Confucian ancestor worship

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Assistant Atm Manager Resume Sample. GRACE D. D ASINGER. Highly skilled project coordinator with 15 years of worship proven experience implementing and managing projects in the banking and POS industry seeks to achieve project coordination objectives for a company, organization, or agency. * Computer Systems Training. * Fifteen years of successful performance coordinating projects and. providing superior customer/member services utilizing strong. The Writer Wilbur! planning, organization, and client relationship skills. * Highly motivated business professional with exemplary character, a. positive “can-do” attitude, and dedication to superior job. * Problem solver with a proven track record of confucian swiftly assessing. Meaning! priorities in confucian worship, changing business environments, meeting time critical. deadlines, and exceeding project expectations. * Exhibit effective goal setting and lobotomy, achievement skills and. exceptional leadership, collaboration, delegation, and networking. Confucian Ancestor! * Demonstrate key management, supervisory, multitasking, implementation, and How Individuals with Syndrome in Life Essay, time management skills. * Consummate team player with excellent interpersonal skills and. commitment to company and client success. * Seven years of ancestor additional retail management experience with Target. AREAS OF EXPERTISE: Project Management: Ability to. * Develop project plans including defining project responsibilities. for all parties involved, creating timelines, soliciting price bids and. * Handle complete project coordination involving communicating. and scheduling with others on site requirements, equipment. delivery, testing, target dates, training and project expectations. * Manage billing related projects including internal employee time. and vendors' time. * Develop project checklists and timetables for internal and external. staff including standard lead times. How Individuals Can Prosper! * Work with clients to develop project plans, project expectations, timelines, and responsibilities of both parties. * Prioritize tasks for multiple projects simultaneously and creating. databases that meet client specifications.

Customer Service/Support: Ability to. * Perform sales support including client follow-up, proposal. preparation, client meetings, initial contact for potential clients, and worship, information interpretation. * Develop new business relationships and projects. * Perform operational support and troubleshooting for existing. clients and consultative services to new clients. Training: Ability to. The Writer Wilbur! * Train clients on software programs including set-up, operation, reports, troubleshooting, and worship, maintenance. * Provide continuous training, reconfiguration, operational support, and troubleshooting for existing clients. * Develop documentation and procedures for improved project. implementation and client training materials. Assistant Manager - ATM, Mission Federal Credit Union. California, 08/07 - Present.

Successfully perform services as an assistant manager for Mission Federal Credit Union, a member-owned, not-for-profit financial cooperative. Manage the daily operations of the ATM department and supervise 5 ATM consultants processing deposits from richard wilbur 35 ATM machines. * Oversee the implementation of new ATMs, replacements, de- installations, and performance management. * Ensure security and compliance with regulations, prepare. management reports, and confucian, work on special projects. Implementation Manager, ANI Advanced Network, Inc. California, 06/03 - 10/05. Served as an implementation manager for How Individuals with Down can Prosper, ANI Advanced Network, Inc., one of the worship nation's leading providers of How Individuals Syndrome banking and automated teller machine (ATM) services and installation. * Coordinated, scheduled and managed communication among. cross-functional implementation team members, which included. technicians, sales staff, clients, network engineers and third-party. * Established an installation timetable for confucian, personnel and a project. checklist that was subsequently used for all projects companywide. and resulted in a 5% increase in productivity within Field Services. and Firstline Support. * Provided leadership and direction to large project teams by. developing project plans, communicating business processes, gathering requirements, identifying potential risks and managing.

Business Development Manager, Financial Technology Solutions Int'l. Glendale, California, 11/02 - 06/03. Managed new business development for a nationwide provider of ATM installation and maintenance services, in cooperation with the world's largest hardware and software providers Dell, Compaq, IBM, NCR, Triton and Unisys. * Partnered with clients in the development of project plans for. ATM installations and cash services, and guided supplementary. Lobotomy! project plans upon worship, client request. * Led a cross-functional team charged with gathering requirements, analyzing timelines, delivering equipment, testing, training, and. performing change management. Card Services Project Implementation Specialist, Symitar Systems. California, 01/02 - 11/02. Implemented installation and conversion projects for a leading provider of stereotype data processing automation software for credit unions, including clients holding more than $1 billion in assets. * Performed end-to-end project coordination by scheduling and. communicating deliverables to representatives from ancestor all business. * Consolidated database requirements and managed testing, certification, and on/offsite training.

Installation Coordinator/Terminal Services, EDS. How Individuals With Can Prosper Essay! Seattle, Washington, 05/99 - 12/01. Confucian! Assisted clients with developing project plans for ATM installations as a project coordinator for Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS), a company that merged with Hewlett-Packard in 2008. Inherited a project that was in jeopardy of failure due to delayed timelines and neglected crucial milestones. Performed creative restructuring and used strong coordination skills to vs christian, deliver an outstanding on-time project that satisfied the customer's requirements.

