What was the cause of the cold war

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ny rangers essay The first Democratic presidential debate once again raised the issue of military service during the Vietnam War. Senator Bernie Sanders was asked how he could be commander-in-chief, given that he applied for cold war, conscientious objector status during that war. (Though his application was rejected he was not drafted and did not serve.) But while Mr. In The Era. Sanders�s college-age pacifism � his office says he is not a pacifist now � has raised questions, he is not the what cause of the war, only candidate to examples, avoid Vietnam: Donald Trump and a few other candidates also were old enough to serve in that war but did not, for various reasons. Cause Of The Cold War. The one candidate who did serve in Vietnam, former Senator Jim Webb, a decorated former Marine, dropped out of the on Spaniards Creoles, Democratic nominating race.

And the only remaining veteran in the pack, Senator Lindsey Graham, who recently retired from the Air Force Reserve, was 19 when the last American troops left Vietnam. Vietnam has always been a sort of litmus test for some voters who view a lack of what was the cause military service in papers rapper, that war as a cause for dismay and what cold war, even disdain. But should the candidates be judged so harshly? Most of us who were old enough to have been subject to the military draft during Vietnam view questions related to the war and our draft status through our personal reactions to on Spaniards Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, that war. I signed up for a Marine Corps officer training program on Oct. 21, 1965, and my thoughts after the Democratic debate have focused on what was the cause of the cold war my situation around that time period: What was I thinking? As a 20-year-old growing up in Lubbock, Tex., I had few philosophical thoughts about the war. A senior in high school at the time of the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962, I was keenly aware of the Essay Training for Military, fear that communism might spread throughout the world, and I readily bought into the so-called domino theory that if South Vietnam fell to communist forces, other countries in what cause of the cold war, the region would be next. Although I had to tweed, register with my local draft board at cause of the cold war age 18, I began college at Texas Tech University in the fall of What Communication? 1963 with no particular plan to deal with my military obligation. Then, leading up to was the cause cold, the 1964 presidential election, Senator Barry Goldwater made several speeches in scandal, which he recommended our country go to a volunteer military and abolish the what, draft. Although not a strong proponent of abolishing the essay examples, draft, President Lyndon Johnson suggested a commission to study the issues involved with switching to an all-volunteer force.

But by March 1965 Senator Goldwater had lost the election and President Johnson began sending more ground troops into Vietnam. At that point I knew the idea of abolishing the what cause of the war, draft was probably a pipe dream. At the recommendation of a buddy of mine, Lee Roy Herron, I joined a Marine Corps officer training program that did not interrupt my studies. After surviving 10 weeks of officer candidates� school in the summer of 1966, I transferred into a Marine Corps law program. As I had hoped, my three years of active duty after law school were relatively uneventful. On the other hand, Lee Roy died heroically in battle in Vietnam in early 1969, soon after he had volunteered for the front lines with fellow Marines. How quickly we forget the essay examples, realities of military service and the draft situation that existed during Vietnam and the stark differences in what was the of the war, individual experiences.

Personally, I did not serve in Vietnam, never saw combat and received no awards for valor. It is difficult for me to judge the lack of military service by Senator Sanders or Mr. Essay In The Empire: Vs. Peninsulars?. Trump or any other candidate when some of my personal military decisions were centered on achieving just what they did: avoiding setting foot in Vietnam and what was the of the, experiencing combat. Although we could just treat all Vietnam-era veterans as heroes, and harshly judge all those who did not serve in that or later wars, that view is too simplistic and unfair. It is also unfair to treat all Vietnam-era veterans who never saw combat as equal in heroism to those who actually saw the fight, were killed or wounded, or taken prisoner, such as Senator John McCain. While all Vietnam-era veterans deserve to be honored for their service, the highest accolades belong to people like my friend Lee Roy. The Vietnam era was a complicated and confusing time, and judgments of draft-age men for essay, their decisions then should not be made hastily or harshly. Prior military service is not a requirement to be commander-in-chief, and youthful decisions made a half-century ago may not be much of an indication of the kind of leader an individual would be now. David L. Nelson spent three years in the Marine Corps, attaining the rank of captain.

He became a tax partner with Ernst Young and represented many of the largest nonprofit organizations in Texas. He is co-author of the book �David and Lee Roy: A Vietnam Story,� published by Texas Tech University Press. A Letter to the President, and a Well-Timed Response. In June, a Marine Corps veteran named David Nelson wrote a letter to President Obama expressing concern that the rapid advances of Islamist militants in northern Iraq might prompt the United States to send troops back to bolster the shaky government in Baghdad. Was The Cause Of The War. In his letter, Mr. Nelson, who was a judge advocate during the Vietnam War, wondered whether the Obama administration might use the successes of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, or ISIS, much the way President Lyndon B. Johnson used confrontations between North Vietnamese torpedo boats and on First Responder Training Personnel, an American destroyer in August 1964 to justify expanded military action in what was the, Vietnam. The 50th anniversary of the 1964 episode, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, came and went. Then, on Thursday, Mr. Nelson, now a lawyer in Houston, received an email from the president.

In it, Mr. Obama said, �I want to be clear: American forces will not be returning to combat in Iraq.� But he added that the United States was �gathering more information about potential targets associated with ISIS, and, in consultation with Congress and leaders in Iraq and the region, we will be prepared to take targeted and precise military action if the situation requires it.� The White House declined to comment on the exchange but did not dispute the authenticity of the president�s email. Hours after Mr. Nelson received that message, Mr. Obama announced that he had authorized limited airstrikes against Islamist militants in Iraq. Several hours after that, Navy F-18 fighters dropped bombs on an ISIS target near Erbil, the capital of Iraq�s Kurdistan region. Below are Mr. Nelson�s letter to the president and tweed ring scandal, the president�s response.

The old saying is that �history repeats itself.� But in the current Iraq situation I implore you NOT to was the cold war, let the history of our nation 50 years ago repeat itself. In early August, 1964, an incident occurred in the Gulf of Tonkin that led to Congress passing the infamous Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Within a few months thousands of U.S. Ring. troops were sent into Vietnam even though President Johnson, Senator Richard Russell, and others never did see light at the end of the what was the cause cold, tunnel. My boyhood friend Lee Roy Herron joined the Marine Corps in 1964 and I did the same in 1965. That friendship ended on February 22, 1969, when Lee Roy died heroically in battle in Vietnam, receiving the Navy Cross posthumously.

How many friends, relatives, and loved ones already have been lost in Iraq and Afghanistan? How much of our nation�s treasure has been lost in tweed scandal, those two countries, just as in Vietnam? Based on what occurred in the summer of 1964, we can predict with a high degree of certainty what will occur if a �Gulf of what was the of the war Tonkin� incident happens in Iraq. Assume for the moment that U.S. planes are sent into Iraq and one is shot down. What will happen? You could make a safe bet that in certain quarters, there will be a loud cry for our country to exercise its military might by sending troops back into Iraq. But if that response is chosen, I fervently hope that you and others in power can see light at on First Training Personnel the end of the tunnel. I would hate to see history of 50 years ago repeat itself. War. Unless there is a compelling reason for American troops or planes to go into Iraq other than some vague notion of protecting our national security interests, please don�t get our nation involved militarily. Currently there is an idea that if extremists take over Iraq, terrorists then will have the poverty in the victorian, opportunity to plan attacks on the United States. That may be the case, but is what was the of the cold war, that any compelling justification for our country to �send in the troops�?

Terrorists already can plan and in the victorian, train for attacks on our soil from other places such as Iran, Syria, Yemen, or in the mountains of Afghanistan. Iraq would be just one more of numerous such places. I encourage you to stand fast and not allow American prestige or bravado to cause another needless war. Now is the time for our nation�s leadership NOT to let history repeat itself. Captain, U.S.

Marine Corps 1971-73. On Thursday, Mr. Nelson received this email in was the of the, response. In January the U.S. military and I celebrated our 42nd anniversary. Sort of. I am one of those modern soldiers with commitment issues. I enlisted in the Air Force Jan. 31, 1972. To say a lot has changed since I flew to Lackland Air Force Base 41 years ago hardly begins to describe the examples, difference between serving at the end of an unpopular war and serving today. My military career started with a wicked hangover from pitchers of beer in Boston bars the night before an what was the cause of the early flight to San Antonio, Texas. My shoulder-length hair was shorn by essay examples, a gleeful redneck.

My first drill sergeant was what the cause, Air Force called a BB Stacker. His Vietnam War service had been in Thailand loading bombs on B-52s and ring, living off base in a hooch that came with food, laundry, housecleaning and companionship for $50 per month. This married-with-kids master sergeant loved telling us stories of loading bombs and getting loaded himself. Was The Cause. Though I can�t remember that drill sergeant�s name, I thought of him several times during a 90-day military school I attended at Fort Meade, Md., from August to November of last year. The majority of the soldiers in tweed scandal, the Army Student Company had just finished basic training. The rest of us shared their training schedule and their leaders. In 1972, when we marched in formation, we sang songs about killing Viet Cong. We sang songs about the sex and heroism in our future. Most of all we sang about Jody. Marching songs used to be referred to as Jody Calls.

Jody is the guy who is back home sleeping with your wife, eating your food, driving your car, emptying your bank account and, in the saddest versions, turning your own dog against you. The songs we sang at what was the cause Fort Meade during this summer and fall were more thoroughly bowdlerized than Sunday school stories. Poverty In The. Cub Scouts could sing these songs in front of war their mothers. Essay. No sex. Was The Cause Of The War. No death. No cheating, lying, drinking or drugs. Certainly no songs with refrains like �Jody got your girl and gone� or �Napalm sticks to kids.� When we ran in formation at Fort Meade, we almost always sang: When my granny was 91, she did PT just for fun. When my granny was 92, she did PT better than you. . . and so on papers rapper up to age 97.

The song is clean, affirming of 90-year-old women, and mildly insulting to what was the cause cold, the wheezing 20-year-old struggling to keep in step at a run. We also sang Airborne running songs: C-130 rollin� down the papers rapper, strip, Airborne Daddy gonna take a little trip. Stand up hook up shuffle to the door, Jump on out and what of the, count to four. . . The songs we sang at Fort Meade never varied. In Army tank training in papers rapper, 1975 we sometimes sang the cause of the cold, version above and sometimes this: C-130 rollin� down the strip, Blew a tire and What Essay, the [two-word expletive deleted] flipped. . . We were really loud on the second line of the verse.

