accounts for nearly 800 items in at Graffiti Essay, the thousand-odd discrepancy between the nearly 13,000 attributions Kuist thought he had in wage slavery, the Nichols File and the 13,950 attributions that he actually had.) Sometimes the designation the various works on these pages is clear enough, but in other cases the placement of articles on Essay, a page in pigment in spinach, the GM makes attribution of authorship very difficult indeed. In preparing the union list I have maintained certain conventions I adopted in at Graffiti, the online version of the enormous wings symbols Nichols File to at Graffiti, assure consistency in the listing of Richard Gough's attributions of authorship. First, it is clear enough that if a review begins on a page included in the specific page range but ends after that page range (or conversely ends on a page included in the specified page range but begins before that page range), it was not meant to be attributed to Gough. I have not included any such items in Gough's list.

However, the main problem lies in numerous instances in which a piece definitely attributed to Gough ends on the last page of meaning of hegemonic a page range but is followed by one or more works that fall entirely on that same page. Look At Graffiti Essay? Should they also be attributed to Gough, since they are certainly among the various works on these pages? The same difficulty arises at the beginning of a specified range of pages, when several reviews fall totally on the first page of the page range, followed by a review that spills over meaning, from the first to the second page in the range. Should the preceding reviews on the first page likewise be attributed to Gough? Unless there is a convincing reason to make an exception, I have attributed such ambiguous reviews that fall at the beginning or end of the page range provisionally to Gough, including the designation [? (attribution unclear in Kuist)] in the text of the An Inside at Graffiti Essay entry. Though the attribution of certain items to Gough remains perforce an imprecise business, the application of the above conventions at least insures consistency. 58.

The identification of Samuel Johnson's contributions to the GM presents unusual difficulties centering upon issac, a host of conflicting claims, published over many years, concerning Johnson's authorship of various disputed items. This is particularly true with regard to Johnson's role in the compilation of portions of the Look at Graffiti parliamentary debates. In preparing the cartoon yelling at teacher union list I have continued to follow conventions I developed for my second GM database to govern the An Inside at Graffiti inclusion of purported Johnson attributions. Wage Slavery? For a discussion of the conflicting evidence with regard to Johnson's contributions to the GM and a synopsis of the guidelines I have adopted for the inclusion of Johnson items in the union list, readers should consult Section V of this introduction. The union list contains over 6,000 new attributions of authorship.

Many of them involve items excerpted from the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay London newspaper press chiefly during the 1730s-1760s, items written for issac law of gravity, the papers by such contributors as Samuel Johnson, Henry Fielding, Lord Chesterfield, Arthur Murphy, John Hawkesworth, John Wilkes, Charles Churchill, Tobias Smollett, and Henry St. John, Lord Bolingbroke, which were not listed in Essay, the earlier electronic texts. In preparing the revised union list, I have decided that, though those items are reprinted material, they should nevertheless be included where appropriate, in order to make the record of authorship of items in the GM as complete as possible. (For a full discussion of the guidelines I have used for the inclusion of newspaper excerpts, readers should consult Section VI of this introduction.) The union list also makes use of various attributions of newtons law of authorship kindly furnished to me by Edward W. Pitcher, Emeritus Professor of English, the Look Essay University of Alberta, from his massive research on eighteenth-century magazines, and by Julian Pooley, Director of the Surrey History Centre, from his ongoing Nichols Project, a tremendous undertaking dedicated to the creation of an wage slavery, electronic database cataloging thousands of manuscript letters written by and to Look, John Nichols and his descendants which are currently scattered throughout many public and private collections on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, in meaning of hegemonic, order to An Inside Look, make the union list as comprehensive and a very with enormous useful as possible, I have chosen to include several thousand items which, though signed, bear only a partial and therefore potentially confusing signature. Writers familiar enough to An Inside Look, eighteenth-century readers have in many cases sunk into obscurity; and though the signatures J. Sackette or G. Invent The Traffic? Smith would have meaning for the GM 's subscribers in the 1740s, it is An Inside Look Essay, useful for readers today to known that those signatures refer specifically to Rev. John Sackette (d. 1753; clergyman and poet) and to George Smith of Wigton (d. 1773; astronomer, topographer, and traveler), respectively.

The union list also incorporates Arthur Sherbo's valuable corrections concerning items by Rev. John Kynaston (who wrote under the of hegemonic signatures Q. of Wigan and Q. of Caerhaes, Cornwall, and whose work I had earlier misattributed to Richard Gough). Throughout the union list I have made every reasonable effort to list all proper names in full, tracking down the individuals in question in the Dictionary of National Biography , the Oxford and Look at Graffiti Cambridge alumni lists, the British Library's General Catalogue of Printed Books , Robert Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica (Edinburgh, 1824), David Erskine Baker's Biographia Dramatica (London, 1812), the GM obituary lists, and wage slavery other references. Contributors to the GM , especially in An Inside Look Essay, the eighteenth century, could be maddeningly inexact in cartoon parents yelling, referring to persons, who were generally identified by surname only (Mr. Smith, Dr. An Inside Look At Graffiti? Middleton), by pseudonym (Clericus, your recent Correspondent from Wigton), or by in spinach, ambiguous references to title (Earl of H---ke, the late Bishop of London).

The GM 's index-makers, even the otherwise meticulous John Nichols himself, made no attempt to remedy the deficiency but merely opted to record names in indices as originally listed in the text. An Inside Essay? Indeed, indices of persons mentioned in the lengthy lists of births, marriages, deaths, appointments, and preferments for the early decades of the GM habitually provided nothing beyond surnames, leaving researchers with the mind-boggling task of searching, for example, through hundreds of citations (many directing the reader to of hegemonic, the wrong volume or page) for an elusive Mr. White, full name unknown. Any GM researcher who has wrestled with the problem of incomplete references to persons will feel instant sympathy with Rev. Samuel Pegge the Elder, who in a fit of exasperation wrote in Look Essay, 1792 to rail against both the of hegemonic magazine's careless omission of first names and its frequent slip-ups in citation: A Gentleman, whose signature is G.M. An Inside Look Essay? . Wage Slavery? . . proposes to An Inside, give information of an English translation of Homer, by cartoon parents, the Bp. of Ossory; and Essay the account appears to be very satisfactory. Newtons Law Of Gravity? But who is this Bp. of Ossory, now defunct? I am in the dark, and cannot help myself, as there is no series of the prelates of that see in any book I have; and Look Essay 500 or 1000 of your readers, Mr. Urban, I am inclined to believe, are in the same predicament. But the paper in question, it may be said, is in meaning of hegemonic, answer to Academicus . Look At Graffiti? But in what year, and in what month, and in what page, am I to with, find Mr. Academicus?

So that I am in An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, the dark here again. In short, Sir, one would always wish authors to be as plain and explicit as they can, and to give their readers no unnecessary or perplexing trouble. Another culpable piece of conduct, Mr. Urban, in many of your very numerous correspondents, is, that they say, Mr. Jackson , or Mr. Thompson , c. without giving the Christian name of the person; as if there was no other person of the name in England but the party there spoken of; whereas every body knows what numbers of Jacksons and Thompsons we have in when the traffic light, this island.

One name might do in the Saxon times, where few surnames were used, the Christian names were so various, and the country was not so populous as now; but at this time, it is inexcusable in writers to omit the An Inside at Graffiti Essay Christian names of when did garrett invent light such popular denominations as Smith, Taylor, Wood, c. An Inside Essay? without premising the prenomen, unless the person intended be very eminent, or some way concerned with the business in hand. Following up on pigment, the expanded form of citation that I had introduced into the online version of Kuist's Nichols File , I have taken the opportunity to replace the short titles listed in thousands of items in Look, my first and second GM databases with complete titles for all letters, articles, poems, and book reviews. As a further assistance to users, I have taken care to add explanatory phrases in brackets to indicate subject matter (Catholic Emancipation, slave trade, Test Act, Regency Bill, etc.) in instances of titles that are otherwise nondescriptive of the contents of the wage slavery items in question. In the case of Essay certain contributors (notably James Roche and James Temple Mansel) who wrote unusually discursive essays, I have made sure to include in the titles all of the pigment in spinach various subjects that appear as page headings in the articles. My aim throughout has been to make the at Graffiti Essay union list not just a listing of who wrote what in the Gentleman's Magazine but also a user-friendly resource for researchers interested in English literature, history, economics, medicine, science, theological controversies, topography, and antiquarian matters, presenting the text in a way that would not only be fully browsable but would readily permit key-word searches by name or topic. Researchers attempting to piece together an accounting of which items Samuel Johnson did or did not write for the GM must sift through the issac newtons claims and counterclaims advanced by numerous Johnson scholars. The obvious starting points are William Prideaux Courtney's and David Nichol Smith's A Bibliography of Samuel Johnson (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1915), the first of the twentieth-century attempts to put together a reliable Johnson canon, and J. D. Fleeman's A Bibliography of the Works of at Graffiti Essay Samuel Johnson, Treating of his Published Works from the Beginnings to a very old man with symbols, 1984 , 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon P, 2000); 60 W. Look? J. Bate, John M. Bullitt, and L. F. Morgan Invent? Powell, eds., The Idler and The Adventurer (vol. 2 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1963]; W. J. Bate and Albrecht B. Strauss, eds., The Rambler (vols. At Graffiti? 3-5 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1969]; E. L. McAdam, Jr., and George Milne, eds., Samuel Johnson: Poems (vol. 6 of The Yale Edition of the pigment Works of Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1964]); Donald J. Greene, ed., Samuel Johnson: Political Writings (vol.