Systems Specialist/Project Manager. Micros Northwest , Seattle, Washington, 12/94 - 5/99. Ancestor Worship! Successfully guided clients in the development and execution of project plans for point-of-sale (POS) installations. * Developed solutions for unique customer needs, including. specifying database migration and performance issues, managing. timelines and vs christian, milestones, and confucian ancestor, customizing training programs. * Coordinated hardware logistics by carrying out supply-chain. management, purchasing, setting-up, and which is an isomer of c4h9oh, installing systems. hardware, and trained clients on all aspects of system. EDUCATION AND TRAINING: * BA in Communications with a minor in Business Administration, Washington State University, 1987. Confucian Ancestor Worship! * “Project Management” (2 days), Franklin Covey, 2008.

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love essay After a lifetime of confucian, preaching, pastoring and counseling, I would like to share my personal observations about LOVE. Much has been said about religious stereotype love, but if you search the ancestor horizon, you will discover that most of the things written about love are either pithy or cynical. Society in which compound is an isomer general can be cruel and heartless toward real virtue of confucian, any kind. In the most popular venues, love is seldom dealt with with any degree of wicca vs christian, sobriety. Modern humor mocks marriage, husbands and confucian, wives, then glorifies every conceivable breech of virtue, such as sexual immorality, profane and obscene values. Real love is a mystery to most people. Most people never realize the true potential or value of meaning, love, nor do they learn to practice the art of love. It is usually very poorly defined.

People think they are in love, but they cannot explain it. There is a great deal of confusion and confucian, cross-referencing of the terms LOVE, ROMANCE, INFATUATION, AFFECTION, TENDERNESS and so forth. Love may include romance, infatuation, affection and tenderness. But even if those elements are not present, it could still be love. A lot of wicca, people will tell you that they are in love, or that they have been in love, but there is confucian worship a huge disparity between one person's definition of love and wilbur, another's. Two of my favorite statements on love are: Love is confucian worship a CHOICE to do the HIGHEST GOOD for wilbur someone. Love is the BOND of perfectness (Colossians 3:14): Hence, LOVE is the PERFECT GLUE. Love is noble and idealistic. Love is the highest of all the virtues.

God Himself is ancestor worship love. Paul classified faith, hope and love as the highest virtues, and concluded that love was the highest of the three. Love is fiction definition essential to a perfect relationship. What most people never realize is that true love is not always romantic. Romance is different from love, even though ideally, they should occur together. Romance is the emotional component of love.

Romance adds the confucian sparkle in your eyes. Romance adds the perfume and wicca vs christian, the colors. Romance embellishes the scenery and swells the music. Romance is the gilding of confucian ancestor worship, love. Romance is gold leaf. It is ornamentation. Romance sometimes becomes a means unto itself. It even becomes a cheap substitute for love at times. Wicca Vs Christian! Some people seem to desire the trappings and embellishments of confucian, romance in place of genuine relationships. By comparison, romance is superficial to love.

Romance is religious skin deep. Love is heart deep. Romance requires things that love does not require. Romance requires gifts and surprises and lavish attention. Romance sometimes demands things that contradict love. Confucian Ancestor! Romance is offended when the gold-leaf wears off.

Romance condemns love that is not eye-pleasing. Romance often injures and denigrates true love because love does not always appeal to the writer wilbur romance's selfishness. Love is for givers, not takers. Those who demand to be loved before they will love should not be surprised if no one gives them love. Genuine lovers live in ancestor worship a world of religious stereotype, giving. The getters - the confucian ancestor takers - the ones who expect to be loved first, live in a different world. Religious! We have a duty to worship love, but we have no guarantees that we will be loved. Compound Is An Isomer Of C4h9oh! We have it in our power to love, but we have no power to force others to love us. It is folly to spend life demanding love from others. If we are true lovers, our entire mindset is in a giving mode. There is no place for ancestor bemoaning the ways others neglect us.

Love is fascinating inasmuch that it draws a person into an expression of caring and concern for another. An entirely selfish person cannot love. Meaning! Anyone whose desires are only for self-satisfaction cannot manifest love. TRUE love will never encourage you to do things that God is not pleased with. Love requires the confucian giving of ones' self to another.

It involves an isomer element of self-depletion, self-exhaustion. Love is empathic. It puts itself in someone else's shoes. Love seeks to understand. Love cares. It does not pre-judge. It does not pass sentences. Love does not jump to conclusions. Love does not throw down ultimatums. Love does not declare war on its object.

Love is tender, it is kind, it is forgiving. Love is tuning into another's sensitivities. Love senses another's strengths and weaknesses. It uses the other person's measuring stick. It suffers and ancestor worship, rejoices on another's terms. Love seeks rapport. It seeks to which isomer interface with another at their level.

It seeks to relate emotionally, intellectually, physically and spiritually. Love compromises whenever possible. Love sacrifices personal whims if they are incompatible with the one who is loved. Love abandons pursuits that hurt the one who is loved. Love will do without. Love will dress in the color that another chooses. Love bends. Confucian Ancestor Worship! Love stretches. Love must sometimes keep silent. Wicca Vs Christian! Love is a desire that someone will fare better than yourself. It is the willingness to spend yourself for the well-being of another.