This version goes on to insult the Air Force. When my daughters were in what was the cause of the cold, preschool, I taught them some very sanitized marching songs. The girls learned �They Say That in the Army� which is Essay Empire:, a complaint song about food, coffee and Army life in general. It has many verses such as: They Say That in the Army the coffee�s mighty fine, It tastes like muddy water and smells like turpentine. . . Each of the various verses ends �Gee Mom I wanna go, but they won�t let me go.�

The girls also learned the �Yellow Bird� song: With a yellow bill, With crumbs of bread, And then I crushed his (Slam left foot to the ground) little head. The word emphasized with a stomp was not �little� when we sang the what cause cold war, song. And just that one word makes a lot of difference. A decade later my youngest daughter and some of her high school friends saw the movie �Jarhead.� Lisa came home and said with a smile, �Dad, you never told us the papers rapper, real words to what cause of the cold, those songs.� Lisa also wanted to know who Jody was.

The older guys in Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, the audience were laughing at places she and her friends did not get the joke. I explained Jody. Lisa and cause of the war, her friends went back to the movie now that they had Jody decoded. Most of the soldiers I marched with at Fort Meade were in poverty in the victorian, their early 20s, around the age of my daughters are now. They had no idea who Jody was and had never sung a marching song laced with sex, violence and words they use every five seconds in the barracks. Those words make for very loud cadence. But we sang no bad words at Fort Meade.

When the Army fights wars without enemies, we have to what was the cold, sing about running, old ladies, jumping out of airplanes, bad food or wanting to visit Mom. Winning hearts and writing examples, minds may be good policy, but it makes for lousy marching songs. Sgt. Neil Gussman enlisted in the Air Force in what was the of the cold, 1972. He first served on a live-fire missile test range in Utah until he was blinded in a test explosion. When he recovered, he re-enlisted in the Army in What Communication? Essay, 1975 serving as a tank commander on active duty and in the reserves until 1984. He re-enlisted in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard in 2007 serving with 28th Combat Aviation Brigade. He deployed to Iraq in war, 2009-2010 with the on Spaniards Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, 28th CAB and still serves with the unit today. What Cause Of The Cold War. He blogs about life in the Army.

He lives with his wife and six children in Lancaster, Pa. R.O.T.C. Writing Examples. Returns to what cause, New York�s City College More Than Four Decades After Removal. When I attended City College a few years ago and Aviation Personnel, spoke with college officials about bringing back the cause of the, Reserve Officer Training Corps, or R.O.T.C., they dismissed the idea as impossible. The wounds from those wild days during the Vietnam War were still too raw. What Is Demonstrative Communication? Essay. But in an afternoon ceremony on Tuesday that Colin Powell � the former secretary of state and retired four-star general who happens to be a City College graduate � is expected to was the of the cold war, attend, Army R.O.T.C. will be welcomed back to the City University of New York, with its headquarters at What Communication? City College. The return of R.O.T.C. deserves to be celebrated. Its removal in the early 1970s, when opposition to what, the war in Vietnam had reached its zenith, left only poverty victorian era, ghosts. In the spring of what cause 1969, according to Essay on First Responder for Military Personnel, City College�s student newspaper, The Campus, student anti-war activists disrupted an R.O.T.C. recruitment event by what cause cold war, dumping buckets of on First Responder Training for Military Aviation ox blood on what cause cold war the registration table as baffled officers and students looked on.

It was one of numerous examples of how the boutique R.O.T.C. program at Essay City College, once the what of the, largest in the nation, had become embattled as a symbol of American power. The campus had become an ideological battlefield, pitting anti-war activists against hired security guards and Essay on First Responder Training Aviation Personnel, the New York City Police Department. What Was The Cause Of The. Sit-ins and protest marches were a daily occurrence. Bomb threats to Essay in the Colonial Empire: Creoles, Harris Hall, home of the was the cause of the cold war, R.O.T.C. Essay In The Empire: Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?. office, were typical, causing many evacuations. Masked men and women banged on doors to disrupt R.O.T.C. What Was The War. classes until professors dismissed the cadets for the day.

Student activists held counter-marching formations on campus, walking alongside the cadets during their drills, cursing them and Essay on Spaniards Empire: Creoles, carrying the black flag of anarchy next to the cadets� American flag. Through all this, the young cadets were urged to exercise restraint and what cold, ignore the examples, protestors. In an effort to calm the escalating tensions, the college banned cadets from wearing or even displaying their uniforms on campus. The culminating moment came in May 1970, when a general student strike on campus in what was the cause cold, the wake of the Kent State shootings turned into an attack on R.O.T.C. Protest leaders led hundreds of students to Harris Hall, where they broke down the doors using a bench. Personnel. The students rushed the what was the of the cold war, halls and offices, burning military uniforms, smashing plaques, defacing property and scribbling anti-military graffiti on the walls. The next day, the college condemned the attacks in the strongest language, with the acting president of City College calling the Essay on Spaniards Colonial Creoles, activists �complete dropouts from the cause of the war, human species.� The damage, however, was done.

R.O.T.C. was no longer welcome on campus. Years of harassment coupled with the coalescing anti-war sentiment across the country led to poverty, a sharp decline in R.O.T.C. registration at City College. In March 1971, the faculty senate recommended removal of R.O.T.C. from of the cold campus. The official reason, they said, was that the amount of space allocated to R.O.T.C. was disproportionate to the number of students served by the program, though the Is Demonstrative Essay, general animosity towards R.O.T.C. was almost certainly a factor. Even as they negotiated the removal of the program from campus, the cause cold war, faculty senate and college president went out of papers rapper their way to sing the praises of R.O.T.C. and bemoan the what cause of the war, tensions. But the die was cast. In the tweed ring scandal, 40 years that followed, CUNY students interested in serving as officers had to attend R.O.T.C. classes at other schools, like Fordham. The absence of R.O.T.C. on CUNY campuses meant the Army lost access to cause cold, the talent pool at one of the most diverse universities in the United States. After the examples, loss of R.O.T.C., other military-related programs at City College began to vanish. The Office of Veterans Affairs closed its doors, the student-veteran run newspaper, The Observation Post, shut down, and the City College Veterans Association � the student-veteran club on campus � slowly disbanded. When I arrived at City College in what was the of the, 2007, after having left the on Spaniards Colonial, Army, there was little evidence of the military on campus beyond a statue of the college�s second president, Major General Alexander Webb, recipient of the Medal of Honor, and references to General Powell�s years there.

Students passed the statue on their way to classes, oblivious of the what was the of the cold, history of the grounds they walked. In an American history class, the professor asked us how many service members had died in Iraq. A girl sitting near the front responded, �Um, something like 30 or 40.� The actual number had just surpassed 4,000. The students on campus were completely divorced from the military. The war just didn�t matter to them. With its return, R.O.T.C. will not only provide interested students the Essay Empire: vs. Peninsulars?, opportunity to seek commissions in the Army.

It will also allow non-R.O.T.C. What Cold War. students to enroll in some R.O.T.C. classes, like military science. Essay. That interaction could help bridge the much-debated civilian-military divide, which seems to have grown over the last 40 years as fewer Americans have served in the armed forces. Walking the was the cause cold war, campus today, those old ghosts have faded. Essay On Spaniards In The Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?. A growing and active student-veteran population flourishes on campus and is welcomed by fellow students. Was The Cause Cold. And while City College is still a beacon for tough debate, it is no longer the cauldron of fiery protest it was in the 1960s. Times have changed. And perhaps one legacy of Essay Responder for Military Aviation Vietnam is the what was the cold, belief that how we treat those who serve, or wish to Essay on First Personnel, serve, in the military need not be tied to our feelings about American foreign policy. Don Gomez is a graduate of the City College of New York and an officer in the United States Army.

Twitter: @dongomezjr. Long After War, Moral Questions Linger. It�s hard for what was the war, a New York team to tweed, maintain fan loyalty when it is playing erratic football. But the front office deserves a lot of credit when the green and white colors are displayed alongside members of the military at the opening ceremonies of what of the cold war every game. The crowd�s genuine cheers of pride memorialize these soldiers while they are alive and smiling without waiting for the potentially sad consequences that might accompany a dangerous mission. This is Responder Training for Military Aviation Personnel, a welcome change. Was The Cause Cold. Vietnam veterans bitterly remind anyone who will listen that there was a time when an ambivalent public had not yet learned how to separate feelings about an unpopular war from the warriors who were fighting it. I still remember a little girl pointing at me in uniform and saying: �Look, Daddy. There�s a soldier.� Her uninterested father muttered, �So what?� My combat experience as an Army doctor during Vietnam would seem to essay writing examples, have little relevance to practicing pediatrics in an affluent New York suburb.

Nevertheless, hidden memories percolate through my thoughts every day. I had treated trauma patients while I was at personal risk, talked down a disturbed soldier who was threatening to shoot me and cared for what was the cold war, patients who had tropical diseases I had only writing, read about. My eclectic knowledge base even included knowing how much chlorine in drinking water prevents hepatitis and how far a latrine should be located from a mess hall. But the most difficult duty was navigating moral dilemmas that never seemed to have correct answers. Military doctors report to two chains of command, medical and operational, and my role as doctor for my unit sometimes conflicted with my role as doctor for individual soldiers: When I treated my patient successfully, was I writing him a prescription for death when he returned to was the cause cold, duty? If I kept a soldier on sick leave, did I create increased risk for members of his now under-strength squad?

Should I have risked the dangers of calling a medical evacuation helicopter team into Essay on First Responder Training for Military Aviation Personnel a �hot� landing zone, or instead opted to give suboptimal care to was the war, my injured patient? So, it was with great trepidation that I detoured from a medical meeting in Essay on Spaniards Colonial Empire: Creoles, Washington, D.C., several years ago to visit the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. It has a serenity that belies the what was the cause war, chaos and violence that killed the 58,000 soldiers who are remembered there. The clean peaceful lines were designed by Maya Lin, a Chinese-American architect, with the intent of bringing focus back to the soldiers and away from a divisive war. It is often called �The Wall,� because its most distinguishing feature is a series of graceful and beautifully landscaped black granite panels that record soldiers� names chronologically by their dates of death. Each name follows the next in a run-on style that creates an Essay on Spaniards in the Empire: vs. Peninsulars? unsettling impression that the list might never end.

The most troubling unresolved question for me was always whether the war had cheated these young men out of a longer life. I prefer to believe that it did not: Regardless of what was the cause of the cold its length, a lifetime is simply the time that someone lives before death. That makes every life complete; It cannot be missing something that would never be. Standing in for Military Aviation Personnel, the December cold, I read the what was the cause cold, name of each person who had died while I was there. Essay Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?. That night, I left my hotel bed, dressed quickly, and returned to what was the cause war, read the list again � this time, more slowly and on First Responder Training Aviation, with greater care. I wasn�t distressed because I recognized the names of those I had seen die. I couldn�t sleep because I didn�t recognize most of them. I had been with some of these men while they were in pain and what was the, dying, and Essay Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, I still remember the sweet smell of warm sticky blood mixed with Vietnam�s mud. It was inconceivable that I did not know who they were.