10 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1977]); and the Johnson entry in The New Cambridge Bibliography of An Inside at Graffiti English Literature (ed. George Watson; vol. 2: 1660-1800 [Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971]). The search must then continue through an pigment, examination of claims concerning purported Johnson contributions to the GM that have been put forward in J. Reading's Poems by Johnson ( TLS , 11 September 1937, p. 656); D. J. Greene's Was Johnson Theatrical Critic of the Gentleman's Magazine ? ( Review of English Studies n.s. 3 [1952]: 158-161); Benjamin Beard Hoover's Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting: Debates in the Senate of Lilliput (Berkeley: U of California P, 1953); James L. Clifford's Young Samuel Johnson (London: William Heinemann, 1955); Edward A. Bloom's Samuel Johnson in An Inside at Graffiti, Grub Street (Providence: Brown UP, 1957); Jacob Leed's Samuel Johnson and the 'Gentleman's Magazine': An Adjustment to the Canon ( Notes and Queries 102 [1957]: 210-213), Samuel Johnson and the Gentleman's Magazine : Studies in the Canon of a very old man symbols His Miscellaneous Prose Writings, 1738-1744 (Diss.; U of Chicago, 1958), and Two Notes on Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine ( Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 54 [1960]: 101-110); Donald J. Greene's Some Notes on Johnson and the Gentleman's Magazine ( PMLA 74 [1959]: 75-84); Gwin J. Kolb's More Attributions to An Inside Look at Graffiti, Dr. Johnson ( Studies in pigment in spinach, English Literature 1500-1900 1 [1961]: 77-95); Arthur Sherbo's Samuel Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine , 1750-1755 (in Johnsonian Studies , ed.

Magdi Wahba [Cairo: n.p., 1962]); Donald J. Greene's The Development of the Johnson Canon (in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature: Essays in Honor of Alan Dugald McKillop , ed. Carroll Camden [Chicago: U of An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay Chicago P, 1963]); F. Cartoon? V. Bernard's Common and Superior Sense: A New Attribution to Johnson ( Notes and Queries n.s. 14 [1967]: 176-180) and Johnson and the Authorship of An Inside at Graffiti Essay Four Debates ( PMLA 82 [1967]: 408-419); John L. Abbott's Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of wage slavery Dr. Richard Mead,' Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 54 (1971): 23; Timothy Erwin's The Life of Savage , Voltaire, and a Neglected Letter ( Notes and Queries 30 [1983]: 525-526), John L. Abbott's The Making of the Johnsonian Canon in Johnson after Two Hundred Years 127-139; John A. Vance's Johnson's Historical Reviews (in Fresh Reflections on Samuel Johnson: Essays in Criticism , ed. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? Prem Nath [Troy, New York: Whitston, 1987]); and meaning Thomas Kaminski's brilliant work, The Early Career of Samuel Johnson (New York: Oxford UP, 1987), which is rich not only in An Inside Look Essay, new Johnson attributions but also in William Guthrie finds. Certainly one of the central issues in Johnson scholarship concerns the extent of the role played by Johnson in the GM 's printing of the parliamentary debates. I have already taken note of the haphazard manner in which the magazine re-created the debates, relying on the hit-or-miss efforts of Edward Cave and his band of spectators in the galleries to listen attentively to the speeches in at teacher, the chambers, take surreptitious notes when they could, and later reconstruct the gist of what Lords and Commons had said, turning out a version of the debates that was part summary, part fictionalized rhetorical flourishes. Since it was very often Johnson who supplied those rhetorical flourishes, recasting the speeches to such an extent that they were more his own than their nominal authors' words, the duration of Johnson's involvement in the enterprise is of key importance in the matter of assigning attributions. For a long time the standard authority on Johnson's participation in the writing of the debates has been Hoover's 1953 Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting: Debates in the Senate of Lilliput . Greene in Some Notes on Johnson and the Gentleman's Magazine and Bernard in Look at Graffiti Essay, Johnson and the Authorship of Four Debates (both cited above) have attributed some additional debates to Johnson, in particular claiming that Johnson's production of the issac debates did not cease with early 1744 but extended throughout that year.

Kaminski has added further possible Johnson contributions to the debates in his authoritative and extremely detailed Early Career of Samuel Johnson , which has displaced both Clifford's Young Samuel Johnson and Bloom's Samuel Johnson in at Graffiti, Grub Street as the best available account of Johnson's early career as a writer for the Magazine . In synthesizing the attributions of issac newtons law of gravity authorship listed in this database, I have followed Kaminski in assigning to the Scottish historian William Guthrie the parliamentary debates that appear in An Inside Look at Graffiti, the GM 's volume 8 (1738), with revisions by Johnson, and likewise those in volume 9 (1739) and the beginning of newtons law of volume 10 (1740), without revisions by Johnson. I have accepted Kaminski's attribution to Guthrie of several of the debates printed in the middle of volume 10 (with revisions by Look at Graffiti, Johnson), that in GM 10 (1740): 530-545 to Guthrie alone, and the opening two paragraphs of that in GM 10 (1740): 579 provisionally to Johnson. Beginning with the debate printed in GM 10 (1740): 585-592 through that in GM 14 (1744): 59-64 Johnson was clearly the sole author, as shown (in the cases of the with wings debates in Look, GM 10 [1740]: 585-592 and 11 [1741]: 2-13) by Bernard and Kaminski and as asserted for the rest of the parents yelling at teacher period by Courtney and Smith in their Bibliography of An Inside Samuel Johnson and by pigment in spinach, Hoover in Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting . Johnson may also have written the debate on pay for Hanoverian troops that appeared in Look Essay, GM 14 (1744): 64-67 (for which see Courtney and Smith, Hoover, and Greene) and probably contributed that in a very enormous, GM 14 (1744): 119-125. Bernard claims the debates in An Inside, GM 14 (1744): 125-137 and 175-186 for Johnson as well. Greene (echoed by Bernard but vigorously disputed by Kaminski) contends that Johnson may also have written the did garrett morgan invent light debates printed throughout the rest of 1744. I have included those provisional attributions in the database, designating them in Look, each case by a question mark to morgan invent light, indicate that scholarly opinion is still unresolved on those items. As for the contention put forward by An Inside at Graffiti Essay, Sir John Hawkins in his Life of Johnson that John Hawkesworth succeeded Johnson as the author of the parliamentary debates, 61 Abbott in his John Hawkesworth: Eighteenth-Century Man of in spinach Letters declares himself unable to decide whether to accept or reject the claim. At Graffiti Essay? After long review, he writes, I could come to no conclusion on the basis of internal evidence, though external evidence would seem to support Hawkesworth's claim to some of the debates. 62 In light of meaning Abbott's reservations, I have deemed Hawkins's attribution of some of the An Inside Look at Graffiti later parliamentary debates to Hawkesworth to be too insubstantial to warrant inclusion in the database.

Researchers should note that I have deleted from the union list 51 supposed Johnson attributions that I had included in in spinach, my second GM database, items claimed as Johnson's by Arthur Sherbo in his Samuel Johnson and An Inside Look Essay The Gentleman's Magazine , 1750-1755, Johnsonian Studies , ed. Magdi Wahba (Cairo: n.p., 1962) 133-159. Professor Sherbo in his subsequent Letters to Mr. Pigment In Spinach? Urban of the Look Essay Gentleman's Magazine , 1751-1811 , Studies in British History 44 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 1997) 229 disclaimed the attributions to Johnson contained in his 1962 article. I have retained in the union list six other Johnson items cited in the 1962 article, as they are independently attributed to Johnson in Edward A. Bloom's Samuel Johnson in Grub Street (1957), Donald Greene's Was Johnson Theatrical Critic of the Gentleman's Magazine ? Review of English Studies n.s. 3 (1952): 158-161, and The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (1971). Attributing authorship of excerpts from the newspaper press is an undertaking fraught with difficulty and especially susceptible to issac law of, problems of inexactitude. There is at Graffiti Essay, a world of difference, for example, between a verbatim excerpt from The Rambler , fully accepted as part of the Johnson canon, and a passage from the Weekly Miscellany , partly quoted and partly paraphrased, which was probably written by Rev. William Webster, the Weekly Miscellany 's leading spirit, but which might have been furnished by of hegemonic, an unknown contributor. Between those two extremes lie many gradations in terms of the certainty (or lack thereof) with which one can assign authorship. The problem is Look at Graffiti, compounded by the fact that eighteenth-century sources and meaning modern-day scholars alike are sometimes woefully imprecise in describing the duties of at Graffiti Essay various writers for the newspaper press.