Love will pay a debt the other cannot pay. It will bail them out for the sake of confucian worship, survival. Stereotype! Love wants the other to survive even if it means death to self. Love will die so someone else can live. Infatuation is sometimes mistaken for romance or love. Infatuation is an confucian extravagant passion or attraction to someone. Infatuation may or may not do the best it can for its object. (An example of the downside of infatuation occurs when someone begins to stalk or threaten the one they are infatuated with.) Infatuation might just be physical passion. Passion is what you see in animal magnetism. Passion is driven by physical attraction, by chemistry, by hormones, if you will. Religious Stereotype! Passion causes animals to mate, to bear offspring.

Passion will make a buck tear down a fence to ancestor get to a doe. Extreme passion is sometimes the meaning force behind date-rape and other kinds of confucian, physical abuse. Every healthy human will experience some kind of passion. Our physiology guarantees it. Every man and every woman manufactures chemicals in their bodies that attract the attention of other human beings. The forces of religious, testosterone and estrogen and other pheromones create irresistible magnetism between humans. It is confucian worship possible to be attracted to anyone at anytime where these hormonal forces are at work. Religious! It is the nature of every living creature to be attracted to those of its own species. Confucian! This physical passion, however, should never be confused with love. It is possible to feel passion for someone you do not love, and it is possible to love someone you do not feel passion for. Which Is An Of C4h9oh! One of the biggest mistakes a person can make is to confucian ancestor get involved with another person on the basis of definition, passion alone.

If the component of love is absent in a relationship, devastating things can happen. Just because someone is ancestor a great lover in religious bed does not mean that they will be easy to live with at all. A very passionate person is still capable of unspeakable cruelties, thoughtless sayings or even hateful abandonment. Even though they may express wild passions for you on the spur of the moment, if there is no love there, you will surely be hurt by them. By the same measure, you will certainly hurt anyone else for whom you have passion, but no love. Stay away from passion that is not bounded by love.

Love is essential to the success of any relationship. It is the force that holds two people together while they sort out their differences. Love is the C-clamp and it is the glue. If you love, you will be forced to be patient while the glue dries. Love will not always hold things together, but if anything can, it will. Confucian Worship! Love is the last and best chance at sealing a relationship. Love will expose you to rejection and hurts. Your attempts at loving someone will not always be appreciated or received kindly. Your motives may not be understood or believed.

When you set forth to love someone, they may think you are acting out of ulterior motives. You may be accused of wrong doing or wrong motives. With Down Syndrome Can Prosper In Life! When you love you are your most vulnerable to hurt. Sharing your love is the most expensive thing you will ever do. It can either be the most rewarding effort or it can be the most devastating endeavor. Nobody is happier than a person in love. Nobody is sadder than one whose love has failed. If you invest yourself in someone, and worship, give them your very best, and they respond positively to your love, you will experience unspeakable gratification. If, however, you invest in someone, and give them your very best, and they do NOT respond positively, perhaps they do not respond at all, or they respond negatively, it is likely to be one of the wicca vs christian most painful experiences of ancestor worship, your life.

People who have failed at love often resist the notion of religious, loving again. To the person who has been hurt, love is perceived as the source of their great pain. Rejection is confucian a deadly monster that nobody wants to live with. Loving people sometimes become self-destructive when they feel their love is being spurned. But if you will be a real lover, you must confront the risk of rejection with a belief that love will not always fail. Love may fail with one person, but it will succeed with another. Definition! If the rejection is confucian worship coming from a spouse, then there must be a strong belief that love is still the meaning answer and that persistent love will eventually conquer all. When one person devotedly gives unselfishly to another, if that effort is genuine and well-intended, it is virtually impossible that there will not be a positive result. If you persistently contribute to a person's well-being, the likelihood is that they will eventually become accustomed, if not addicted, to your positive contribution to their lives. If the one who is loved finally recognizes that you are only good for him or her, you have accomplished the real purpose of love. Love is the prerequisite to confucian ancestor endearment.

Love can build a bridge across great divides. Love is more powerful than any other force, because love stands for the best interest. Love will only do good. Love will do no evil. Fiction Definition! Love is the most irresistible force known to ancestor humanity. Loving an in Life Essay adversary is like pouring fiery coals on their resistance. They must eventually respond in some way. Love does only worship good and thereby creates a debt of gratitude. If a person refuses your love, it may be that the reasons are irreparable.

It may be that they have chosen the love of another over your love. People who are in love develop a symbiotic relationship eventually. Each draws life force from the other. There is a mutual support system that emerges. If a person is substantially different from you in their values and lifestyles, they may resist your efforts to love them for the simple reason that they do not want to be engaged with you. They do not want your values or your lifestyles imposing upon their own. In such a case, it is best to abandon the vs christian pursuit. Be not unequally yoked with a person of radically different values or lifestyles.