The real weapons of what of the cold war war are not rifles and grenades, but the soldiers who carry them. We already knew that we were interchangeable and replaceable, but during dark moments, soldiers can feel disposable. Forming friendships could be difficult because experiences were shared for only short periods of time. The strong affection of fellowship was a more viable option; it only required awareness of how someone relates to you in the present, not the past or future. These instant companions created the feeling of family and enriched the experience of being alive. And for many, that feeling was so intense that it could never be reproduced after returning to civilian life. It was unspoken, but these fellow soldiers had another role: They lessened the chances of our dying alone, and they could provide human witness to verify when our own deaths were really taking place. Medical personnel cherish their jobs when they are �doing something� to keep patients alive, but they don�t always recognize the pastoral importance of just being present while someone is dying.

Our presence creates an existential bond that becomes a permanent part of Communication? Essay who we are. And this bond remains unbroken � even if we have never learned the was the cause of the cold war, names of the essay examples, dying, or we can�t distinguish one dead person�s name from another�s when it is what was the cause cold war, written on long black wall. After the football game, when everyone is ready to move on with life, no one gives much thought to the opening ceremony. Essay Empire:. But the veterans and servicemen who were present remain bonded with the fans who cheered them on with the appreciation and affection they deserve. Dr. Jeffrey Brown served in cold, Vietnam as a combat infantry battalion surgeon in 1966 and 1967. He recently retired after a long career practicing community pediatrics in Westchester County, N.Y. He has written three books and is on poverty in the victorian the teaching staff at New York Medical College and Weill Cornell Medical College.

Medical History Should Include Military History, Doctor Says. Seven weeks after his induction into what cause of the the Army in 1966, Dr. Jeffrey L. Brown was sent to Vietnam, where he spent a year treating front-line soldiers, sometimes under fire. He knew next to nothing about weapons when he went, but returned a battlefield doctor. Back home, he got married, started a family and opened a pediatric practice. Decades later, Dr. Brown, now 72, developed ailments which, he thought, seemed �consistent with his age.� So he was surprised to learn not long ago � from reading a newspaper article � that at least one of those ailments, ischemic heart disease, has been linked to exposure to the defoliant Agent Orange, which was used widely in Vietnam. It dawned on him that no physician had ever asked him whether he was a veteran, much less taken his military health history (which included not only Is Demonstrative Essay, exposure to Agent Orange, but also dengue fever.) Even the resident physician who performed his intake exam at a Department of Veterans Affairs clinic did not do that kind of thorough history. �I had never had a civilian doctor ask if I was a veteran, ask pertinent follow-up questions, provide me with preventive counseling or screen me for medical and psychological illness that might have occurred from my deployment,� he wrote in an e-mail. Those musings prompted Dr.

Brown, who teaches pediatrics at what cause of the cold New York Medical College and Weill Cornell Medical College, to write an essay titled �The Unasked Questions� that was published last week in the Journal of the American Medical Association. In it, Dr. Essay Writing Examples. Brown lays out a simple proposal: The American medical system, he says, needs to begin systematically asking adult patients whether they are veterans and, if they are, ask them some detailed questions about their health histories during their service. The public health implications, he says, are significant. There are more than 21 million veterans in the United States today, including nearly one in six of all males between the ages of 35 and 64. But the majority � about 60 percent � receive their health care from private doctors, not from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Yet few of those private doctors even know whether their patients are veterans � whose military experiences, particularly in combat zones, could have had profound effects on of the their health many years later. �As good medical practice, a factory worker with a two-year history of exposure to low-grade radiation or chemical and smoke inhalation would have his or her occupational history noted and flagged for writing examples, long-term follow-up; medical conditions like cancer and emphysema might not become evident until many years later,� Dr.

Brown writes in his essay. �But if these same health risks occurred during a Gulf War deployment, this information might never find its way into the patient�s health record.� Had such military medical histories been routinely prepared in the past, many Vietnam veterans with illnesses that have been linked to was the cause of the cold, their service might have received treatment or disability benefits many years earlier, he says. Dr. Brown offers a few policy changes.

First, he says, medical schools should start teaching students how to papers rapper, take a military health history. Those medical histories might begin with simple questions like these: When and where were you stationed? Were you physically injured? Were ever exposed to Agent Orange? Were you ever treated for parasitic or tropical diseases? Were you affected psychologically by your military experiences? He also recommends that medical schools encourage discussion about the major stresses facing veterans today, such as suicide, substance abuse and occupational disability. And he says that residents who receive training at Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals take enhanced courses in dealing with veterans.

Since the essay was published, Dr. Brown says, he has received letters from other doctors who are military veterans saying that they, too, have been amazed by how rarely civilian doctors ask their patients whether they ever served in what cold, the military. Until that question is routinely asked, Dr. Brown concludes in in the, his essay, �Patients who have been wearing their �I am a Veteran� caps when visiting the physician will have good reason to what was the of the, continue doing so.� Did Vietnam Change the papers rapper, Way We Welcome Veterans Home? Today�s generation of veterans return home to perhaps the cause of the cold war, most pro-veteran environment in decades. Scandal. Many large companies actively recruit and employ veterans, and the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill provides benefits for higher education and vocational training to was the of the cold war, help veterans make the transition.

Organizations such as the Communication? Essay, Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America, Veterans of what cold Foreign Wars and American Legion are entirely focused on veteran issues, and many other nonprofit organizations are assisting veterans in their transition to the civilian life. Part of the motivation for this all-out effort may be guilt, as veterans have done what the vast majority of Americans did not want to ring scandal, do. But a more likely reason for the positive reception is that Americans feel embarrassed and guilty for how Vietnam veterans were treated when they returned home. The coverage of Vietnam veterans in the history books, news media and movies almost unwaveringly emphasizes not only the fighting overseas and was the war, callous decisions by poverty in the, government leaders, but also the divisions on American soil. Was The Cause Of The War. They portray the returning Vietnam veteran as an isolated individual who had only poverty victorian era, a fragile connection to the rest of what was the cause war American society. Today�s military still lives in the shadow of the Vietnam War. The issues we confront today are legacies from Vietnam: how to successfully recruit and manage an all-volunteer force, wage counterinsurgency versus conventional warfare, mitigate collateral damage and civilian casualties, and the military�s relationship with the rest of American society. The Vietnam War casts an equally large shadow over American society. The Vietnam War exposed underlying racial issues, whether the elite had to serve, the role of the media, and distrust toward government. In my own interaction with veterans of essay writing different eras, I have found Vietnam veterans to always be the most understanding and sympathetic of the issues that younger veterans experience.

These feelings are present on the national stage as well. Many of the biggest proponent of veterans� issues have been Vietnam-era veterans: Eric Shinseki, former Army chief of what of the staff, currently serves as secretary of veterans affairs; Senator Jim Webb of Virginia, a former Marine Corps officer and secretary of the Navy, and a major proponent behind the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill; and Senator John McCain of Arizona, a former Navy pilot who was a prisoner of war in Vietnam. This Veterans Day, most communities will focus their celebration on the recent veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. But it would be a travesty if there were not a full acknowledgment and appreciation of Vietnam-era veterans. Essay Colonial Empire: Creoles. Today�s veterans would face a much more challenging transition to civilian life without their experiences then or their efforts to help new veterans today. Tim Hsia is pursuing a J.D./M.B.A. at Stanford. He is what cause, currently in the Army Reserves as an R.O.T.C. instructor at Santa Clara University, which offers training for Stanford cadets. Tweed. The views expressed in this blog are those of the was the cause of the cold, author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Essay on Spaniards Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, Department of the Army, Department of Defense or the what was the, United States government. Images of What Essay Vietnam War, Transferred to Plants.

Over on what was the cold war the Lens blog, our colleagues have published a post on in the Empire: the work of Binh Danh, a photographer who has used photosynthesis to re-envision the Vietnam War. Adam McCauley writes: Mr. Danh invented the chlorophyll printing process, baking his images onto natural canvases with wild grasses and leaves. Mr.

Danh is the child of war refugees displaced from Vietnam to San Jose in 1980. What Cause Of The Cold. For more than a decade, Mr. Essay Writing Examples. Danh, now 34, has tried to recapture the experience of the cold, Vietnam War by printing images of suffering civilians, soldiers on What patrol and what was the war, the dead. �Nature is the tweed, final place where memory lies,� Mr. Danh said. Was The. �I imagined that through my interaction with the ring, landscape I could flush those memories out, particular traumatic events like war, through art-making.� Read more and what cause of the cold, view a slide show of Mr. Danh�s work in Is Demonstrative, the full post. At Fort Hood, a Welcome Home for Veterans of a War Long Past.

FORT HOOD, Tex.� This welcome-home ceremony seemed like many held at the largest Army base in the country, although a little more elaborate. Was The. There were cheering families outfitted in red, white and blue, many carrying posters and flags. The multistory III Corps banner billowed in the wind as hundreds of soldiers stood in formation on the expansive parade ground waiting for the buses of troops. But small details revealed that this was no typical ceremony. Aretha Franklin�s 1967 hit �Respect� blared at full volume. Many of the papers rapper, posters congratulated grandfathers for serving. A few older men were brought onto what cause cold, the parade ground in tweed ring scandal, wheelchairs. A long line of cold war white school buses pulled up in front of the tweed scandal, parade ground. Out poured crowds of cause of the men in their 60s and 70s, wearing black �Vietnam Veteran� baseball caps. A few wore their original dress uniforms, and one former Army Ranger still fit into Is Demonstrative Communication? his green fatigues.

A receiving line of active duty soldiers stood waiting to shake their hands. A Huey helicopter, with its distinctive thop, thop, thop, made slow loops overhead and some veterans turned and waved. �Ladies and gentleman, America�s heroes are home!� yelled Lt. Gen. Was The Cause Cold. Don Campbell, commander of Fort Hood and III Corps. Communication? Essay. �Welcome home, Vietnam veterans!

Hooah.� What�s Your Memorial Day Tradition? At War is asking you, our readers, to tell us about your Memorial Day traditions and rituals. This was the was the, first welcome-home ceremony for Vietnam veterans held at papers rapper Fort Hood and, like most things in Texas, it was big and considered the most elaborate in the country with over 600 veterans and another 600 guests in what cause of the cold, attendance. �I feel personally that I�m finally home,� Gen. Robert M. Papers Rapper. Shoemaker, now retired, who served three tours in Vietnam and later led the United States Army Forces Command, told the what of the cold war, crowd. �That may be one of the great legacies of Colonial Creoles Vietnam.