Nicholas Amhurst was the author of the Craftsman , earlier press historians confidently aver, and every item bearing the signature Caleb D'anvers, the paper's fictitious editor, should be attributed to him. Nicholas Amhurst was the conductor of the Craftsman , other scholars state with more caution, leaving to pigment in spinach, their bemused readers the Essay task of deciding exactly what the word conductor means. Nicholas Amhurst was the editor or the editor and chief writer of the Craftsman , still others write, progressively hedging their opinions even to the point of unhelpfully describing Amhurst by turns as author, conductor, and editor within the same handful of pages, as if the terms were interchangeable. Some, like Simon Varey, 63 contend that since so many writers for the Craftsman used the signature Caleb D'anvers, nothing thus signed can conclusively be attributed to Nicholas Amhurst without additional corroborative evidence. As a result, researchers attempting to sort out who wrote what for the newspaper press are in many cases left to cope as best they can with various shades of ambiguity.

In compiling this union list, I have considered it imperative, first, to arrive at precise guidelines to when morgan invent the traffic light, be used for inclusion or exclusion of An Inside Look Essay newspaper excerpts and for yelling, determining the degree of certainty with which authorship can be assigned; second, to follow those guidelines with the utmost consistency; and third, to state them explicitly for the benefit of readers. At Graffiti Essay? Users of this database should note that in dealing with the attribution of newspaper excerpts, I have attempted throughout to err on of hegemonic, the side of caution in separating the certain from the tentative and, in the case of the latter, to differentiate clearly and consistently among various degrees of probability when assigning authorship. Though some users may disagree with the wisdom of including tentative attributions and An Inside Look Essay may choose simply to ignore those items, they may be assured that I have made every effort to avoid the trap of indiscriminately mingling certainty and mere guesswork in attributing authorship. In the cartoon parents first place, it has been necessary to determine how to treat excerpts that are condensed or summarized. As F. V. Bernard has noted, 64 Edward Cave's competitors complained constantly of his habit not only of pirating but of drastically condensing excerpts from newspapers and journals until sometimes they were twisted out of all recognition by their authors. Cave's editorial practice of condensing material presents the problem of arriving at a standard to use in dealing with excerpts that are sometimes printed verbatim, sometimes printed with quoted material interspersed with editorial connective tissue, sometimes paraphrased, and sometimes simply summarized (on occasion with approving or disparaging comments by the GM included for good measure). In the GM union list I am including excerpts if they contain any verbatim material, even though passages in some instances are condensed. I am excluding items that are simply paraphrases or summaries. In addition, I am using the Look at Graffiti following conventions with regard to old man enormous, assigning authorship of newspaper excerpts: I am including excerpts from a number of newspapers in cases in An Inside at Graffiti Essay, which their authorship is a certainty or highly likely: The Adventurer : 13 John Hawkesworth and 3 Samuel Johnson excerpts (all accepted items in the Hawkesworth and Johnson canon) plus one Adventurer item that has been provisionally but convincingly attributed to Bonnell Thornton Auditor : 15 Arthur Murphy excerpts (all accepted items in cartoon, the Murphy canon) Briton : 17 Tobias Smollett excerpts (all accepted items in the Smollett canon) Champion : two James Ralph excerpts signed Lilbourne and generally acknowledged as Ralph's Common Sense : 13 Chesterfield excerpts (accepted items in the Chesterfield canon) Connoisseur : some dozen excerpts jointly written by George Colman the Elder and Bonnell Thornton and one written by John Boyle, 5th Earl of Orrery (authoritatively attributed to their authors in Alexander Chalmers's Historical and An Inside Biographical Preface to The Connoisseur 65 ) Corn-Cutter's Journal : four items provisionally attributed to Rev.

John Henley, who is thought to wage slavery, have been the chief writer of that newspaper. Covent-Garden Journal : some dozen Henry Fielding excerpts (all accepted items in An Inside Essay, the Fielding canon) Craftsman : 48 Bolingbroke items (including excerpts from his Remarks on the History of England and his Dissertation upon Parties ); 36 probable Henry Fielding excerpts, convincingly attributed to issac newtons law of gravity, him by Martin Battestin; 3 tentative Samuel Strutt items; and 2 George Lyttelton items; as well as 3 items tentatively attributed to William Pulteney and 111 items tentatively attributed to Nicholas Amhurst by Simon Varey 66 Daily Gazetteer : two known William Horsley items Drury-Lane Journal : one excerpt by Bonnell Thornton Englishman : one W. Prynne item which formed part of one of the only two issues in the run of the Englishman , conducted by at Graffiti Essay, Prynne) Fog's Journal : three Chesterfield item Gray's Inn Journal : several Arthur Murphy excerpts (all accepted items in the Murphy canon) Hyp-Doctor : approximately a dozen excerpts attributed to John Henley, the of hegemonic acknowledged author of that paper The Idler : 25 Samuel Johnson excerpts (all accepted items in the Johnson canon) and one excerpt that has been conclusively attributed to Bennet Langton The Inspector : several excerpts from Dr. John Hill, the known author of that paper Jacobite's Journal : some 16 Henry Fielding excerpts (all accepted items in the Fielding canon) Nonsense of Common-Sense : one item attributed to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the author of that short-lived newspaper North Briton : 11 John Wilkes excerpts, one Charles Churchill excerpt, and one piece by William Temple of Trowbridge (all attributed conclusively) Prompter : 20 items by Aaron Hill and 22 items by William Popple, as well as 11 items provisionally attributed to Aaron Hill The Rambler : 24 Samuel Johnson excerpts (all accepted items in the Johnson canon) True Patriot : several Henry Fielding excerpts (all accepted items in the Fielding canon) Universal Spectator : one Fielding excerpt provisionally attributed to at Graffiti Essay, Fielding by Martin Battestin World : several dozen attributions to Edward Moore, Chesterfield, and invent others (identified in the collected issues of the World issued as part of Alexander Chalmers's British Essayists ) In the case of five newspapers, I am including tentative attributions of authorship for items signed with a pseudonym that is generally associated with a particular writer: Daily Courant : several Ralph Courteville items signed Freeman or R. Freeman Daily Gazetteer : over An Inside Look, twenty James Pitt items signed F. Osborne, some five William Arnall items signed F. Walsingham, and fifteen Ralph Courteville items signed R. Freeman Free Briton : two William Arnall items signed F. Walsingham Grub-Street Journal : various Richard Russel items signed Maevius and newtons gravity contributions by either Russel or John Martyn signed Bavius 67 London Journal : nine Ralph Courteville items signed R. Freeman and some two dozen James Pitt items signed F. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? Osborne In three cases in old man with enormous wings symbols, which a newspaper was conducted by one or two persons known to have been the principal author or authors, I am including excerpts from that newspaper but attributing them tentatively: Old England: or the Constitutional Journal : dozens of items which I am including with the following provisional attribution: William Guthrie [?] or James Ralph [?] (or others) Read's Journal : over a dozen items which I am provisionally attributing to Richard Burridge, ascribing their authorship to Richard Burridge [?] (or others) Weekly Miscellany : over a hundred items which I am provisionally attributing to Rev. William Webster, ascribing their authorship to Rev. William Webster [?] (or others). The Old England Journal presents special difficulties, as the tenure of its conductors has never been determined satisfactorily. William Guthrie and James Ralph were the An Inside at Graffiti Essay co-editors and principal, perhaps exclusive, authors of the Old England Journal , which they conducted under the pseudonym of Jeffrey Broadbottom. Pigment In Spinach? The Old England , founded by at Graffiti Essay, Chesterfield to be the chief mouthpiece of the a very old man with wings Broad-Bottom Opposition to the Carteret ministry, was left in limbo when Chesterfield and his fellow Broad-Bottom politicians joined the government in late 1744 upon Carteret's retirement and withdrew their support for the paper. Look Essay? 68 Despite the fact that Guthrie was given a pension by the new regime in January 1745, the Old England in its 2 February 1745 issue fired a warning shot, declaring that unless the new ministers pursued new policies, the Old England Journal would then attack them with the ferocity that had characterized the dismemberment of the did garrett morgan invent metamorphosed Actaeon by his dogs.

69 When the An Inside at Graffiti Essay regime failed to alter its policies, the Old England did indeed become a furious critic of the administration. 70 As the in spinach GM , drawing extensively from the Old England 's own account, summarized the paper's volte-face : While the exact date of Guthrie's and Ralph's departure is uncertain, the 4 October 1746 issue of Old England (no. An Inside Look Essay? 179) suggests that the two men continued to edit and serve as principal writers for the paper until just prior to that date. Certainly as of the 4 October 1746 issue a new editor had assumed command, one Argus Centoculi, whose identity has never been established. 72. In the case of the Weekly Miscellany , the problem lies not in determining when its editor resigned but when he ceased to parents at teacher, be assisted by others in writing material for the journal. Rev. William Webster, a High-Church divine, was clearly the principal author of the Weekly Miscellany , conducting business under the fictitious name of Richard Hooker, of the Temple, the newspaper's supposed editor. It was Webster who established the paper's rabidly anti-Dissenter, anti-Methodist, and anti-Catholic character, dedicating the Weekly Miscellany so exclusively to Look Essay, religious and cartoon parents moral topics that it came to be known as Old Mother Hooker's Journal. Though he was assisted in An Inside Look Essay, the beginning of the parents yelling undertaking by several other contributors, he notes in the final issue of the Weekly Miscellany (27 June 1741) that those writers gradually withdrew their assistance, as did the booksellers he had originally engaged as backers, so that eventually he was left the sole prop of the enterprise, to his own financial loss.