What is the purpose of love? Love is the desire to enhance another. Worship! God is which of c4h9oh love. Confucian Worship! God is the richard desire to improve the worship universe. He blesses all of creation. He builds, He strengthens, He helps - all the while He is being resisted, rejected and ignored. God loves us. That means He wants to do us good. If we reject Him, it is because we do not want His ways or His lifestyles.

It is isomer because we have deluded ourselves into believing that our way is better than His way. Unfortunately, there is no way to prosper outside the blessing of God. To reject God's love is to worship reject life. If we do not handle love rightly, then everything else will be out of kilter. If our lives are not motivated by love, we are certain to become corrupted, contaminated and diseased by lesser forces. If we do not love our spouses, our children, our families, our fellowman, then we have given ourselves to their demise. The failure to with Down in Life love is a form of abandonment. It says I do not care how you turn out. It says your life is unimportant to me. Confucian Ancestor Worship! It says I am selfish.

I don't want to be involved in your well-being. God requires us to love every man, because in doing so, we become partners with God in Syndrome in Life Essay the saving and redeeming of the human race. When we love our neighbors, we are allied with God in salvaging the human race. When we love our children, we are allied with God in the saving of our children. When we love our spouses, we are allied with God in the saving of our spouse. When we do NOT love others, we place ourselves at ancestor, odds with God.

We are neglecting or destroying what God is trying to build up. We are ignoring a cause that is uppermost in the mind of the writer richard, God. Husbands should love their wives. Confucian Worship! Wives should love their husbands. Parents should love their children and children should love their parents. People who neglect their own under the compound guise of becoming benevolent or humanitarian toward the general public are failing to ancestor worship recognize that love must begin within the stereotype innermost circles of our lives. It is illogical to ancestor worship think that we can help society at large while we are neglecting our most fundamental responsibilities toward our own family and friends. If the circle of love always began at home, the ripple effect would be enormous. Every loving couple is an religious stereotype inspiration to confucian other couples within their circle of influence. Every dysfunctional couple is richard a detriment to their circle of influence - whether it be a detriment to the children of a divorce, or broken family ties, or the ancestor impact on the community at large. It is religious foolish to think that we can show love in the public venue while neglecting love at home without getting caught in our hypocrisy.

Everybody on your job may love your smiley face and your cheery ways, but if you are a monster at home, be sure your sins will find you out. Do you love someone? We should all love one another. We love our families, our friends, our brothers and sisters in the church. How do we best love? Love begins to be expressed when it is formulated in the heart. Love begins with a thought. Love looks at a subject and creates an interest. Worship! Love looks at which compound of c4h9oh, a person and says, I like that person, and I want to be good to him or her.

Love cannot function in an environment of prejudice. You cannot love someone for whom you feel antipathy or aversion or repugnance. Ancestor! You cannot help someone you refuse to understand. Wicca Vs Christian! You cannot help someone you have judged unworthy. You cannot love someone whom you disdain for ancestor worship their appearance. You cannot love someone whom you dislike because of their upbringing. You cannot love someone you resist because of their lack of lobotomy meaning, grooming. You cannot love someone you are jealous of, whether you are jealous of confucian worship, their looks, their financial status, their popularity with others, their education or social standing, or any other reason. It is grossly unjust to limit your love to those with whom you get the best rapport.

You must not limit yourself to loving only definition those who think like you, dress like you, act like you. You must love all people of all kinds in spite of whatever distastes you may experience. What do you do when you love? When you love, you care. You show you care. You think caring thoughts. Confucian Worship! You commit yourself to caring. Religious Stereotype! You refuse to stop caring even if they don't care if you care.

Love dwells where dislike would never go. Ancestor Worship! Love penetrates hostile environments. Love reaches out. Fiction Definition! Love does favors that will never be repaid. Love shows appreciation for things that go unnoticed. Love runs errands. Love expects nothing in confucian ancestor return. Love's reward is to see others prosper. Love seeks not its own, but the good of others. Love makes a man build up his wife. Fiction Definition! A loving man nourishes his wife, as a loving woman nourishes her husband.

Love doesn't condemn or show harshness. Love doesn't seek to worship destroy. Love is kind. Meaning! Love is tender. Ancestor! Love accentuates the positive. Love is not hate. Love does not hate.

Love doesn't put a microscope on your faults; it puts a microscope on your potential. Love forgives faults. Love sometimes turns a blind eye. Of C4h9oh! Love allows space for ancestor improvement. Love tolerates a lot of things that would otherwise be intolerable. Love bears with people that nobody else would bear with. Love gives second chances. Love gives third and fourth chances.

Love leaves the door unlocked and the porch light on. Love will meet a prodigal half-way. Love will give up its own bed. Love will celebrate a victory, even if it is a small one. Love wants it all to work out, and will spend everything to compound make it happen. Love rejoices when others prosper. Love does not demand equal time.

Love does not require equal pay. Love works for free if it has to. Love never gives up. Love clings to confucian worship the ideal. Love persists through all adversity. Love believes in wicca and hopes in things. Love tries really hard. To love is to be like Christ. Not to love is contrary to Christ.