The nation has vowed never to make that mistake again of failing to honor the warriors even if we don�t appreciate the wars.� Welcome-home ceremonies for of the war, Vietnam veterans have been going on in small towns and at military installations, like Fort Campbell and Fort Benning, over the last three years as commandeers and politicians, many with family members who served in Vietnam, decided that these older veterans needed their own recognition after returning Iraq and Essay on Spaniards in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, Afghanistan veterans were warmly received. The 50th anniversary of the start of the Vietnam War this year and the withdrawal of combat troops from Iraq have given an added boost to these celebrations. �It�s about time,� said Lt. Gen. Paul Funk, now retired, who served in Vietnam, led the Third Armored Division in Operation Desert Storm and later commanded troops at III Corps and Fort Hood. �I really think that people feel guilty now, and they�re doing as much as they can.� On Memorial Day, President Obama will attend an anniversary ceremony at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial with 6,000 veterans scheduled to attend. Although the event is intended as a kickoff for a national effort to honor Vietnam veterans, the Defense Department has no other large events planned for the day and its efforts have seemingly been marred by problems. A Defense Department spokeswoman said they hoped to partner with community groups to host other events after the was the of the cold, ceremony. When Lt. Gen.

Don Campbell assumed command of Fort Hood and victorian era, III Corps last year, he wanted to host a welcome-home ceremony for Vietnam veterans after attending so many for soldiers returning from Iraq and cause war, Afghanistan. It also helped that his father is on Spaniards in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, a Vietnam veteran who never received an official welcome. �It hit me in the gut when the buses rolled up,� General Campbell said. �It was very emotional to what was the cold, see the vets in the windows and then to Essay on First Responder for Military Aviation Personnel, walk into the crowd and have them hug me and thank me. I hope it gives them some kind of closure that they can move on and continue to serve.� If the throngs of Vietnam veterans who surrounded General Campbell to shake his hand or hug him were any indication, the gathering was a hit. �It really touched me here,� said Robert Stevens, 64, from Lampasas, Tex., pointing to his chest. �I think this is of the cold, something we�ve been missing all this time, said Mr. Stevens, who served two tours in in the, Vietnam as an what cause war Army pilot. On Spaniards In The Colonial Empire: Creoles. �What General Campbell has done is just awesome.� His wife, Lee, said General Campbell �made it seem like we were welcoming them home.� �It took 40 years, and it seemed real,� she said. While some veterans said some of what was the cause war their friends refused to Aviation, attend the Fort Hood ceremony because it was �too little, too late,� most were happy for was the cause of the cold, any recognition, even if it came more than four decades after they returned home. �It�s never too late in my opinion,� said John Rowan, national president of Vietnam Veterans of papers rapper America, a nonprofit advocacy group in Silver Spring, Md. �Let�s do it while we�re still alive and kicking.�

Ceremonies for what was the cold, Vietnam veterans are likely to What Is Demonstrative Communication? Essay, continue through 2015 to honor a variety of important milestones in the war, like the fall of Saigon. While the start and end dates for the Vietnam War are much debated, 1962 was selected by was the of the war, the Defense Department because it was the Is Demonstrative Communication?, United States� first combat mission against the Viet Cong. The date made little difference to the veterans and their families at Fort Hood. What Cause Cold. The only thing important, they said, was that this welcome back was even happening. �It was a big honor to stand in for him since he couldn�t be here,� said Nathan Childs of Kempner, Tex., who cradled a large framed photograph of his father, Lovey Childs, a retired command sergeant who died in February. �He would have really enjoyed this, and I don�t think there is a better way to honor him.� Some veterans were hesitant to attend and needed a little encouragement. Diane Logan saw a newspaper advertisement for the ceremony and papers rapper, used it to what cause of the war, persuade husband, James, who served in an aviation unit with the Marines during the tweed ring, war.

�He�s not one for accolades,� she said with a grin as she wrapped an arm around him. Mr. Logan, who still looked like a young Marine, with a flat stomach and ramrod posture, said he had decided to attend to �maybe get a little closure.� �This will help erase the memory of what cold war how I came home and ring scandal, was spat on,� said Mr. Logan, 67, of Copperas Cove, Tex. Most of the veterans at Fort Hood said they had taken civilian flights back to the states after the war, and took off their uniforms so they could blend in and avoid protestors. What Was The Cold War. Others said they kept their military service off their resumes and did not tell people they had served in papers rapper, the war. �We went into the closet and didn�t tell anyone we were Vietnam vets,� said William Whittaker, president of the Vietnam Veterans of America Chapter 1000 of Central Texas, who drove an what war Army truck in the war. �We�re coming out now.� I meet veterans of the Vietnam War all the time but I rarely have good conversations with them. A tension tends to develop when they learn that I am an Army wife and a military family advocate. The comment normally comes about two minutes into the conversation and often sounds exactly like this: �At-least-you-don�t-have-it-as-bad-as-we-did-during-Vietnam.� And then our conversation ends. Just.

Like. That. I mean, what can I say? They�re right. My generation is much more fortunate than theirs. Like the rest of the country, my generation of troops and military families is familiar with Vietnam veterans� experiences, even if we can�t relate.They were called horrible names and spit upon. What Essay. They were ashamed to what was the war, be seen in their uniforms. Poverty In The Victorian. Our troops today come home to applause in what cause of the cold war, the airport, yellow ribbons at the mall and when they wear their uniforms out in public, people might just buy them lunch. It is very hard to begin any discussion of how to Essay Empire: Creoles, help today�s troops and what was the cold, military families without having someone point out how much worse things were during the on First Responder Training for Military Aviation, Vietnam era � as if one of the most shameful moments in what was the cause of the cold, our nation�s history should set the standard for how we handle the present and future.

I suppose it�s that difference in how the two generations of war fighters have been treated that has fed the poverty, divide between the veterans of Afghanistan and Vietnam � our nation�s two longest wars. What Of The. It must be hard for poverty in the victorian era, those who served in Vietnam to have given so much for what was the of the, our nation, been punished and Essay on First Responder Training Personnel, reviled for it, and then to see the what cause war, next generation treated well for in the victorian, doing the cold, exact same thing. Essay Colonial Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?. And so when the comment comes, I normally just nod, smile and take my ideas elsewhere. I learned long ago that the ensuing discussion only was the of the cold, dredges up pain and furthers the dissension. That�s why I was thrilled several months ago when I began an e-mail conversation with John and Sam, whose last names I�m withholding because of the personal nature of our conversations, both Vietnam veterans, for a project I was working on to try to curb military and veteran suicide rates. John and Sam each have a lifetime�s worth of heartbreaks and missed opportunities and they�ve been remarkably candid and open with me about Essay Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, them. What Was The Cause Cold War. They attribute many of the missteps in in the victorian, their lives to the residual effects of their time in what was the cause, Vietnam. What Is Demonstrative Communication? Essay. They�ve told me, many times now, that they want to do anything they can to was the cold, �deprogram� � their word, not mine � Iraq and Afghanistan veterans so that our nation�s newest veterans won�t have the same struggles their generation faced.

John, a former Marine, said he�d been home from the war for several years before the effects � alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, divorce and bankruptcy � hit in What Is Demonstrative Essay, full force. Was The Cold War. Sam, who served in victorian era, the Army, held his stories a bit tighter, but was generous nonetheless with his comments. What Was The Of The. I was fascinated by their candor. John and Sam know each other through a Vietnam veterans support group they only half-jokingly call �The End of Life Issues Group,� using the same gallows humor that has always led soldiers through their darkest moments. Many of the group�s members have cancer, John and Sam said, and it seems like someone is always dying, hence the grim nickname for the group. I couldn�t help but wonder if this is what my generation has to look forward to � a lifetime of missed or squandered opportunities shared on tattered couches in papers rapper, smoke-filled rooms by veterans who managed to come home from their war, but never managed to put it behind them. We talked about all of these things in person one day in my mother�s living room. She is of the cold war, Vietnam era herself and knows John through business dealings.

She came into the room midway through our conversation, just as I was responding to a question from Sam about what deployments are like for Army wives now. I was giving him the honest truth and I suppose my mother thought I was being disrespectful by not acknowledging that Vietnam had been the more awful war. �Rebekah, you don�t understand what it was like for writing examples, all of us then,� she said. �It seemed like every week we�d hear that another boy we knew had been killed over there. You just never knew who it would be next.� That�s when Sam � albeit politely � cut her off. �Actually,� he said, edging closer to me on the couch, �she knows exactly what that�s like. That�s her life right now.� John looked directly at me right then and moved a bit closer, too � an unmistakeable sign of solidarity. Of The Cold. And just like that, at least for John, Sam and me, a bridge had been built between two generations. It was a wonderful moment and I cherish it.

I have never been to war and I can�t relate to John and Sam�s combat experiences, just as I can�t relate to what my husband and scandal, my active duty friends have seen and done in battle. But in that moment the who-had-it-worse tension ceased to exist. John, Sam and was the cause war, I drank our coffee and we dreamed. We talked about how wonderful it would be for both generations of veterans if there was a mentoring program where Vietnam vets could share their lifetimes of writing post-war lessons with Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. We dreamed of cause cold war building more bridges.

We�re still dreaming. After all, dreaming, is what I do best. It�s why I�m an advocate. Because even though my generation of papers rapper troops and military family members is much more fortunate than theirs, much more has never been good enough in this country. We, as a people, have always striven for better, just as John, Sam and I do now.

But dreaming and doing better doesn�t negate what has already been done. We as a country still owe a tremendous debt to what was the cause cold, Vietnam veterans. Time hasn�t healed all of their wounds and, in many ways, the recent war has reopened some old ones. Right now, in an attempt to address that debt, I�m helping my city of Fayetteville, N.C., home to papers rapper, the Army�s Fort Bragg, with a project called Heroes Homecoming. From Nov.

4 � 13, Fayetteville is inviting every Vietnam veteran to attend more than 60 concerts and other events, including a parade. What Cause Of The Cold War. All of the events are free for Vietnam veterans to attend and writing examples, most of the events are free for everyone. Even if this Heroes Homecoming turns out to be nothing more than a nice gesture made 40 years too late; even if it narrows the what cause war, chasm between generations of fighters by only the tiniest of Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars? margins, I think it will have been worth it. Rebekah Sanderlin is an Army wife, a mother of was the of the war two and a freelance writer and editor who lives near Fort Bragg, N.C. She is on the National Advisory Board for Blue Star Families and blogs about military family life at rebekahsanderlin.com.

You can also follow her on twitter at @rsanderlin. Longer Wars, Fewer Medals of Honor. Today, President Obama will award the Medal of Honor, the United States� highest military decoration, to Sgt. First Class Leroy A. Petry, who lost his right hand in 2008 while tossing away an insurgent grenade that could have killed two of his fellow Army Rangers in Afghanistan. It will be only the second time that the medal has been given to a living soldier in the nearly 10 years since the Sept. 11 attacks, and only the ninth time the medal has been awarded to an Iraq or Afghanistan veteran. Army President Obama will present Sgt. 1st.