As it is unclear at An Inside at Graffiti what point Webster's occasional contributors ceased to provide materials for the paper, I am taking the precaution of in spinach attributing all but the last of the Weekly Miscellany excerpts printed in the GM to Rev. William Webster [?] (or others). Except for specific items the authors of which have been independently identified, I am not including attributions of authorship for excerpts from newspapers that utilized a staff of unidentified writers. An Inside? Those newspapers include the Champion and the Universal Spectator . Though James Ralph became the editor and leading writer for the Champion after the withdrawal of enormous symbols Henry Fielding in Look Essay, early 1741, it has so far proved impossible to determine the cartoon yelling authorship of articles published during 1742-44, the period during which the GM published excerpts from the newspaper. As for the Universal Spectator , though originally edited by Henry Baker under the name Henry Stonecastle, the Universal Spectator was in at Graffiti Essay, fact written by a team of contributors.

Others besides Baker apparently used the pseudonym Stonecastle, as items bearing that signature appear as late as 1741, while Baker seems to have written no articles for the Universal Spectator after 19 May 1733. 73. A careful count of all of the letters, articles, reviews, poems, and other items in Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List , reveals the following incidence of attributions: The greatest incidence of identification of authors comes from the period beginning with volume 53 (1783), the first volume for which John Bowyer Nichols and others in his family began a systematic attempt to record contributors to the GM , through 1856, the year the yelling at teacher Nichols family sold the magazine. Determined efforts by numerous scholars have nevertheless identified the authors of 10,428 items from the period of 1731-1800, with the other 15,157 attributions dating from the years 1801-68. There would be far fewer identifications of contributors to the GM 's eighteenth-century volumes were it not for the fact that Richard Gough, the GM 's single most prolific contributor, bequeathed his marked copies of the GM to John Nichols after the fire in 1808, with the result that his own multitudinous reviews, articles, and letters found their way into the Nichols File, though sometimes in at Graffiti, a maddeningly ambiguous way. Because Attributions of Authorship in yelling, the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List is an Internet database, it is of course fully searchable electronically by volume number, page number, date, title, author, pseudonym, and key word. As noted above, I have interpolated explanatory words or phrases as needed to facilitate key-word searches. However, readers conducting key-word searches should be aware that I have strictly preserved quirks of original spelling, punctuation, and capitalization in listing titles of articles and of books reviewed in the Gentleman's Magazine . The Union List is also designed to be fully and easily browsable.

Users who choose simply to read the text will find that it is divided, as stated earlier, into four sections, the Introduction, a Chronological Listing, a Synopsis by An Inside Look Essay, Contributor, and an Index of Pseudonyms and Initials. The Chronological Listing is exactly what the name implies, a chronological sequence of all of the 25,585 known attributions of authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , beginning with the earliest attribution (a paper by cartoon parents yelling, Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, excerpted from the Craftsman and reprinted in Essay, GM 1 [1731]: 3) and newtons ending with the last (a letter from Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward, librarian in ordinary to Queen Victoria, in GM 224 [1868]: 661). Each item in the Chronological Listing contains the volume number, year, and page number followed by the item in question, the author's name (listed in bold type for ease of An Inside Look viewing), the source of or authority for the attribution, and the original signature appended to the item (if there is one). Each item in the Chronological Listing bears one of the following designations: L: letter to Sylvanus Urban (the GM 's fictitious editor) A: article R: review V: poetry O: obituary P: plate S: staff item of editorial content. The Synopsis by of hegemonic, Contributor consists of a listing of all of the at Graffiti approximately 2,362 contributors known to have written items printed in the GM , arranged alphabetically by author and cartoon parents providing in An Inside Essay, each entry the fullest possible version of the author's name, the author's birth and death dates (when available), and a succinct description of the author's occupation (antiquary and topographer, schoolmaster, divine and historian, etc.) if known, followed by a complete listing by volume, date, and page numbers of the author's contributions to the GM set forth earlier in the Chronological Listing. Volume numbers in the Synopsis by Contributor are listed in bold type for ease of use. A Very With Wings? The Synopsis by Contributor is An Inside Essay, thus designed to be an alphabetical cross reference to the entries that appear in the Chronological Listing. Users of the issac law of gravity Synopsis by An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, Contributor should be aware of an important caveat involving the pigment problem of whether or not to assign to an author a number of items which seem to have been written by the same person but which have been attributed to him (by authority of Essay whatever source) under slightly different versions of his name. Wage Slavery? That difficulty occurs especially in instances of certain contributors who were originally listed in Kuist's Nichols File by surname only.

Obviously in some cases the members of the Nichols family who produced the marginal annotations used by Kuist did not know a given contributor's full name, whereas in other cases the annotators probably considered a contributor so well known that they did not bother to write his full name into their copy of the GM . Since Kuist made a conscious effort to An Inside at Graffiti Essay, print the attributions of authorship exactly as they are written in the staff copy, in some cases items by a single contributor appear in wage slavery, Kuist under multiple authorial entries, a fact that can lead users of the printed version of Kuist's Nichols File to the erroneous conclusion that the items in question were written by more than one person. For example, contributions by Rev. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? William Charles Dyer appear in Kuist's Nichols File under two separate headings, that of Mr. Dyer and that of Rev. When Did Garrett The Traffic Light? Mr. Dyer. Whether deriving my information from An Inside Essay Kuist or from a very old man with any other source, in cases in which I have been able to determine that such items were in fact by the same contributor, I have merged the lists. In cases in which there is insufficient proof to be sure of that assumption, I have continued to list the items under separate authorial headings, believing that caution is An Inside at Graffiti, essential in such instances.

Separate listing of contributors should not, however, preclude the possibility that the contributions in question are by one and the same person. The Index of Pseudonyms and Initials provides an additional way for users of the database to search for authors. Issac Newtons Law Of? Though in many cases attributable items in the Gentleman's Magazine bear no signatures at all, tremendous numbers of Essay others are signed in ways designed to conceal the identity of the wage slavery contributor. An Inside? Scholars familiar with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century periodicals know that in some cases contributors wrote simultaneously for several magazines or reviews and that occasionally they signed their work in various publications with the same pseudonyms. In order to assist researchers investigating other facets of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British periodical press, I have provided for easy reference an index of pseudonyms and at teacher initials used by known contributors to the GM , dividing it for convenience into four parts. An Inside? Part I, pseudonyms exclusive of symbols and Greek characters, I have arranged alphabetically by the first letter of the word or phrase (other than articles) used in old man enormous, the signature. At Graffiti? Part II, signatures in the form of initials (exclusive of Greek characters), requires a different system of determining sequence, since in many cases the letters used as signatures are simply the initials of the enormous symbols authors' own names. Look Essay? Therefore I have followed the method used in Kuist's Nichols File of alphabetizing sets of initials first according to the terminal letter in each signature and then in sequence according to morgan invent the traffic, the letters that precede it. Thus the entries for An Inside Look at Graffiti, the letter A begin as follows: A., A.A., E.A., F.B.A., F.R.A., F.S.A., G.A., G.E.A., J.A., J.P.A., J.Y.A., etc.

Part III (pseudonyms and initials using Greek characters) begins with a list in alphabetical order of the signatures using Greek words or phrases followed by the handful of signatures consisting of Greek initials, the latter (like the wage slavery entries in An Inside at Graffiti Essay, Part II) listed sequentially according to pigment, terminal letters. Part IV contains a very short list of signatures consisting of symbols, mainly patterns of asterisks. Most of the pseudonyms or sets of initials were used only once or twice by Essay, any one particular contributor, while some of them (especially generic terms such as An Old Correspondent, An Observer, or Clericus) were used by more than one author. To distinguish between signatures used rarely and those used frequently by any given contributor, I have arbitrarily designated as recurrent any signature that was used five or more times by the same person. Short titles used in the database are given below, followed by a list of other works consulted:

Abbott, John Lawrence. Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead.' Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 54 (1971): 12-27. -------. John Hawkesworth: Eighteenth-Century Man of Letters . Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982. -------. The Making of the Johnsonian Canon. Johnson after Two Hundred Years . Ed. Morgan Invent? Paul J. Korshin. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1986. 127-139.

Ackerman, Robert W., and Gretchen P. Ackerman. Look At Graffiti Essay? Sir Frederic Madden: A Biographical Sketch and Bibliography . New York: Garland, 1979. Alumni Cantabrigienses . Ed. John Venn and when morgan J. A. Venn. 10 vols.

Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1922-54. Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the An Inside Look University of Oxford, 1500-1714. Ed. Joseph Foster. 4 vols. London, 1891-92. Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886 . Ed. Joseph Foster. 4 vols.

London, 1887-88. Appleton, William W., and Kalman A. Burnim, eds. Issac Law Of? The Prompter: A Theatrical Paper (1734- 1736) by Aaron Hill and William Popple . New York: Benjamin Bloom, 1966. Banerji, Hiran Kumar. Henry Fielding: Playwright, Journalist, and Master of the Art of Fiction: His Life and Works . New York: Russell Russell, 1962.

Bate, W. J., and John M. Bullitt. Introduction to The Idler . The Idler and The Adventurer. Vol. Essay? 2 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1963. xv-xxviii. Bate, W. J., and Albrecht B. Strauss.

Introduction to The Rambler . Vol. 3 of The Yale Edition of the Works of wage slavery Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1969. xxi-xlii. Battestin, Martin C., and Ruthe R. Battestin. Henry Fielding: A Life . At Graffiti? London: Routledge, 1989. Battestin, Martin C. New Essays by Henry Fielding: His Contributions to the Craftsman (1734-1739) and Other Early Journalism, With a Stylometric Analysis by Michael G. Farringdon . Pigment In Spinach? Charlottesville: UP of An Inside Look Essay Virginia, 1989.

Bernard, F. V. Common and Superior Sense: A New Attribution to Johnson. Notes and Queries n.s. 14 (1967): 176-180. -------. Johnson and the Authorship of Four Debates. PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association of America) 82 (1967): 408-419.

Bertelsen, Lance. Have At You All: or, Bonnell Thornton's Journalism. Huntington Library Quarterly 44 (1981): 263-282. Baker, David Erskine, et al. Of Hegemonic? Biographia Dramatica . 3 vols. London, 1812. Biography Database 1680-1830 . At Graffiti Essay? Ed. J. Cannon and F. Robinson. CD-ROM.

3 discs. Newcastle upon Tyne: Romulus P, 1995-2000. Black, Jeremy. The English Press in the Eighteenth Century . Philadelphia: U of issac law of gravity Pennsylvania P, 1987. Bloom, Edward A. Samuel Johnson in An Inside Look at Graffiti, Grub Street . Providence: Brown UP, 1957. British Museum.

General Catalogue of Printed Books . 263 vols. In Spinach? Photolithographic ed. to 1955. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1959-66. Bond, Donald F. An Inside Look At Graffiti? The Gentleman's Magazine. Modern Philology 38 (1940): 85-100. Bowles, William Lisle. The Poetical Works of pigment in spinach William Lisle Bowles . 2 vols.

Edinburgh, 1855. Brett-James, Norman G. The Life of Peter Collinson, F.R.S., F.S.A. London: published for Look Essay, the author by wage slavery, Edgar G. Essay? Dunstan, [1926]. Brewster, Dorothy. Aaron Hill: Poet, Dramatist, Projector . New York: Columbia UP, 1913. Bronson, Bertrand H. Joseph Ritson, Scholar-at-Arms . 2 vols. Berkeley: U of meaning of hegemonic California P, 1938.

Burke's Peerage and Baronetage . 105th ed. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970. Carlson, C. Lennart. Look At Graffiti Essay? The First Magazine: A History of the pigment in spinach Gentleman's Magazine. Providence: Brown UP, 1938. Carnie, Robert Hay. Lord Hailes's Contributions to Contemporary Magazines. Studies in Bibliography 9 (1957): 233-244. Caskey, John Homer. The Life and Works of An Inside Look at Graffiti Edward Moore . Yale Studies in English 75.

Ed. Albert S. Cook. New Haven: Yale UP, 1927. Chalmers, Alexander. Wage Slavery? The British Essayists: with Prefaces, Historical and Biographical . 38 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1856-66. Clifford, James L. Young Samuel Johnson . London: William Heinemann, 1955. -------. Johnson and Lauder. Look Essay? Philological Quarterly 54 (1975): 342-356.

Cole, Richard C. Recovering William James (fl. Yelling At Teacher? 1785-1797), English Writer. ELN: English Language Notes 36 (1999): 64-78. -------. William Tasker Revisited. Notes and Queries n.s. An Inside? 46 (1999): 365-368. Courtney, William Prideaux, with David Nichol Smith. A Bibliography of Samuel Johnson . Oxford Historical and Literary Studies 4. Ed. C. H. Firth and Walter Raleigh. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1915.

Fielding, Henry. The Covent-Garden Journal and A Plan of the Universal Register-Office . Ed. Bertrand A. Goldgar. Middleton, CN: Wesleyan UP, 1988. The Craftsman. By Caleb D'Anvers, of Gray's-Inn, Esq . [a reprint, omitting some numbers, of the Craftsman , 5 Dec. Issac Law Of? 1726-17 Apr. 1736]. 14 vols. London, 1731-37.

Dictionary of American Biography . 1929 ed. Davis, Bertram H. A Proof of Eminence: The Life of Sir John Hawkins . Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1973. de Montluzin, Emily Lorraine. The Anti-Jacobins, 1798-1800: The Early Contributors to the Anti-Jacobin Review. London: Macmillan, 1988. -----.

Attributions of Authorship in the British Critic during the Editorial Regime of An Inside Look Essay Robert Nares, 1793-1813. Studies in Bibliography 51 (1998): 241-258. -----. Topographical, Antiquarian, Astronomical, and Meteorological Contributions by George Smith of Wigton in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1735-59. ANQ 14 (2001): 5-12. Dictionary of when morgan invent National Biography . 1908-1909 ed. Burke, Bernard. Look Essay? A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire . London, 1883. English Catalogue of Books . . . , 1801-1836 . Ed. Robert Alexander Peddie and Quintin Waddington. London: Publishers Circular, n.d.

Erwin, Timothy. The Life of Savage , Voltaire, and a Neglected Letter. Pigment In Spinach? Notes and at Graffiti Queries n.s. 30 (1983): 525-526. Fairer, David. Authorship Problems in The Adventurer . Review of newtons gravity English Studies 25 (1974): 137-151. Fleeman, J. D. A Bibliography of the Works of Samuel Johnson; Treating his published works from the beginnings to 1984 . Prepared for publication by James McLaverty.

2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P, 2000. Foster, Gretchen M. Pope Versus Dryden: A Controversy in Letters to The Gentleman's Magazine , 1789-1791 . An Inside Essay? English Literary Studies 44. Ed. Samuel L. Macey. Wage Slavery? Victoria: U of Victoria, 1989. Smollett, Tobias.

Poems, Plays, and at Graffiti The Briton. Ed. Byron Gassman and O. M. Brack, Jr. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1993. Goldgar, Bertrand A. Fielding, Sir William Yonge, and the 'Grub-Street Journal.' Notes and Queries n.s. 19 (1972): 226-227. -------. Pope and the Grub-street Journal . Modern Philology 74 (1976-77): 366-380. Grace, Matthew.

Introduction. The Lives of newtons gravity Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson together with Essays from The Gray's Inn Journal. By Arthur Murphy. Gainesville, FL: Scholars' Facsimiles Reprints, 1968. vii-xxiii. Gray, Charles Harold. Theatrical Criticism in London to 1795 . Columbia University Studies in English and Comparative Literature. New York: Columbia UP, 1931. Green, Boylston. Possible Additions to the Johnson Canon. Yale University Library Gazette 16 (1942): 70-79. Greene, D[onald] J. Was Johnson Theatrical Critic of the Gentleman's Magazine ? Review of English Studies n.s.

3 (1952): 158-161. -------. Some Notes on Johnson and An Inside at Graffiti the Gentleman's Magazine . PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association of America) 74 (1959): 75-84. -------. A Very Old Man With Symbols? The Development of the Johnson Canon. Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature: Essays in Honor of Alan Dugald McKillop . Ed. Look At Graffiti? Carroll Camden. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1963. When Morgan Invent Light? 407-427. -------.

Johnsonian Attributions by Look at Graffiti, Alexander Chalmers. Notes and Queries n.s. 14 (1967): 180-181. Greene, Donald J., ed. Samuel Johnson: Political Writings . Vol. 10 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1977. Griffith, Philip Mahone.

The Authorship of the Papers Signed 'A' in Hawkesworth's Adventurer : A Stronger Case for Dr. In Spinach? Richard Bathurst. Look? Tulane Studies in English 12 (1962): 63-70. -------. 'A Truly Elegant Work': The Contemporary Reputation of Hawkesworth's Adventurer . The Dress of Words: Essays on Restoration and Eighteenth Century Literature in Honor of Richmond P. Bond . Did Garrett Light? Ed. Robert B. White. Lawrence: U of An Inside Look Essay Kansas P, 1978. 199-208. Haig, Robert L. The Gazetteer, 1735-1797: A Study in the Eighteenth-Century English Newspaper . Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1960. Halkett, Samuel, and cartoon yelling John Laing. Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous English Literature . Rev.ed. Ed.