There is confucian ancestor no greater love than to lay down your life for someone else. In your dying, they live. In your forfeiture, they win. In your passing they are sustained. In your deprivation, their needs are met. Which Compound Isomer! In your hunger, they are fed. In your want, they are filled. Love will stay when self-preservation would leave the room.

Others' needs compel love to stay on the job, when otherwise you would quit. Love compels a mother to cook dinner even though they complained about the last meal. Love compels a father to ancestor worship the job even though hostile forces are working against him. Love compels a preacher back to lobotomy meaning the pulpit even though his message has been rejected by 99 out of 100 people who have heard him preach. You can be religious. You can go to church.

You can sing in the choir. You can teach a Sunday School class. But if you don't live by love, you are a sounding brass and a tinkling cymbal. Confucian Ancestor Worship! You can drive a nice car and live in a nice house, but if you don't love others, your life is a selfish disaster just waiting to fiction happen. But if you are a master at love, you will be happy even if life dishes you one trial after another. If you are a loving person - yes, if you are a LOVER - you are what God made you to be. He that loveth not, knoweth not God. If God were only hate, He would have no faithful followers. If God did not love us, we would not have pled His cause through the centuries and millennia. It is the ancestor worship love of God toward us that has endeared Him to us. If He had not loved us while we were unlovable, we would have ignored him as soundly as we have all our other enemies.

But God's love for us is the glue that holds us to Him. Every one of us will eventually pass from this life. When we are gone, everything we have accumulated will be lost. We can't take houses, land, cars, furniture, collections, art, money, or anything else. Wicca! Most of the things we have stored in our attics and garages will probably be thrown away. Our clothes will be given away. Nobody will listen to ancestor worship our CDs or read our books. It won't take long until everything we ever were is compound is an isomer gone and forgotten - with one exception. We will continue to live in ancestor worship the hearts of those we have loved. If we have loved God, we will find ourselves forever in His bosom.

And if we have loved others, we will be remembered fondly forever by those we have loved. If we have failed to love, we leave nothing behind. Daily MINI-LESSONS teach you the entire Bible! I am continually writing new content for this site. Please return often for more material, and tell your friends about www.kenraggio.com , too! And God bless you!

ALL ARTICLES WRITTEN BY KEN RAGGIO, Copyright 1988-2010. Articles may not be republished on the Internet without express permission.

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10 Free Business Plan Templates for Startups. Business plans can seem daunting to someone who has never written one. Ancestor? The business idea itself might be fairly simple to explain, but if you want to apply for a loan, raise investor capital, or simply have a solid, documented direction for your company, you#39;re going to need to write a business plan. Luckily for entrepreneurs, there are templates out there that allow you to plug in compound is an isomer of c4h9oh, all of the information, instead of struggling with formatting and figuring out what you need to include. There are web-based business plan tools, but you may find it easier to use Microsoft Word and PDF-based templates. Here are 10 free templates you can download and worship, use to create your first business plan. [See Related Story: The Dos and Don#39;ts of Writing a Great Business Plan] Bplans.com, known as the authority on richard business plans, offers a free Word business plan template, complete with instructions and a table of confucian ancestor contents. It also offers standard business plan sections such as executive summary, company summary, products and services, market analysis, strategy, management summary, and financial planning. Once you register, you will be able to download the materials and religious stereotype, choose from a wide range of businesses in different industries in which to confucian worship base your plan. Whether your business is online, service-based, or a food establishment, Bplan#39;s Word business plan templates are comprehensive and are a great option for beginners and new business owners. Entrepreneur.com provides business tools, with a collection of vs christian business plans free in PDF, PowerPoint and Word.

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Additional reporting by Sara Angeles and Marci Martin. Editor#39;s note: If you#39;re looking for information to help you with business plan services, use the questionnaire below to have our sister site provide you with information from a variety of vendors for free. Confucian? Jennifer Post graduated from fiction, Rowan University in 2012 with a Bachelor#39;s Degree in confucian worship, Journalism. Having worked in which compound of c4h9oh, the food industry, print and online journalism, and marketing, she is now a freelance contributor for Business News Daily. Ancestor? When she#39;s not working, you will find her exploring her current town of Cape May, NJ or binge watching Pretty Little Liars for the 700th time.

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college essay spoof Literary Terms and Definitions: P. This page is confucian worship under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted September 1, 2017. This list is meant to How Individuals with can Prosper, assist, not intimidate.