Class Leroy Petry with the Medal of poverty victorian Honor on was the war Tuesday. In fact, when you compare the Essay on Spaniards in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, length of the current wars and cause, the number of Medals of Honor awarded in connection with the Vietnam War, about 270 more Iraq and Afghanistan veterans should have received it by in the victorian era, now. The disparity only was the cold war, increases when you compare the current wars with all of our nation�s previous wars, except the papers rapper, Persian Gulf war of 1991. The highest number of Medals of Honor was awarded during the Civil War, with an average of nearly 32 for every month of the what was the cause cold, war, sometimes while the soldiers were still on era the battlefield. And yet here we are, a military and civilian population exhausted and demoralized after almost 10 years of constant fighting, with only nine Medal of Honor recipients in our ranks, and was the cause cold, only two of scandal them alive to actually wear it.

Even the relatively smaller size of today�s fighting force doesn�t explain the discrepancy. Though there were far more troops involved in of the cold war, the previous wars, a study in 2009 by the Army Times newspaper found that during World War I, World War II, Korea and Vietnam, the number of Medal of Honor recipients ranged from 23 to 29 per million troops. For the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, there has been just one award per million troops. The scant number of Medal of Honor recipients among contemporary veterans is something I started thinking about examples, several years ago while sitting in a crowded Fort Bragg gymnasium watching my husband and several other soldiers receive valor medals. At that time, no living service member had received the Medal of Honor and, listening as the award citations were read aloud, I wondered why not. Was The Cause. It wasn�t that I thought the Essay on First Responder Training Personnel, men being honored that day should have received the Medal of Honor � l didn�t � but surely, I reasoned, some living warrior from my generation had done something to of the cold war, deserve America�s highest honor.

And so in the months and years that followed I began to pay closer attention to for Military, the award citations for Iraq and Afghanistan veterans and cold war, I started reading the papers rapper, citations for Medal of Honor recipients from previous wars. It didn�t take long before I noticed that some of the citations for soldiers who have received the Distinguished Service Cross, the what cause of the cold, Navy Cross or the for Military, Air Force Cross and even the Silver Star � the second and third highest valor awards, respectively � for fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan, read like the what was the cold war, Medal of What Communication? Honor citations from previous wars. Inconclusive Agent Orange Study Is Conclusive Enough for Vet Groups. It has been nearly a month since the what cause of the cold war, Institute of Medicine released its report on Agent Orange exposure and so-called Blue Water Navy veterans from Vietnam, yet the Department of Veterans Affairs says it is still reviewing the document. That�s not surprising, for the report is chock-full of nonconclusions, unknowns and uncertainties. �The committee could not find enough data to determine whether or not Blue Water Navy personnel were exposed to Agent Orange-associated TCDD,� the report said, using the initials for dioxin, the essay, toxic chemical in what, Agent Orange that has been linked to many diseases. Indeed, the report was so full of caveats that the committee all but conceded that its report would not resolve the debate over who was exposed to, and in the victorian, potentially sickened by, dioxin.

�Given the lack of was the cause cold war measurements taken during the war and the almost 40 years since the war, this will never be a matter of science but instead a matter of policy,� the authors wrote. Nevertheless, advocates for Essay Colonial, the deep-sea sailors argue that the report provides them powerful ammunition for was the of the cold, gaining benefits that have already been given to troops that actually set foot in Vietnam. Indeed, one group argues that the lack of conclusiveness in papers rapper, the report actually bolsters the case that all Vietnam veterans, regardless of whether they served on the ground, in the air or miles off the coast, should be treated the of the cold war, same. Homecoming for a Veteran of the essay examples, �Secret War� in Southeast Asia. Thousands of what of the people in the quiet towns of Essay in the Colonial Empire: vs. Peninsulars? Concord and Kannapolis, N.C., will remember the weekend of April 30 and May 1 for what was the cause, a long time.

Yes, they shared the jubilation on May 1 with the rest of the country when news broke that members of the Navy Seals had killed Osama bin Laden with rounds to his head and Essay on First Training for Military, chest. But in these boroughs a short distance from Charlotte, many residents will remember it as the weekend that the remains of a native son, Sgt. What Cause Cold. First Class Donald Monroe Shue, were returned home after he and two fellow Special Forces soldiers disappeared during a highly classified mission in Laos on Nov. 3, 1969, part of the secret war in Vietnam. Forty-one years later, Sergeant Shue�s remains were put to rest in Carolina Memorial Park in What Is Demonstrative Communication? Essay, Kannapolis, formally ending four decades of was the cold agonizing pain and uncertainty for his sisters, Betty Jones and Peggy Hinson, nephew Micky Jones and a handful of Special Forces veterans who served in Sergeant Shue�s unit. At War is a reported blog from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq and other conflicts in the post-9/11 era. The New York Times's award-winning team provides insight � and answers questions � about combatants on the faultlines, and civilians caught in victorian era, the middle.

Seven Marathons in Seven Days, Crossing Each Finish Line for Fellow Marines. Marine Corps Captain Calum Rammhe, a longtime marathon runner, ran seven marathons on seven continents in seven days to what was the of the cold, raise money for a charity that supports wounded Marines and their families. Papers Rapper. It also let him reflect on why running is more than a hobby for him. Readmore� Combat Amputees, and Their Therapists, Find Roads to Happiness.

A physical therapist describes the powerful bonds she formed with the wounded veterans and what was the cause cold, her fellow physical and occupational therapists at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Readmore� Focusing on Leadership as Marine Corps Mandate to Integrate Women in Combat Units Nears. A former Marine Corps officer argues that good leadership makes all the Essay on Spaniards Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, difference in smoothing the integration of women into combat units. Readmore� Letters From the Pacific, From Pearl Harbor to Okinawa. Hundreds of letters from an what of the Army private named Harold Grove Moss, whose tour of duty spanned Pearl Harbor to the surrender of papers rapper Japan, have been transcribed and posted online by his daughter.

Readmore� How We Judge Those Who Served, or Didn�t, in Vietnam. A Vietnam-era veteran says presidential candidates should not be judged harshly just because they did not serve during that war. Readmore�

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Resume Fonts, Margins, Style #038; Paper Selection. Building a resume is what of the cold war a process that requires finesse. If it�s stuffed with good content but formatted poorly, it will often get tossed into the �no� pile; leaving many job candidates confused as to why they never received a call back. On the other hand, if it�s clean and Essay in the Empire: vs. Peninsulars? professional ( even if it�s filled with fluff ), it will frequently catch the eye of what cause of the a hiring manager and land you an interview. Although content is ultimately the most significant element of your resume, it�s important to not underestimate the power of appearance. The reason we need the adage �don�t judge a book by its cover� is because we do judge things by their appearance frequently , whether we like it or not. This guide will help you take advantage of that fact . Finding the best aesthetic font , outlining ideal margins and even discussing your paper selection �we will cover it all. 1.) Best font for papers rapper a resume: Style, size color. Creating a clear, succinct resume requires multiple elements working in harmony.

For this to happen, one thing is what war certain: don�t use Comic Sans . Choosing an tweed scandal aesthetic font might seem daunting, but it doesn�t need to was the cause of the cold war be. Scandal? People often ask us: is there a best style? We�ve crunched the what cause of the cold war, numbers, and we have an answer. The best font for a resume is� Tricked you�there isn�t truly a single best font, but there are several options that stand out Essay on Spaniards Colonial Empire: Creoles amongst the rest! We will give you some solid choices and you can take it from there. Consider downloading some resume templates and see which ones are most attractive to you. Select your favorite, and try out that font! First, consider this: how will you be sending your resume?

Printed fonts and those read on a computer monitor appear differently to the reader. What Was The Cause Cold? There are two key groups of fonts used globally: serif and sans-serif (i.e. Essay On First For Military? �non-serif�). Serif fonts have accentuated corners that make them appear more distinct, especially when printed. What War? Sans-serif fonts simply don�t have these accents, which make them clearer at smaller sizes as well as on a computer screen. Example of serifs on tweed ring scandal, a capital F, using Garamond Sans-serif capital F, Calibri. Keep these ideas in mind when constructing your resume. Here�s a breakdown of of the cold our top three serif and on Spaniards in the Creoles sans-serif options: Top 3 serif choices: Times New Roman : Times New Roman is what was the cause of the cold war a classic serif that looks good both on paper and on a computer screen.

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The majority of cold war resumes use a standard black and white format. There is a reason for this� bright colors are distracting and take away from essay examples, your actual content. With that said, you are allowed to use some color if you want, just make sure it complements your content rather than detracts from was the cold, it. Your name, as well as the headers throughout your resume can be modified� but make sure you use the same color here to keep things uniform. A dark red, blue or green can be a nice touch, but using neon colors is a surefire way to make the What Is Demonstrative, hiring manager take you less seriously. 2. Resume margins, length alignment. The size and shape of what cause cold war your resume are just as important, if not more so, than the font. At a glance, the structure already expresses certain ideas to the reader� for Essay on First Responder Training for Military Aviation Personnel example, larger margins make your content seem lacking, whereas smaller margins make things feel cluttered. You don�t want your resume to what was the cause of the war get noticed for tweed ring its formatting.

Playing it safe is advisable. Was The? Avoid extremes and papers rapper you�ll be in good shape (pun intended). Standard one inch by one inch margins are a good choice , but you do have some flexibility. The smallest margins considered to cause of the war be acceptable are half an inch by half an inch (.5 by .5), but even this format will appear a bit heavy on papers rapper, the words unless done correctly. A good visual balance would be keeping your top and bottom margins between .5? and what was the cause of the 1? , and moving between .6? and 1? for your left and right margins . This will help decrease reader fatigue and make your resume more palatable for scandal whoever is looking at it. What Of The Cold War? Take a look at papers rapper the following sample to get an idea of good, balanced margins: The next image is a snippet of a resume with extremely narrow margins. Notice how they push to the very bottom of the page� this gives a cramped feeling to cause of the cold the reader. Narrow margins can make reading anything a chore.

For most people the ideal resume length is one page, using reasonable margins as discussed above. Occasionally two pages is acceptable, but three pages is almost always in danger of being too wordy. Scandal? Here are some reasons you may need to cold war make yours longer than one page: You have a large quantity of papers rapper relevant experience. Many candidates can fill a resume with work experiences, but it�s usually possible to narrow them down to what war the most relevant ones and fit them onto a single page. If you have many examples of related experience that make your application stronger, don�t be afraid to include them! You are a published scientist or academic . Proper citations can take up a lot of space, so hiring managers in these fields expect this.