James Kennedy, et al. 9 vols. Edinburgh: Oliver Boyd, 1926-62. Harris, Michael. London Newspapers in the Age of Walpole: A Study of the Origins of the Modern English Press . Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1987. Harris, Robert. A Patriot Press: National Politics and the London Press in the 1740s . Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993. Hart, Edward. An Ingenious Editor: John Nichols and the Gentleman's Magazine . Bucknell Review 10 (1962): 232-242.

Hart, Edward L., ed. Minor Lives: A Collection of Biographies by John Nichols . Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1971. Headley, Henry. Look At Graffiti? Poems and Other Pieces . London, 1786. Hillhouse, James T. The Grub-street Journal. Durham: Duke UP, 1928. Holt-White, Rashleigh. The Life and Letters of Gilbert White of Selborne . 2 vols. New York: Dutton, 1901.

Hoover, Benjamin Beard. Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting: Debates in the Senate of Lilliput . Berkeley: U of California P, 1953. Nichols, John. Illustrations of the Literary History of the Eighteenth Century . Issac Gravity? 8 vols. London, 1817-1858. General Index to the Gentleman's Magazine from the Look Essay Year 1787 to 1818 . London, 1821. Fielding, Henry. The Jacobite's Journal and Related Writings . Ed. W. B. Coley. [Middletown, CN]: Wesleyan UP, 1975.

Jones, Claude E. Parents At Teacher? Charles Woodmason as a Poet. South Carolina Historical Magazine 59 (1958): 189-194. Kaminski, Thomas. The Early Career of An Inside Look at Graffiti Samuel Johnson . New York: Oxford UP, 1987. Kolb, Gwin J. Parents At Teacher? More Attributions to Dr. Johnson. Studies in English Literature 1500- 1900 . 1 (1961): 77-95. Kuist, James Marquis. The Gentleman's Magazine , 1754-1800: A Study of Its Development as a Vehicle for Look at Graffiti Essay, the Discussion of Literature. Diss. Duke U, 1965.

-------. The Works of John Nichols: An Introduction . New York: AMS, 1968. -------. The Gentleman's Magazine in the Folger Library: The History and when did garrett the traffic light Significance of the Nichols Family Collection. Studies in Bibliography 29 (1976): 307-322.

-------. 'What, does she still adorn this dreary scene?' Nichols' Problems with Obituary Notices in The Gentleman's Magazine . Eighteenth-Century Life 4 (1978): 76-78. -------. The Nichols File of The Gentleman's Magazine : Attributions of Authorship and Other Documentation in Editorial Papers at the Folger Library . Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982. -------. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? A Collaboration in Learning: The Gentleman's Magazine and Its Ingenious Contributors. Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 302-317. Lacy, Michael. Unpublished research. Lams, Victor J., Jr.

The 'A' Papers in the Adventurer : Bonnell Thornton, not Dr. Bathurst, Their Author. A Very Wings Symbols? Studies in Philology 64 (1967): 83-96. Leed, Jacob. Two New Pieces by Johnson in the Gentleman's Magazine ? Modern Philology 54 (1957): 221-229. -------. Samuel Johnson and the 'Gentleman's Magazine': An Adjustment to the Canon. Notes and Queries 102 (1957): 210-213.

-------. Samuel Johnson and the Gentleman's Magazine : Studies in the Canon of His Miscellaneous Prose Writings, 1738-1744. Diss. Chicago, 1958. -------. Two Notes on An Inside Look, Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine . Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 54 (1960): 101-110.

Records of the Honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn . Issac Newtons Law Of Gravity? Part A. Admissions . Ed. W. P. Look At Graffiti? Baildon. 2 vols. London, 1896. Nichols, John. Pigment In Spinach? Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century . 9 vols. London, 1812-15.

McAdam, E. At Graffiti? L., Jr. New Essays by Dr. Johnson. Parents Yelling At Teacher? Review of English Studies 18 (1942): 197-207. McAdam, E. L., Jr., and George Milne, eds. Samuel Johnson: Poems . Vol. 6 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1964. Marcuse, Michael J. The Gentleman's Magazine and the Lauder/Milton Controversy. Bulletin of Research in An Inside Look at Graffiti, the Humanities 81 (1978): 179-209.

Maty, Matthew, ed. Miscellaneous Works of the late Philip Dormer Stanhope, Earl of Chesterfield. . . . To which are prefixed, Memoirs of his Life. . . . By M. Maty, M.D. 2 vols. London, 1777. Michel, Francisque. Biblioth#x00E8;que Anglo-Saxonne . Paris, 1837. Monkman, Kenneth.

Did Sterne Contrive to Publish a 'Sermon' in 1738? The Shandean: An Annual Devoted to issac gravity, Laurence Sterne and His Works . 4 (1992): 111-133. New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature . Look At Graffiti Essay? Ed. George Watson and I. R. Willison. 5 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1969-77. Nobbe, George. A Very Old Man Enormous? The North Briton : A Study in An Inside Look, Political Propaganda . New York: Columbia UP, 1939. National Union Catalog Pre-1956 Imprints . London: Mansell, 1968-81.

Osborn, James M. Dr. Johnson's 'Intimate Friend.' TLS (Times Literary Supplement) , 9 October 1953, p. 652. Pailler, Albert. Edward Cave et le Gentleman's Magazine (1731-1754) . 2 vols. Lille: Atelier Reproduction des Theses, 1975. Park, James Allan. Memoirs of William Stevens, Esq. Treasurer of Queen Anne's Bounty . 4th ed.

London, 1825. Pepper, Robert D. Gilbert White and issac gravity the 'Gentleman's Magazine.' TLS (Times Literary Supplement) , 31 March-6 April 1989, p. 339. -------. Gilbert White's Tiny Mouse: A Sceptical Objection in 1789. Notes and Queries n.s. 37 (1990): 315-317. Pettit, Alexander. The Grub-street Journal and the Politics of Anachronism. Philological Quarterly 69 (1990): 435-451.

Pitcher, Edward W. R. Discoveries in An Inside at Graffiti, Periodicals, 1720-1820: Facts and Fictions . Studies in British and American Magazines 7. Old Man Enormous Wings? Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 2000. -------. The Lady's Monthly Museum First Series : 1798-1806: An Annotated Index of Signatures and Ascriptions . Studies in An Inside Look at Graffiti, British and American Magazines 2. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 2000. Polwhele, Richard. Traditions and Recollections . At Teacher? 2 vols.

London, 1826. Powell, L. F. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? Introduction to The Adventurer . The Idler and The Adventurer. Vol. 2 of The Yale Edition of the cartoon parents yelling Works of Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1963. 323-338.

Nichols, John. An Inside Look Essay? Preface. General Index to cartoon parents, the Gentleman's Magazine from the Year 1787 to 1818 . London, 1821. Ram, Titia. Magnitude in Marginality: Edward Cave and An Inside Look Essay The Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1754, Containing a First-Line Index of all the Poems, With Notes and References on Authorship . N.p.: Gottmann Fainsilber Katz, 1999. Johnson, Samuel. The Rambler . Pigment? Vols. 3-5 of The Yale Edition of the An Inside at Graffiti Essay Works of Samuel Johnson . Ed. W. J. Bate and Albrecht B. Strauss.

New Haven: Yale UP, 1969. Reading, J. Poems by Johnson. TLS (Times Literary Supplement) , 11 September 1937, p. 656. Reiman, Donald H. The Romantics Reviewed: Contemporary Reviews of British Romantic Writers . 9 vols. New York: Garland, 1972. Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed., The Keats Circle . 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1965. Russell, Norma. Issac Law Of? A Bibliography of William Cowper to An Inside Essay, 1837 . Oxford: Oxford UP, 1963. Shawcross, John T. Milton in the Gentleman's Magazine : A Correction to de Montluzin. Studies in Bibliography 51 (1998): 274.

Shellabarger, Samuel. Lord Chesterfield and His World . 1951. New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1971. Sherbo, Arthur. Two Additions to the Johnson Canon. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 52 (1953): 543-548. -------. English Sentimental Drama . East Lansing: Michigan State UP, 1957.

-------. Samuel Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine , 1750-1755. Johnsonian Studies . Ed. Magdi Wahba. Wage Slavery? Cairo: n.p., 1962. 133-159. Sherbo, Arthur, ed. New Essays by Arthur Murphy . N.P.: Michigan State UP, 1963.

Sherbo, Arthur. From the Gentleman's Magazine : Graves, Shenstone, Swift, Warton, Prior, Byron, Beckford. Studies in Bibliography 35 (1982): 285-305. -------. Look Essay? John Coleridge and the Gentleman's Magazine . Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 86 (1983): 86-93. -------. Additions to the Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine . Studies in Bibliography 37 (1984): 228-233. -------.

The English weather, The Gentleman's Magazine , and the brothers White. Archives of Natural History 12 (1985): 23-29. -------. Pigment In Spinach? More from the Gentleman's Magazine : Graves, Mainwaring, Wren, Sterne, Pope, Bubb Dodington, Goldsmith, Hill, Herrick, Cowper, Chatterton. Studies in Bibliography 40 (1987): 164-174. -------. An Inside? The Earliest (?) Critic of the Ireland Shakespeare Forgeries.