Use it as a touchstone for important concepts and ancestor vocabulary that we will cover during the term. Vocabulary terms are listed alphabetically. P TEXT, THE (Also called the P Document ): In biblical scholarship, the common editorial abbreviation for the Priestly Text (see below, or click here for Syndrome Essay more detailed discussion.). PAEAN : Among the earliest Greeks, the word paean signifies a dance and hymn with a specific rhythm which is endued with an absolving and healing power (Burkett 44). In later usage, any song of praise to a deity is called a paean. PALATAL : In linguistics, any sound involving the hard palate--especially the tongue touching or moving toward the ancestor worship, hard palate. PALATAL DIPTHONGIZATION : A sound change in which either the lobotomy meaning, ash or the /e/ sound in Old English words became a diphthong when preceded by confucian worship palatal consonants. For instance, Modern English cheese comes from Old English ciese , which is a cognate of Latin caseus . Scholars can tell the definition, word in Old English must have been adopted after the time of ancestor, palatal diphthongization--otherwise it would have a simple /e/ sound rather than the lobotomy meaning, diphthong /ie/ . Thus, palatal dipthongization is confucian ancestor useful for philologists who wish to date a borrowed word in Old English. PALATALIZATION : In linguistics, the process of making a sound more palatal --i.e., moving the definition, blade of the tongue closer to ancestor worship, the hard palate. PALIMBACCHIU S: Also called an anti-bacchius , this is a three-syllable foot in which the first two syllables are stressed and the third syllable unstressed. It is very rare in English prosody, though Gerard Manley Hopkins and Ezra Pound make occasional use of it.

PALIMPSEST (Grk, rubbed away): A surface such as a piece of parchment or vellum in which one text had been written, but then later became partially or completely erased when a subsequent scribe or bookmarker recycled the page and used a knife or edged tool to How Individuals with Syndrome in Life, scrape away the original surface. This process would remove or fade the original writing sufficiently for the later scribe to write over the older material. It was a very common practice in medieval times since paper was so expensive. Often, modern codicologists can rediscover the original writing by using UV light filters or chemicals to make the erased text visible again. PALINDROME : A word, sentence, or verse that reads the confucian ancestor worship, same way backward or foreward. Certain words in English naturally function as palindromes: for instance, civic , rotor , race car, radar , level and so on. However, when individuals seek to combine several words at once, the result becomes a sort of perverse art. Down Syndrome Essay? Here are some longer English examples culled from confucian worship, J. A. With Syndrome Essay? Cuddon's Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory : Madam, I'm Adam. Confucian? Sir, I'm Iris. Able was I ere I saw Elba. (attributed apocryphally to religious stereotype, Napoleon, who was exiled on confucian ancestor worship Elba, though in historical fact he apparently spoke no English!) A man, a plan, a canal: Panama!

Sex at noon taxes. Lewd did I live evil I did dwel. (anonymous 18th-century gravestone) Straw? No, too stupid a fad; I put soot on warts! Deliver desserts, demanded Nemesis--emended, named, stressed, reviled. T. Eliot, top bard, notes putrid tang emanating, is religious stereotype sad. I'd assign it a name: Gnat dirt upset on drab pot toilet. Confucian Worship? (W. With Syndrome Can Prosper In Life Essay? H. Confucian Worship? Auden) Stop Syrian! I start at rats in airy spots! The tradition goes back a long ways. Richard? Cuddon notes several, including a Greek palindrome inscribed on a vial of holy water in Saint Sophia's church in Constantinople that translates as Wash not only my face, but also my sins . Confucian? A Latin example is the palindrome, In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni which means We [moths] fly in circles by night and we will be consumed in fire. Probably the How Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life, most excessive use of confucian ancestor, palindromes is the 1802 collection by Ambrose Pamperis, in lobotomy meaning which Pamperis writes 416 palindromic verses celebrating Catherine the confucian ancestor worship, Great's military campaigns (See Cuddon 673-74).

PALINODE (Greek: singing again): A poem, song, or section of a poem or song in which the richard, poet renounces or retracts his words in an earlier work. Usually this is meant to apologize or counterbalance earlier material. The first recorded use of the palinode is a lyric written by the Greek author Stesichorus (7th century BCE), in which he retracts his earlier statement claiming that the ancestor worship, Trojan War was entirely Helen's fault. Ovid wrote his Remedia Amoris as a palinode for his scandalous Ars Amatoria --a work that may have caused Caesar Augustus to banish him to the Black Sea. As a theme, the palinode is especially common in religious poetry and love poetry.

The use of the palinode became conventional in How Individuals with Down can Prosper in Life patristic and medieval writings--as evidenced in Augustine, Bede, Giraldus Cambrensis, Jean de Meun, Sir Lewis Clifford, and others. More recent examples of confucian ancestor worship, palinodes include Sir Philip Sidney's Leave me, O love which reachest but to dust. Here, his palinode renounces the poetry of sexual love for that of divine grace. Likewise, Chaucer's Legend of wicca, Good Women includes a palinode in which the author takes back what he said about unfaithful women like Criseyde in Troilus and Criseyde . At the end of the Canterbury Tales , Chaucer goes so far as to confucian, write a retraction for all his secular literature. See also retraction . PANDECT (Grk. pan everything + dektes reciever): A book that purports to richard, contain all possible information on a subject. The term was first used as a title for Emperor Justinian's 50-volume encyclopedia of Roman law. Cf. summa . PANEGYRIC : A speech or poem designed to praise another person or group. Confucian? In ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric, it was one branch of religious, public speaking, with established rules and conventions found in the works of Menander and Hermogenes.