Landing an essay writing examples executive position is your goal . What Was The Of The? These posts require large amounts of relevant experience, so it�s alright if they�re a bit extensive. Before deciding upon essay writing examples, a multi-page resume, ask yourself: is the information you�ve added worth the additional page? Or will the hiring manager find it unnecessary? Your resume is a tool to was the of the cold efficiently convey your qualifications to in the victorian a potential employer so you can proceed to the interview process� you don�t need to list every piece of work you�ve ever performed. Quality is more important than quantity. If you really do need to cut the length down, you could try using a resume profile instead of a career objective or qualifications summary. Here�s a table to what war check if you�re okay at your current page length, or if yours could do with a little trimming.

The best alignment makes your resume easy to on First Training Personnel read. We learn to cause of the cold read English from the examples, left, therefore left alignment is what of the war always a safe bet . Your name and contact information is usually centered , but the headers (�Professional Experience�, �Education�, �Additional Skills�) and poverty in the era your introduction/objective can be left aligned or centered. This depends on the template you�re following, as well as your personal taste. Left-aligned Resume Sample. Center-aligned Resume Sample.

Left-aligned Resume Sample. Center-aligned Resume Sample. You don�t need your resume to be as stylish as this guy, but it doesn�t hurt to try! Another way to accent yours is to use style elements like lines, symbols and text boxes . If implemented effectively, these can help direct the what was the of the, reader�s attention to your stronger sections, and make the papers rapper, overall reading experience more pleasant. If used haphazardly though, they can hurt your chances at getting an interview. What Was The Of The Cold War? There are some general rules to Communication? follow if you want your style game to be on point. Lines, like many things, must be enjoyed in moderation. Placing a strategic line after your objective makes the reader subconsciously linger on of the cold, your objective. This is a good tactic if you want them to tweed ring scandal give your objective that additional attention. Lines can also be used in a functional resume to was the of the cold draw the papers rapper, reader�s attention toward your skills section and away from what was the cause cold war, your work history.

Functional resumes are great if you have are trying to mask your 1) lack of or 2) abundance of experience. What Essay? They are also helpful if you have large gaps in your work history or have been jumping from company to company, which are two things hiring managers don�t like to was the cold see. Whether you�re inexperienced, over-experienced or just have a tendency to job-hop, you can use our wide range of free resume templates to learn how to cover employment blemishes and Essay on First emphasize your strongest areas. Pugs are cute, but this is not the time to put a clip art image of an what was the cold war adorable little Pug puppy on your Veterinarian resume. The only flashy aspect should be your relevant work experience ; others are used to make this experience clear to scandal the reader . This holds true for symbols. Bullet points come in different shapes and sizes, and are the primary symbol used in a resume because they draw the hiring manager�s attention to was the cause of the war your achievements and skills.

If there�s a time to get a bit creative, it�s here� just remember to keep things clear. You can�t go wrong with the ring scandal, circle bullet, but arrows diamonds are also nice choices for the less conventional job applicant. Mantis Resume Template (arrows) Lynx Resume Template (squares) Mantis Resume Template (arrows) Lynx Resume Template (squares)

Some experts advise against what was the cause of the cold war, text boxes because they are worried the Applicant Tracking System (ATS) will skip over the content placed inside, but this bias is Essay on First Training for Military a bit outdated. As ATS software improves, text boxes have become a viable stylistic option for your resume. If you�re feeling conservative then feel free to steer clear of them, but if you do want to use a text box or two (or several), go for cause of the cold war it! Text boxes can be an ally in your quest to achieve aesthetic harmony. One way a well-placed text box can help your resume stand out is by emphasizing certain pieces of information , like your name.

Notice in the following image how a text box around the applicant�s name, �Chris Jones,� makes it jump off the page. A hiring manager is much more likely to remember this applicant as a result, which helps later on in the hiring process. An applicant�s name in a text box. Text boxes also make your content clearer to the reader because they help break information into reasonable chunks. Papers Rapper? This makes you appear organized and thoughtful, which are valuable traits in what was the a job candidate.

They also improve overall readability. Tweed Ring? Check out how these headers are highlighted through the use of each text box. Each header included in a text box. Text boxes can also give your resume some personality and make it stand out, but don�t go overboard! They have the power to strengthen and of the cold war weaken your application, so use every text box responsibly. 4. Resume paper: Color, weight, size texture. Woah, now. Is Demonstrative Communication? Essay? Your draft is looking pretty solid, but don�t lose control� it�s not the right time to use that Egyptian papyrus you�ve been saving as printing material. I�d also advise against spraying it with cologne or perfume� that only what was the of the cold war works in Essay the movies. Legally Blonde might not be the was the, place to look for job application advice.

With that said, it�s still important to consider what impressions different types of paper may give your hiring manager. Bring a printed copy of your resume to poverty in the the interview! Even if you already emailed a copy to the hiring manager, it�s courteous and professional to have physical copies on hand. The paper color of your printed resume should be some shade of white or off-white; avoid colors like baby blue or hot pink unless you�re applying to be the Easter Bunny. Plain white is definitely acceptable for most people, but if you�re feeling adventurous you could dabble in the realm of cold war ivory or cream-colored paper. These colors stand out a bit from on First Aviation Personnel, run-of-the-mill white paper, without standing out too much. They are like adding cuff-links to a nice dress shirt� they catch the what was the war, eye and look nice, but aren�t needed to scandal look stylish. Have you ever felt 100% cotton, 32lbs linen paper?

It�s the what was the cause cold war, Rolls Royce of the paper world, and it will instantly make your resume appear more important than its 24lbs counterpart. Essay On Spaniards In The Colonial Empire:? It�s soft yet sturdy, and gives the holder a strong urge to what war never let go. Paper quality so good, you can�t help but hold it in two hands. If that paper weight texture is on Spaniards in the Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars? too inconvenient to find, see if you can still land a 32lbs option. 24lbs is better than your standard printer paper, but not by much. Use some serious paper to what cause of the show that you�re a serious job applicant. There are many factors that can make or break your resume, and we�ve just covered the visual elements.

If it�s well-honed, it can be a valuable tool during the job hunt. Try not to Communication? Essay underestimate the was the cold war, importance of What Is Demonstrative Communication? Essay good aesthetics ! If you�re ready to start, you can take a look at our templates pages or use our builder to construct a professional resume in minutes. Get more interviews with our Free Resume Builder. Our software has everything you need, including industry-specific bullet points, templates formatted to fit every type of job seeker, and exportable PDFs and Word docs.

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alfredo bosi essays A Retrospective Glance If there is a common thread that runs through the essays that comprise this book, it is an what was the of the, idea that can be formulated synthetically, as follows: Colonization is a process that is at once material and writing, symbolic. The economic practices of its agents are linked to their means of survival, to their memory, to their ways of representing themselves and others, and ultimately, to their desires and hopes. To put it another way: there is no colonial condition without a weaving together of labors, of cults, of ideologies, and what cause, of cultures. The relations between these fundamental dimensions of all civilizing processes (which Marxism summarized at the levels of infrastructure and superstructure) are modified, throughout time, by positive determinants of adjustment, reproduction, and continuity. Situations arise, however, in which it is the asymmetries and, in extreme cases, the ruptures that appear before the historian and anthropologist of colonial life. Within this process of cultivation of old seeds and new transplants, grafting is not always successful.

At times the present seeks or needs to free itself from the Essay on First for Military weight of the past. At other times�and this perhaps occurs more frequently�the force of tradition demands the ritornello of signs and values without which the system would collapse. Those who propose to discover geometric or unchanging laws governing the what was the cause of the cold interactions between metropolis and colony�or, from a vertical point of view, between the economic and the symbolic�risk losing themselves in mental formulas. A dialectic of potentialities, which are sometimes achieved and sometimes frustrated, can more accurately tell us how things have occurred. In the conquest of the Responder Aviation Personnel New World by the Old, violent and cause of the war, barbaric practices , like the reinvention of slave labor, were accompanied by what are gener- 326 A Retrospective Glance ally considered progressive changes, such as the transition from feudalism to papers rapper, the slow, difficult, but irreversible ascent of the bourgeoisie, which occurred in war, the centuries following the discovery. As a mercantile machine and a system, colonization cleared the path for the surge of poverty in the era, global capitalism in what was the cause war, which the future country would take its place as a dependent nation. But as a condition, daily life in the colonies reproduced, intra muros, old ways of thinking, feeling, and speaking.

The transformation of this existential ballast into ideology would later be responsible for conservative currents such as Luso-Tropicalism, bandeirismo, and certain tenacious regional and class syndromes. One must distinguish what is alive from what is dead in each of these tendencies, and Essay Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, carefully separate what hearkens back to the memory of deeply rooted experiences, which art expresses, and what has been reified or transformed into clannish self-deception or a source of prejudice. To return to the principal effects of was the of the war, colonization in the sphere of symbolic creation: we are faced alternately with reflections of writing, erudite innovations, whether Iberian or Italian, and which can be seen in Mannerist, arcadica, and neoclassical art, and with frontier expressions, in whose creation the semieducated artisan only what, partially conformed to What Essay, the aesthetic standards of the Catholic Church, which was a powerful unifying institution. In the first case, the historian�s gaze contemplates phenomena marked by motifs and was the of the cold, themes that were imported, which circulated, and Essay on First for Military, that were common to what cause cold, intellectuals in the dominant strata of society. In the second, however, one notes singular combinations of rustic and learned styles, which together give form to expressions of a living and Essay on First for Military Aviation Personnel, whole popular devotion. Examples of cold, this frontier art include the on Spaniards in the figures representing the Stations of the Cross at Congonhas do Campo, as well as the nineteenth-century paulistinhas, and cause of the cold war, the romances de cordel, which are written even today. * * * Viewed in retrospect, these currents of thought and action, which gave rise to in the Colonial Empire: Creoles, a historical scene that Machiavelli described as verita effettuale, ended up resolving themselves into clearly opposing positions. If times of cold, peace allow for openness to a variety of options, during times of war choice imposes itself, and multiplicity is reduced to an imperious either this or that. Let us return to history. I. What were the Jesuits trying to achieve? They were attempting to transplant to the New World a universalistic culture�Ide e pregai a boa nova a todos os povos (Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature)1 �grounded in medieval Christianity and ring, fueled by Iberian redemptive fervor. The Company [of Jesus]�s project, A Retrospective Glance 327 which had been outlined in Loyola�s Constitutions, runs through the missionary writings of Nobrega, Anchieta.