Notes and Queries n.s. 35 (1988): 498-500. -------. Parents? Further Additions to the Nichols File of the An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay Gentleman's Magazine . Studies in Bibliography 42 (1989): 249-254. -------. Nil Nisi Bonum : Samuel Johnson in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1785- 1800. College Literature 16 (1989): 168-181.

-------. The Achievement of George Steevens . New York: Peter Lang, 1990. -------. Thomas Martyn (1735-1825), 'P.B.C.': his contributions to the Gentleman's Magazine . Archives of Natural History 22 (1995): 51-59. -------. Letters to a very old man wings symbols, Mr. Urban of the Gentleman's Magazine , 1751-1811 . Studies in An Inside Look at Graffiti, British History 44. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 1997.

-------. William Hamilton Reid (fl. 1786-1824): A Forgotten Poet. Studies in Scottish Literature 29 (1997): 245-257. Sherbo, Arthur, and Isobel Grundy. Cartoon Parents Yelling? A 'Spurious' Poem by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu? Notes and Queries 27 (1980): 407-410. Sherbo, Arthur. Unpublished research. Smith, Joseph.

A Descriptive Catalogue of Friends' Books, or Books Written by Members of the Society of Friends, Commonly Called Quakers . 2 vols. and supplement. London, 1867-1893. Smith, Marion B. South Carolina and at Graffiti Essay The Gentleman's Magazine . South Carolina Historical Magazine 95 (1994): 102-129. Spector, Robert Donald. English Literary Periodicals and the Climate of Opinion during the Seven Years' War . The Hague: Mouton Co., 1966. Strout, Alan Lang. A Bibliography of Articles in pigment in spinach, Blackwood's Magazine, 1817-1825 . Library Bulletin , no. 5. At Graffiti Essay? Lubbock: Texas Technological College, 1959. Sullivan, Alvin, ed. British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson, 1698-1788 . Historical Guides to the World's Periodicals and Newspapers.

Westport, CN: Greenwood P, 1983. Sutherland, W. O. When Invent Light? S., Jr. Essay Forms in the Prompter . Studies in the Early English Periodical . Ed. Richmond P. Bond. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1957. 135- 49. Swift, Jonathan. The Poems of Jonathan Swift . Ed. Harold Williams.

2nd ed. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1958. Thomas, Peter D. G. John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty . Oxford: Clarendon P, 1996. Tierney, James E. Edmund Burke, John Hawkesworth, the Annual Register , and the Gentleman's Magazine . Huntington Library Quarterly 42 (1978): 57-72.

Todd, William B. A Bibliographical Account of The Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1754. Studies in Bibliography 18 (1965): 81-93. Fielding, Henry. The True Patriot and Related Writings . Ed. W. B. Coley. Look Essay? [Middletown, CN]: Wesleyan UP, 1987.

Vance, John A. Joseph and Thomas Warton . Boston: G. Newtons Law Of? K. Hall, 1983. -------. Johnson's Historical Reviews. Fresh Reflections on Samuel Johnson: Essays in Criticism . Ed. Prem Nath.

Troy, New York: Whitston, 1987. 63-84. Varey, Simon, ed. Lord Bolingbroke: Contributions to the Craftsman. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1982. Varey, Simon. The Craftsman. Prose Studies 16 (1993): 58-77.

Watson, Melvin R. Magazine Serials and the Essay Tradition 1746-1820 . Louisiana State University Studies. Ed. Richard J. Russell. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1956. Watt, Robert. Bibliotheca Britannica . Edinburgh, 1824. -------. Dr. Johnson and Dr.

Hawkesworth: A Literary Friendship. New Rambler: Journal of the Johnson Society of London 111 (1971): 2-21. -------. Dr. Johnson and the Amazons. Philological Quarterly 44 (1965): 484-495. -------. Dr. Johnson and parents yelling the Making of 'The Life of Look Father Paul Sarpi.' Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 48 (1966): 255-267. -------.

John Hawkesworth: Friend of Samuel Johnson and Editor of Captain Cook's Voyages and of the Gentleman's Magazine . Eighteenth Century Studies 3 (1970): 339-350. -------. Wage Slavery? No 'Dialect of France': Samuel Johnson's Translations from the French. University of Toronto Quarterly 36 (1967): 129-140. -------. Samuel Johnson, John Hawkesworth, and the rise of the Gentleman's magazine [ sic ], 1738-1773.

Vol. An Inside At Graffiti? 1 of Transactions of the when the traffic Fourth International Congress on the Enlightenment . Comprising vol. 151 of Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century . Ed. Theodore Besterman. At Graffiti? Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1976.

31-46. -------. Samuel Johnson's 'A Panegyric on Dr. Morin.' Romance Notes 8 (1966): 55-57. -------. New Evidence on the Pamphilus Letters. Modern Philology 62 (1964): 42-44. -------. A Note on Two Attributions to Johnson. Notes and Queries n.s.

11 (1964): 64. -------. The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine . By C. Lennart Carlson [review]. A Very With Enormous Wings Symbols? Journal of English and Germanic Philology 38 (1939): 637-639. -------. Samuel Johnson, Journalist. Humanities Association Review 27 (1976): 441- 457.

-------. Portrait of a Grub: Samuel Boyse. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 7 (1967): 415-425. -------. Look Essay? Some Reprintings of the Gentleman's Magazine . Of Hegemonic? Studies in Bibliography 17 (1964): 210-214.

-------. An Inside Look? 'The Last of the Learned Printers': John Nichols and the Bowyer-Nichols Press. English Studies 65 (1984): 11-22. -------. Christopher Smart, Reader of Obituaries [in the Gentleman's Magazine ]. MLN [ Modern Language Notes ] 71 (1956): 177-182. -------. John Kynaston (1728-83), A Neglected Shakespearean.

Shakespeare Quarterly 48 (1997): 80-83. -------. Wage Slavery? John Nichols's Notes in the Scholarly Commentary of Others. Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 318-322. -------. Johnson's 'Falling Houses.' Essays in Criticism 26 (1976): 376-378. -------. Samuel Johnson and An Inside certain poems in the May 1747 Gentleman's Magazine . Review of English Studies n.s.

17 (1966): 382-390. -------. Wage Slavery? Samuel Johnson's Critical Opinions: A Reexamination . Newark: U of Delaware P, 1995. -------. Samuel Johnson's 'Essay' on Du Halde's Description of at Graffiti Essay China . Papers on Language and Literature: A Journal for Scholars and Critics of pigment in spinach Language and An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay Literature 2 (1966): 372-380. -------. Samuel Pegge, Thomas Holt White, and Piers Plowman. A Very Old Man With Wings? The Yearbook of Langland Studies 1 (1987): 122-128. -------.

Studies in An Inside at Graffiti Essay, the Johnson Circle . A Very Old Man Enormous Wings Symbols? Locust Hill Literary Studies Series 25. West Cornwall, CN: Locust Hill P, 1998. -------. Thomas Holt-White on Johnson's Lives of Prior and Milton. ANQ 13 (2000): 24-27. 3. GM 20 (1750): 208 and GM 22 (1752): 560-561, respectively.

10. GM 50 (1780): 266-268, 312-314, 367-369. 12. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? GM 63-i (1793): 85-86; 63-ii (1793): 963-964. 15. C. Lennart Carlson, The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine (Providence: Brown UP, 1938) 84, n. 3. 17. GM 1 (1731): 26; GM 2 (1732): 584 and did garrett morgan invent 7 (1737): 250-251; and GM 2 (1732): 931-932, 981, respectively. 19. See Jeremy Black, The English Press in the Eighteenth Century (Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1987); Michael Harris, London Newspapers in An Inside at Graffiti, the Age of Walpole: A Study of the Origins of the Modern English Press (Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1987); and Robert Harris, A Patriot Press: National Politics and wage slavery the London Press in the 1740s (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993). 20.

The GM 's rival, John Wilford's London Magazine , printed its own version of the parliamentary debates, commencing the same month. 21. An Inside Look? See for example accounts of the GM 's re-creation of the parliamentary debates in pigment in spinach, Carlson, First Magazine 87-104; Edward A. Bloom, Samuel Johnson in Grub Street (Providence: Brown UP, 1957) 51-62; and Look at Graffiti Essay Sir John Hawkins, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. , 2nd ed. (London, 1787) 95. 22. James Boswell, Life of Johnson , ed. R. W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1953) 1308. 23. The GM 's rival, the London Magazine , took the similar precaution of renaming its feature Debates in the Political Club, a fictitious forensic society. 24. The same sentence was imposed upon newtons gravity, Thomas Astley, conductor of the London Magazine . 25.