Famous examples include Pliny's eulogy on Emperor Trajan and Isocrates' oration on the Olympic games of 380. PANGLOSSIAN (Grk. pan everything + Lat. Confucian Ancestor Worship? glossare to explain or comment upon): The word is an richard eponym based on the fictional Dr. Pangloss from Voltaire's satire, Candide . Dr. Pangloss is a naively optimistic pedant who upholds the doctrine that all is for the best, and confucian ancestor that we live in lobotomy meaning the best of all possible worlds, claiming that a benevolent deity creates all things for positive purposes, and if we could only decipher cause/effect accurately, we would see this. His arguments are a parody of confucian ancestor, Alexander Pope's claim that Whatever is, is RIGHT. Voltaire uses Pangloss as a straw-man in with Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life Candide , and Voltaire tries to show through the more inane Panglossian arguments that, in fact, the world is a highly flawed place and it does not live up to its ideal possibilities.

PANTHEON (Greek, all the gods): (1) A pantheon is a collective term for confucian worship all the gods believed to exist in a particular religious belief or mythos . Thus, we can talk of the Hittite pantheon, the Greek pantheon, etc. (2) The Pantheon is a great temple in definition Rome dedicated to all the Olympian gods, not to confucian ancestor worship, be confused with the Parthenon , the great temple dedicateSd to the virgin goddess Athena, which is situated on top of the religious, Acropolis in Athens. PANTUN : A verse form from Malaysia. The pantun is a poem of worship, no specific length, composed of quatrains using internal assonance. The rhymes are interlinked much like terza rima in the writer richard wilbur the sense that the second and fourth lines of each stanza become the first and ancestor worship third lines of the following stanza. In the last quatrain, the which compound isomer of c4h9oh, first line of the poem appears again as the last, and the third line as the second, forming a circle for closure. (Alternatively, the poet may end the confucian ancestor, work with a simple couplet). The Writer Richard Wilbur? Ernest Fouinet introduced the genre to French literature in ancestor the 1800s. Victor Hugo, Baudelaire, and Leconte de Lisle later also experimented with it in French verse.

Although rare in fiction English poetry, Austin Dobson used it in his work, In Town . PARABASIS (Greek, stepping forward or going aside): A moment at the end of a Greek tragedy in which the chorus would remove their masks and step forward to address the confucian ancestor worship, audience directly in speech rather than song. With Syndrome Essay? The parabasis usually contained the final thoughts or opinions of the confucian, playwright on fiction some matter of government, theology, or philosophy. The concluding words of the chorus in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex serve as one example. PARABLE (Greek: throwing beside or placing beside): A story or short narrative designed to reveal allegorically some religious principle, moral lesson, psychological reality, or general truth. Confucian Worship? Rather than using abstract discussion, a parable always teaches by comparison with real or literal occurrences--especially homey everyday occurrences a wide number of people can relate to. Fiction? Well-known examples of parables include those found in the synoptic Gospels, such as The Prodigal Son and The Good Samaritan. Ancestor Worship? In some Gospel versions, Christ announces his parables with a conventional phrase, The Kingdom of God is definition like . . . . Confucian Ancestor? Technically speaking, biblical parables were originally examples of a Hebrew genre called meshalim (singular mashal ), a word lacking a close counter-part in Greek, Latin or English. Meshalim in Hebrew refer to mysterious speech, i.e., spiritual riddles or enigmas the speaker couches in story-form. Stereotype? Thus, in Matthew 13:11 and Mark 4:11-12, Christ states that he speaks in parables so that outsiders will not be able to understand his teachings. It is only late in the Greek New Testament that these meshalim are conflated with parables or allegorical readings designed for ease of understanding.

Non-religious works can be parables as well. For example, Melville's Billy Budd demonstrates that absolute good--such as the impressionable, naive young sailor--may not co-exist with absolute evil--the villain Claggart. Cf. Confucian Ancestor? fable , allegory , and symbolism , or click here for fiction a PDF handout discussing the worship, differences between these terms. PARADIGMATIC CHANGE (also called associative change ): In linguistics, these are language changes brought about because a sound or a word was associated with a different sound or word. Algeo provides the following example: PARAGRAPH (Greek, side writing): (1) Originally, a short stroke below the start of which compound is an isomer, a line running horizontally to separate that material from earlier commentary. It was common in confucian Greek manuscripts to show a break in meaning the sense or a change of subject (Cuddon 679). (2) In modern English composition, it is a passage, section or subdivision of ancestor, a longer essay, usually indicated by indenting the first line of the section. Conventionally, a paragraph deals with one particular idea or aspect of a larger subject-matter. For the sake of reader comprehension, the writer typically includes some sort of topic sentence to tie the paragraph together, and definition the writer might also include a transitional sentence before or after the paragraph to smooth the flow of ideas. PARALANGUAGE : The non-verbal features that accompany speech and help convey meaning. For example, facial expression, gesticulation, body stance, and tone can help convey additional meaning to the spoken word; these are all examples of communication through paralanguage.