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Nov 02, 2017 What was the cause of the cold war, buy essays cheap -

cliff notes essay M ercaptans and other volatile sulfur compounds in wine. Printable version is available here. An article on volatile sulfur compounds in what cause war wine isn�t likely to turn many heads. In truth, it�s the sort of topic that gets filed away as �worthy but dull�, and only ever gets read by people who are swotting up for their diploma or MW, and then gets promptly forgotten. Aware of What Is Demonstrative Essay, this, I�m willing to strike a deal with my readers. If I try my best to what cause of the war, cover this otherwise fiercely dull and technical wine science piece in a manner that is both readable and doesn�t require any specialist science knowledge, will you try to venture below the victorian era, first paragraph? Volatile sulfur compounds, and specifically mercaptans, are a hot topic in wine at the moment, so it�s worth learning a bit about what cause of the war, them. These are the compounds largely responsible for the olfactory defect known as �reduction�. On Spaniards Colonial Empire: Vs. Peninsulars?. And there�s a lot of ignorance and misinformation appearing about them, even in print.

My aim in this piece is to present a step-by-step guide to what was the cause of the cold, these molecules in wine, bringing in some of the latest research and providing an Essay on Spaniards in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars? accessible introduction to the subject without skimping on what was the cold, the meaty bits. There are around 100 volatile sulfur compounds that have been identified in wine, but only a few are significant enough to be included in our story here. What do you need to know about them? First and foremost, they are smelly. Essay On Spaniards In The Empire:. Thus even at low concentrations they can have a sensory impact on the wine.

Second, they are chemical chameleons, able to subtly change their form depending on the wine environment they are in: this is significant because if they are below detection threshold in what was the cause of the one less smelly form, they may suddenly become noticeable in another more smelly form. Essay On First Training For Military Aviation. Third, they aren�t all bad: recent research has shown that they are important contributors to what was the of the, varietal character in many wines, so winemakers should be careful not to just eliminate them randomly. �Reduction� is the term used to describe the presence of volatile sulfur compounds in wine. It�s actually a bit of a misnomer. Let me try to explain why. Papers Rapper. Reduction and oxidation are two different chemical processes that complement each other. In a chemical reaction, electrons change hands, and as one compound is oxidized another is reduced. If there is plenty of what of the war, oxygen around, then chemical components in a wine will be gradually oxidized (the electrons are transferred from the What, chemical components in the wine to the oxygen). The end result is an oxidized wine. During fermentation the what of the cold war, yeasts need oxygen, and in the early stages of red wine development a little oxygen is What Communication? Essay, helpful because it allows the oxidation of some ethanol to was the cause cold, acetaldeyde (also known as ethanal) which can then help with the development of tannins and pigmented polymers that are important in building structure and colour (this is the theory behind microoxygenation).

But after this, wine development is tweed ring scandal, largely reductive: that is, it occurs best in the relative absence of oxygen. This is where we will need to get to grips with a chemical term: redox potential. What Was The Cause Of The. This is a measure of how oxidative or reductive a system, such as a wine in barrel or bottle is, and it is measured in millivolts (mV)�the higher the reading, the less reductive. Typically, an aerated red wine will have a redox potential of writing, 400�450 mV, whereas storage in the absence of air for some time will reduce this to 200�250 mV. What Cause War. If levels get as low as 150 mV then there is a danger that reduction problems can occur. Exposure to papers rapper, oxygen through winemaking practices such as racking, topping up barrels and filtering, increases the level of dissolved oxygen in was the cause the wine and increases the redox potential, which will then return to 200�300 mV. In The Era. In white wines, this redox level will change much more rapidly than red wines, because red wines have a higher concentration of phenolic compounds such as tannins which are able to interact with oxygen, and act as buffers.

Another variable here is the level of of the cold war, free sulfur dioxide in the wine, which will act protectively by reacting with the products of oxidation. Poverty Victorian Era. Yeast lees also scavenge oxygen and protect the wine in what was the cause of the cold a similar fashion, helping to lower the Colonial Empire: Creoles, redox potential and create a more reductive environment. In modern winemaking, reductive conditions are encouraged: the protection of wines from oxygen by the use of stainless steel tanks and inert gases helps to what was the cause cold, preserve fresh fruit characters. These r eductive conditions�those in essay writing which oxygen is more or less excluded�can also favour the development of cause of the war, smelly forms of sulfur compounds. This is where thee term �reduced� comes from, and if this �reduction� occurs before bottling, addition of oxygen may correct the fault. But it is important to writing examples, note that these sulfur compounds can develop in wine even in non-reductive conditions, at cause of the cold, which stage further oxygen exposure may result in turning a smelly wine into a smelly oxidized wine. Equating the term �reduced� with the presence of volatile sulfur compounds is therefore an oversimplification. In fact, when people use �reduction�, they are actually referring to Essay on Spaniards Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, the presence of sulphur compounds. The use of this term is quite unhelpful, because it is what cause of the, scientifically imprecise and Essay in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, can be misleading. � Reduction is was the cause war, a simplification, a language abuse,� says Dominique Delteil, scientific director of the ICV in the south of in the Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, France. �As often occurs in cold war wine vocabulary, tasters have been willing to poverty victorian, link sensory sensations to chemical or physical states, without being sure they are real or not. Reduction is typical of cause of the cold, this.� Delteil continues, �I prefer to call this concept sulfur flavours rather than reduction.� Now that we�ve spelt this out, I hope that no one will object to me continuing to use reduction as a shorthand for these sulfur flavours.

Volatile sulfur compounds: a quick tour. So what are the characteristics of reduction? These can be quite variable, and this is probably why there�s some confusion on the subject. Table 1 summarizes some of the commonly encountered sulfur flavours in wine. TABLE 1 Some of the volatile sulfur compounds in wine. Rotten eggs, sewage.

This is the main baddy, made by yeasts when they use one of the sulfur-containing amino acids as a nitrogen source. Stress also encourages its formation. Mercaptans (also known as thiols) This is a large group of very smelly sulfur compounds. Terms such as cabbagey, rubbery, struck flint or burnt rubber are used as descriptors. If hydrogen sulfide isn�t removed quickly, it can result in mercaptan production. Essay On First Aviation. This is a big worry for winemakers. burnt match, sulfidy, earthy. Often negative, but can be positive in what cause cold war the right wine environment at victorian, certain levels.

methyl mercaptan (methanethiol) rotten cabbage, cooked cabbage, burnt rubber, stagnant water. One of the what cause cold war, compounds implicated in screwcap reduction. Cooked vegetables, cooked corn, canned tomato at Essay, high levels; blackcurrant drink concentrate at what was the cause of the war, lower levels. Quince, truffle. Sweet, ethereal, slightly green, sulfidy. Vegetal, cabbage, onion-like at high levels. garlic, burnt rubber. 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-one (4MMP), 3-mercaptohexan-1-ol (3MH), 3-mercaptohexyl acetate (3MHA) Tropical fruit/passion fruit at victorian, low levels; cat�s urine at higher levels.

These are the polyfunctional thiols that are common in Sauvignon Blanc but also found in red wines where they can contribute to the blackcurrant fruit aroma. Cause. An example of sulfur flavours that can be positive in the right environment. Can be positive in the right context and at the right levels. Where do these sulfur compounds come from in the first place? It�s mainly from yeasts. In particular, if yeasts are having a hard time finding enough nitrogen in the musts, they�ll make use of the amino acid cysteine as a nitrogen source. Cysteine contains sulfur, and tweed ring scandal, this sulfur is recombined chemically by the yeast metabolism to form the smelly sulfur compounds that are the subject of this piece. It is of great importance, therefore, for winemakers to cause of the war, make sure that their yeasts are happy and have an adequate nitrogen supply. �Yeast assimable nitrogen� is the technical term that�s used here.

But even where the yeasts are relatively happy, some formation of sulfur compounds during fermentation seems inevitable. And these compounds need careful handling by winemakers if they aren�t to papers rapper, turn into problems. Why sulfur compounds in wine is what was the war, officially a hot topic. Volatile sulfur compound chemistry is a hot topic in wine for What Communication? two reasons. First of cold war, all, the essay writing examples, closures debate has pointed the finger at screwcaps in sealing wines so tightly that the resulting wine environment has a low redox potential that in turn encourages reduction.

Secondly, one of the high-end discussions among wine makers is whether reduction is always a bad thing. Recent work has shown that some of the volatile sulfur compounds are important components of the varietal character of Sauvignon Blanc. They may also be important for other wine styles, too, and have also been isolated from wines made with Gewrztraminer, Riesling, Colombard, Petit Manseng, Semillon, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, among others. And there�s some interesting evidence that �reduction� at a low level, in was the cause of the cold the right wine contexts, may be an important complexing factor. Could it even be that what we think of as minerality in wine, which we attribute to the soil�terroir, if you will�could all be about volatile sulfur compounds? Now there�s a thought. Let�s first correct a popular misconception, though. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is not a volatile sulfur compound, and is not really part of the �reduction� syndrome. SO 2 is added to wine in order to provide microbiological stability, and poverty victorian, perhaps more importantly to prevent oxidation.

Actually, it�s a little more complicated than that. SO 2 splits into various molecular forms in wine, of which only the cold, free SO 2 has any protective activity. It reacts with oxygen only slowly, so in actual fact its role is to bind up the products of oxidation in wine so that the oxidation isn�t apparent, even though oxidation of the wine components will already have occurred. This is a complicated, but important story, but it isn�t terribly relevant to our discussions here. Now the really controversial bit. Can you believe it?

Sulfur compounds in papers rapper wine��reduction��has been in cold the national press in ring scandal the last few weeks. The Daily Telegraph carried a story titled �Screwcaps blamed for tainting wine� on what was the cold, 19th September, which was also picked up by other news outlets. This was prompted by the results of the faults clinic from the 2006 International Wine Challenge (IWC). �In a number of essay writing, cases the was the cause of the cold war, IWC chairmen validated a link between screw cap use and a unfavourable vegetal/rubber flavoured compound�presumed to be a complexed sulfide�, reports Sam Harrop MW, who was one of the four IWC chairs. �At first glance a percentage of 4.9% of total faults may not seem high, but when examined in the context of total screw cap figures, a more worrying rate of 2.2% [of all screwcapped wines] emerges. In the context of the 2006 IWC cork taint figure of Essay Responder Training Aviation, 2.8% [of all natural cork-sealed wines], this fault type is significant and of the, should be given more attention by wineries using screwcap.� However, Harrop is keen to emphasize that he�s not equating the two: �While the IWC figures for screwcaps are a concern, there is no question in my mind that the continued incidence of cork taint is still a more serious issue.� The potential problem with sulfides in screwcapped wines first came to What Is Demonstrative, the wine world�s attention through the what cause cold, magnificent closures study began by the Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI) in 1999, and which has been reported on at regular intervals as the wine (a 1999 Semillon from the Clare Valley) has developed under a range of some 14 different closures. Included in this study was a metal-lined screwcap.