The union list, like my first GM electronic database, includes approximately 300 reviews bearing the signature X. which appeared from An Inside Essay April 1767 through March 1773 and which have been proven the wage slavery work of John Hawkesworth. An Inside Look? The complete X. list had never appeared in print before its inclusion in my Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1731-77 . . . , Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 271-302. Donald D. Eddy, following up on a claim in Charles Harold Gray's Theatrical Criticism in issac law of gravity, London to 1795 (New York: Columbia UP, 1931) 171- 172, was the first to publish convincing evidence that Hawkesworth wrote the X. Look? reviews. (See Eddy's John Hawkesworth: Book Reviewer in the Gentleman's Magazine , Philological Quarterly 43 [1964]: 223-238.) G. J. Finch (John Hawkesworth, 'The Gentleman's Magazine', and 'The Annual Register,' Notes and Queries 22 [1975]: 17-18), James F. Tierney (Edmund Burke, John Hawkesworth, the Annual Register , and the Gentleman's Magazine , Huntington Library Quarterly 42 [1978]: 57-72), and John L. Of Hegemonic? Abbott ( John Hawkesworth 213, n. 10) corroborate Gray's and Look at Graffiti Eddy's claim. I am grateful to Arthur Sherbo for correcting two X. items ( GM 40 [1770]: 510-511 and morgan invent the traffic 616-617) and one J.H. item ( GM 24 [1754]: 413-415) I had tentatively and An Inside Look erroneously attributed to John Hawkesworth in a very with, Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1731-77 . . . An Inside At Graffiti? , Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 271-302. Cartoon Parents Yelling? Those three items have been excluded from the union list, as they were from my first GM electronic database. 26. See for example GM 26 (1756): 71-72 and 29 (1759): 154; 52 (1782): 520; 54-ii (1784): 711; and 69-ii (1799): 876, respectively. 27. GM 34 (1764): plate facing p. 632. 28. GM 43 (1773): 589-596, 547-652; 44 (1774): 17-22, 68-74, 111-115.

29. GM 57-ii (1787): 1009-1011, 1110-1112. 34. Such was John Walcot's characterization of Nichols. An Inside Look? (Julian Pooley, review of Emily Lorraine de Montluzin's Daily Life in Georgian England as Reported in the Gentleman's Magazine [Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 2002), in Reviews in History , published online by the Institute of of hegemonic Historical Research, February 2002 http://ihr.sas.ac.uk/ihr/reviews/pooleyj.html, p. An Inside Look? 6.) 35. The GM 's circulation, approximately 3,000 copies in 1746, rose to some 4,450 by 1800. (Alvin Sullivan, ed., British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson, 1698-1788 [Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1983]: 137-138; Richard D. Altick, The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900 [Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1957] 392.) 46. Old Man Symbols? James M. Kuist, The Nichols File of The Gentleman's Magazine: Attributions of Authorship and An Inside Look at Graffiti Other Documentation in pigment in spinach, Editorial Papers at the Folger Library (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982) 4. 52. Kuist, Nichols File 6, 13-20.

53. An Inside? GM 56-ii (1786): 758-760, 840-842, 958-960, 1057. 54. Pigment In Spinach? GM 66-i (1796): 451-454; 66-ii (1796): 627-630, 803-807. 55. GM 66-ii (1796): 891-895, 979-982, 1081-1085. 56. Look At Graffiti? John Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century (9 vols.; London, 1812- 15) 6: 259. 57. Kuist, Nichols File 9-10, 11-12 (n.

42). 58. Certain exceptions are instructive. Kuist assigns to Gough the items in GM 72-ii (1802): 833-850 (the various works on these pages). However, the Gough contributions in fact end with a review that concludes on p. 850, the gravity other items that follow on p. An Inside Look Essay? 850 having been written by John Nichols, to whom Kuist correctly attributes them. Conversely, in cartoon parents at teacher, the case of the Look at Graffiti Essay bloc-attribution of items in a very old man with symbols, GM 59-i (1789): 141-144 to Gough, I made the at Graffiti decision to include in Gough's list a plethora of very short reviews on p. 144, since they all concern the Regency Question, as do the reviews on p. 143. I have not, however, attributed to Gough the review of Gilbert White's Selborne , which spills over onto the next page. 59. Cartoon At Teacher? GM 62-ii [Supplement to Look at Graffiti, 1792]: 1195-1196.

60. I have compiled the Johnson entries in the union list from a very enormous twentieth-century studies of the Johnson canon (beginning with Courtney and Look at Graffiti Essay Smith), as those twentieth-century studies have incorporated all previous attempts (by Boswell, Sir John Hawkins, and others) to construct a reasonably reliable Johnson canon. 61. Meaning? Sir John Hawkins, The Life of Essay Samuel Johnson, LL.D. (2d ed., rev.; London, 1787), p. 132. George Steevens's Account of the newtons Writings of Dr. Samuel Johnson, including some Incidents of his Life ( European Magazine 7 [1785]: 9) and John Gough Nichols's The Autobiography of Sylvanus Urban. An Inside Look Essay? Chapter VIII ( GM 202 [1857]: 285) disagree with Hawkins's claim. 63. The Craftsman, Prose Studies 16 [April 1993]: 74, n. 2. 64.

Common and Superior Sense: A New Attribution to Johnson, Notes and Queries n.s. 14 (May 1967): 176. 65. Law Of? Alexander Chalmers, Historical and An Inside at Graffiti Biographical Preface to The Connoisseur , The British Essayists: with Prefaces, Historical and morgan the traffic light Biographical (38 vols.; Boston: Little, Brown, 1856-66) 25 (1864): 15-16, 34. 66.

Simon Varey, Lord Bolingbroke: Contributions to the Craftsman (Oxford: Clarendon UP, 1982) xxiv-xxv makes a strong case that the Look initials appended to the essays in wage slavery, the 1737 reprint edition of the Craftsman , when combined with corroborative evidence, point convincingly to Bolingbroke's authorship of the Craftsman papers signed O and strongly suggest William Pulteney's authorship of the C papers and Nicholas Amhurst's authorship of the D papers. Varey also states that Nicholas Amhurst, editor from the start, appears after 1737 to at Graffiti, have been the principal, perhaps the only author of the Craftsman until his death in of hegemonic, April 1742 (Varey 82: xv). An Inside Essay? However, Martin C. Battestin in his New Essays by Henry Fielding: His Contributions to the Craftsman (1734-1739) and Other Early Journalism, With a Stylometric Analysis by law of, Michael G. An Inside At Graffiti Essay? Farringdon (Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1989) convincingly attributes a number of essays in the Craftsman , 1738-39, to Henry Fielding. In light of Battestin's evidence, I believe that Varey's conjecture that Amhurst was the principal, perhaps the only author of the Craftsman from 1738 through early 1742 is not strong enough to in spinach, justify making any attributions to An Inside, Amhurst during that period, for which there exists no collected edition to provide the corroborative evidence of initials. 67. Originally edited jointly by John Martyn and Richard Russel, the Grub-Street Journal became Russel's responsibility after Martyn retired from the enterprise to become professor of botany at Cambridge. (James T. Hillhouse, The Grub-Street Journal [Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1928] 40 [n.

50] believes that number 67 [15 April 1731] was the last issue to which Martyn contributed.) Russel remained sole editor of the with wings symbols Grub-Street Journal until he resigned his post in Look, late 1735, whereupon his place apparently was taken by pigment, James Miller. An Inside Look At Graffiti Essay? (Hillhouse 30 [n. 38], 45-46) Nineteenth-century commentators, swayed by with enormous wings symbols, the letter designations included in Essay, Russel's preface to parents, his collected edition of the periodical's first twenty months ( Memoirs of the Society of Grub Street , 2 vols. [London, 1737]), tended to attribute early contributions signed B[avius] to Martyn and those signed M[aevius] to Russel. As Alexander Pettit notes, It is now generally accepted (and is An Inside Look at Graffiti Essay, suggested by the 'Preface') that both Russel and John Martyn . . . used 'Bavius' [until Martyn's departure] and law of gravity that Russel alone used 'Maevius.' (Alexander Pettit, The Grub-street Journal and the Politics of Anachronism, Philological Quarterly 69 (Fall 1990]: 448, n. 6) Russel and Martyn recruited the An Inside at Graffiti Essay services of a number of other contributors, a few of whom have been identified, notably Rev. In Spinach? Joseph Trapp. Recent scholarship has vastly diminished the role in the Grub- Street Journal formerly ascribed to Pope, both in terms of influencing the day-to-day conduct of the journal or contributing to its weekly numbers. (See Bertrand A. Goldgar, Pope and the Grub-street Journal , Modern Philology 74 (1976-77): 366-380.) 68.

Robert Harris, A Patriot Press: National Politics and the London Press in the 1740s (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993) 50. 71. GM 16 [1746]: 540, quoting from Old England , no. An Inside Look At Graffiti? 179 (4 October 1746). 72. Harris, Patriot Press 50, n. 5; Martin C. Battestin and Ruthe R. Battestin, Henry Fielding: A Life (London: Routledge, 1989) 429.

73. Alvin Sullivan, ed., British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and meaning of hegemonic the Age of Johnson, 1698-1788 , Historical Guides to the World's Periodicals and Newspapers (Westport, CN: Greenwood P, 1983) 346.