The liner is important here: the Essay Colonial vs. Peninsulars?, oxygen transmission properties of a screwcap are determined by its nature. In Australia and New Zealand, the two countries where screwcaps have seen the largest take-up, the almost universally used liner has a metal layer in it (usually tin; sometimes aluminium). This creates a highly gas-impermeable seal, with very little oxygen transmission. Was The Cause Of The War. These liners are instantly recognizable because they have a metallic appearance. The other commonly used screwcap liners for wine appear white�these are known as saranex-only liners and in the Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, allow more oxygen transmission, although probably a bit more than is war, needed just to avoid reduction, and likely more than we�d want of tweed scandal, a closure for wines destined for keeping for more than a few years. In the first major report from this closure trial, 20 months on, the AWRI reported that the tin-lined screwcaps performed as expected: with their tight seals they kept the what cause of the cold war, wine freshest, and the screwcapped bottles scored highest for fruity aromas, maintaining the papers rapper, highest levels of free sulfur dioxide while showing the least colour development. But they also scored highly for �struck flint/rubber� in the sensory analysis. This observation persisted through all time points of the study, including the most recent report at 63 months post bottling. Subsequent trials which have examined the what of the war, performance of metal-lined screwcaps have reached consistent results, as have studies using sealed ampoules where there is no oxygen transmission at essay, all. �Reduction� seems to be a problem in these sorts of analytical studies involving metal-lined screwcaps. The obvious explanation is that the low redox environment of the screwcap-sealed wine is causing some unwanted sulfur chemistry to occur, with sulfur compounds shifting from a less smelly (and thus unnoticed) form to a more smelly (and thus noticeable), more reduced form. What are we to make of was the cause cold war, this?

Is it a real world problem on a part with cork taint, or is it just a minor technical problem�a teething issue that just needs a bit of tweaking? The latter position has been the papers rapper, one consistently adopted by proponents of cold war, screwcaps. Indeed, quite a number of individuals and examples, wineries have aligned themselves strongly with this closure type by signing up to the International Screwcap Initiative. They have invested a fair bit of emotional energy in this cause, as well as several years� production of their wines, so their natural response to these sorts of data is to either fight or deny them. Was The. Others have been gunning for Aviation screwcaps to fail�none more so than the cork industry who see their livelihood threatened by this remarkably easy-to-use (from the consumer�s perspective) closure. Since the publication of the what cause of the cold war, first AWRI report in 2001, there has been just a trickle of poverty in the era, data on the subject of screwcap reduction. But little by of the cold war, little a clearer picture has emerged, and I would go so far as to say that the current weight of evidence suggests that the issue of mercaptans in screwcapped wines is problematic enough that some caution should be exercised in their use. First we have the on Spaniards Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, consistency of the of the cold, observation: where people have been looking carefully at screwcapped wines, these mercaptans (or what people believe to be mercaptans from sensory analysis) have always been found. Then we have anecdotal observation by interested parties.

I�ve done side by side tastings of the same wines sealed by screwcap and a more permeable closure (Diam or cork), and the difference has been striking. Ring Scandal. Of course, the value of this sort of was the cause war, observation depends on your view of my palate and intellectual independence. But I was personally convinced that there was a consistent character appearing in tweed the screwcapped wines, which, while I probably would not have noticed it on its own if I hadn�t been looking, appeared detrimental to the wine quality when made evident in the side-by-side comparison. Australian wine writer Campbell Mattinson, reporting on a tasting in which he encountered a number of reduction problems with screwcap wines, has the following to say. �Excessive reduction in was the of the cold a wine is a winemaking issue, not a closure issue. I know this. I�ve been told it 357 times�at least. Right. What I want to know then is: screwcaps have been in increasingly high volume use ever since Orlando bottled its 1998 Richmond Grove riesling under it. It�s now 2006. Essay On First Responder Training. How long, en masse, is it going to take for winemakers to get it right?

When is the �winemaking issue� going to end? Should we restrict the use of screwcaps only to those winemakers who actually know what they�re doing? At what point do we say: screwcaps are fabulous, but too many in the industry can�t be trusted with them. Do we need to introduce a Screwcap Licence system?� A recent comparative tasting of screwcapped and cork-sealed bottles was reported by Ralph Kyte Powell in Australian newspaper The Age (21 February 2006).

24 wines were tried, white and red. This comparison was particularly useful because tasting notes were given for each of the wines. Reading these notes, two points are emphasized. First, that the wines taste quite different in almost every case. Second, that the what was the of the cold war, number of examples, descriptors indicative of the was the cause cold war, presence of mercaptans in the screwcapped wines is striking. This suggests that screwcap reduction is a real world problem: bottles are out there showing it. New Zealand winemaker (Stonecroft, Hawkes Bay) and PhD chemist Alan Limmer has been a bit of a thorn in the side of the essay writing examples, screwcap lobby. He has written widely on what war, the subject, bringing his knowledge of Essay in the Colonial vs. Peninsulars?, wine chemistry to bear. In particular, Limmer has pointed out that screwcap reduction is was the cold, not a problem that can be completely eliminated by better winemaking, as many have claimed. Tweed. �In essence we are talking about thiol accumulation, post-bottling, from complex sulfides which do not respond to pre-bottling copper treatment,� claims Limmer, in response to the assertion that fining with copper removes reduction defects. �This reaction occurs to all wines containing the appropriate precursors, irrespective of closure type.

But the varying levels of oxygen ingress between closures leads to significantly different outcomes from what of the war a sensory point of view.� Limmer�s explanation for screwcap reduction is that sulfides present in the wine at bottling necessitate a very small level of oxygen ingress through the closure, otherwise they can become reduced to thiols. Essay Writing. Because sulfides are less smelly, it is possible for a wine that is clean at bottling to taste reduced after bottling if the closure doesn�t permit enough oxygen ingress. So the use of a closure, such as cork, which does allow a little oxygen ingress (but not too much) is a necessary concession to the vagaries of sulfur chemistry. Of course, we�d rather not have the sulfides in what cold war the wine at all, which would then avoid problems with reduction to mercaptans at a later stage. But, as Limmer points out: �Controlling ferments to essay examples, not produce the complex sulfides is beyond our means currently.

This sulfide behaviour of the ferment is more controlled by the yeast genetics than the winemaker,� he explains. Was The Cause Of The Cold War. �It is not the winemaker�s fault these compounds exist in the wine at poverty victorian era, bottling. We can minimize it to what cause of the cold, some extent by providing optimum nutrient conditions for the ferment, and employing some specific winemaking regimes. But, the research tells us this only has a slight impact on the complex sulfide pattern produced by the yeast.� Limmer reinforces his point: �The patterns are quite specific to each yeast type, almost irrespective of Training Personnel, nutrient conditions. Every wine contains these complex sulfides.� What can winemakers do to eliminate unwanted sulfur compounds from what cause war their wine? A healthy ferment should help, and in the era, then copper fining is widely touted as the solution. What Was The. This certainly gets rid of mercaptans, but it doesn�t eliminate disulfides which can, as we have seen, can revert in a low redox environment to mercaptans. For this reason, Limmer calls copper fining �the Ambulance at the bottom of the vs. Peninsulars?, cliff�. Besides, copper fining will also remove the desirable sulfides which are important for varietal character in Sauvignon Blanc and other grapes. The new cork taint?

We have to be careful, however, not to overstate the potential threat caused by mercaptans in wines that are sealed by ultra-low permeability closures such as tin-lined screwcaps. The extent of was the of the cold war, screwcap reduction is Essay for Military Personnel, currently unclear. It seems that there are some things that winemakers can do to miminize its occurrence, even if, as Limmer asserts, it can�t be avoided altogether. The IWC data indicating that 2.2% of what cause of the, screwcapped wines suffered from papers rapper mercaptan problems are alarming, but it should be borne in mind that cork taint irredeemably ruins bottles it affects, while very few consumers will have a problem with low level mercaptans in what was the cause of the cold war their wines [although most of us can remember at least one occasion where friends or relatives have happily sipped corked wine; still, I think there�s some validity to my point]. I doubt that most of the wine trade would spot this as a problem in all but the Essay on First Responder Training Personnel, most extreme cases, so it is of the, unfair to equate it with the very well recognized problem of cork taint. Having said this, though, screwcap-sealed wines affected by mercaptans should be a major concern for winemakers because the closure is modifying the examples, flavour of the wine, which is what war, emphatically not reaching the consumer �the way the winemaker intended�. It would be dangerously complacent for the industry to take the view that if the consumer doesn�t notice it, then it doesn�t matter. Personally, I am slightly concerned that low level mercaptans may be affecting far more than 2.2% of wines sealed with screwcaps. �They impact from an organoleptic perspective towards the end of the palate�, claims Limmer, �imparting a �mineral� or bitter/hard/astringent aspect.

This has the appearance of shortening or closing up the palate, so the wine does not display a fine fresh long finish, but ends abruptly, and papers rapper, somewhat harshly.� This is describing something I�ve certainly noticed in side-by-side comparisons of cork and screwcap-sealed wines. Is it happening all the what cause of the war, time, but going more-or-less undetected? Gregor Christie of Essay Training, membrane cork company ProCork has been concerned enough about was the cold war, this problem that he has sent of wines for testing at ETS laboratories in papers rapper California. Clearly, Christie has a commercial imperative for showing that ProCork is superior to was the cause cold, tin-lined screwcaps in this regard, but even given this motivation, the results are interesting. Christie took the on First Responder Aviation, 2002 Clare Valley Semillon used in the commercial closure trial run by the AWRI, comparing ProCork with natural cork and screwcap, and submitted bottles sealed with all three closures to ETS for was the cause of the testing for Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial vs. Peninsulars? a range of volatile sulfur compounds. For methyl mercaptan, which has a perception threshold of 0.3 parts per billion (ppb), both the cork- and ProCork-sealed bottles were below detection limit. However, the screwcapped bottle showed a level of 0.6 ppb, above perception threshold. But a sense of of the, perspective is called for here. Papers Rapper. There�s a real danger that the message that is distilled by journalists from all this technical talk becomes a misleading �screwcaps taint wine� story. Was The Cause Of The Cold War. The picture emerging is tweed ring, a complex one, but such a simplification would be dangerous if it caused producers to back away from adopting alternative closure solutions, which would then have the was the, knock-on effect of removing any incentive from the cork industry to put its house in order and do all it can to essay writing, reduce taint levels. However, complications like this mercaptan issue should put pressure on what of the cold war, winemakers to Communication?, be more curious about the closures they are using.

They should ask more questions about issues like oxygen transmission, and what was the cause war, insist on seeing independently validated data on closure performance rather than accepting manufacturer�s testimonials or sales pitches unquestioningly. Article originally appeared in Harpers Wine Spirit Weekly in tweed 2006. Posted here February 2007. Copyright Jamie Goode.