PARALLELISM : When the writer establishes similar patterns of confucian ancestor worship, grammatical structure and length. For instance, King Alfred tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable. The previous sentence has parallel structure in use of adjectives. In Life Essay? However, the following sentence does not use parallelism: King Alfred tried to make clear laws that had precision and were equitable. If the writer uses two parallel structures, the confucian ancestor, result is isocolon parallelism : The bigger they are, the harder they fall. If there are three structures, it is tricolon parallelism : That government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth. The Writer Richard Wilbur? Or, as one student wrote, Her purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confucian ancestor worship, startle the complacent. Shakespeare used this device to the writer richard wilbur, good effect in worship Richard II when King Richard laments his unfortunate position: PARATAXIS : Rhetorically juxtaposing two or more clauses or prepositions together in lobotomy strings or with few or no connecting conjunctions or without indicating their relationship to each other in terms of co-ordination or subordination; i.e. a loose association of clauses as opposed to hypotaxis . A common form of parataxis is ancestor worship asyndeton , in which expected conjunctions fail to which is an, appear for artistic reasons.

For example, Shipley points out how the Roman playwright Terence writes tacent; satis laudant (they are silent; that is praise enough). Worship? The normal structure with a conjunction would be tacent, et satis laudant (they are silent; and that is praise enough.) See Shipley 422-23 for this discussion and a comparison among Greek and Latin and English writers. Religious? Modern paratactic style is typically short and simple--like Hemingway's writing. PARATEXT (also French peritext ): In Gérard Genette's work, Paratext: Thresholds of Interpretation , Genette introduces the idea of paratext, i.e., anything external to the text itself that influences the way we read a text. Ancestor Worship? These paratexts can be almost infinite in number, but they might include a list of other works the author has published on the front cover of a book, the gender of the the writer wilbur, author as indicated by his or her name, reviews written about the book, and editorial commentary about the work. For example, suppose the text we are reading is a fictional story about a European woman who falls in love with a Persian graduate student. That Persian student is later viciously murdered by the European woman's xenophobic father. If we see the author's name is Susan Jones we might interpret the text differently than if we saw the author's name was Achmed bin Jaffah, for instance. If the same author wrote a number of murder mysteries, we might be especially prone to read this new text as influenced by confucian ancestor worship that early genre work, or even expect the current text to be (rightly or wrongly) yet another murder mystery. Compound Of C4h9oh? If we read a review calling attention to the theme of lust in ancestor a work, we might experience the book differently than if we had read a different review focusing on the theme of intolerance. All of these external cues, however, are not actually in vs christian the narrative itself we are reading.

Thus, they are paratextual. A New Critic from the ancestor worship, 1930s would probably argue that all paratexts are irrelevant to determining the meaning of literary art, and the paratextual should be ignored accordingly. Genette might counter that such paratexts inescapably influence our interpretation, so it would be appropriate to identify and discuss them rather than try to sweep them away. PARCHMENT : Goatskin or sheepskin used as a writing surface--the medieval equivalent of paper. A technical distinction is usually made between parchment and vellum , which is made from the hide of wicca, young calves.

As Michelle P. Brown notes in Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts , the process for creating vellum or parchment is quite complicated: To produce parchment or vellum, the animal skins were defleshed in a bath of lime, stretched on a frame, and scraped with a lunular knife while damp. they could then be treated with pumice, whitened with a substance such as chalk, and cut to size. Differences in preparation technique seem to have occasioned greater diversity in appearance than did the type of confucian worship, skin pused. Parchment supplanted papyrus as the most popular writing support material in the fourth century, although it was known earlier. Parchment was itself largely replaced by paper in the sixteenth century (with the rise of printing) but remained in use for certain high-grade books. (95) PARDONER : An individual licensed by the medieval church to lobotomy meaning, sell papal indulgences (i.e., pardons), official documents excusing the recipient from certain acts of penitence and alleviating the sinner's punishment while in purgatory . Confucian? The Catholic Encyclopedia defines an Syndrome Essay indulgence as the extra-sacramental remission of the confucian ancestor worship, temporal punishment due to a sinner. Protestant students might wish to peruse the Catholic Encyclopedia's discussion of indulgences to avoid common misconceptions and distortions.

The practice of selling these pardons as a means of fund-raising for the church or as a means of rewarding those who offered the church some service rose in prominence after the How Individuals with Syndrome in Life Essay, council of Clermont in 1095. There, Pope Urban II announced sweeping indulgences would be given to any individuals willing to go on Crusade. By the fourteenth century, the practice had developed extensively, and pardoners were lay officials authorized by the pope to sell indulgences in exchange for financial donations. Ecclesiastical abuses become commonplace problems. These abuses included unauthorized sales, the sale of forged pardons, extortion, and deliberate misrepresentation of the scope of an indulgence (i.e., treating the indulgence as a get-out-of-hell-free card).

Chaucer's Pardoner in confucian ancestor worship The Canterbury Tales represents the worst excesses of the writer wilbur, pardoners during this period. PARDONS : Another term for confucian papal indulgences. Which Compound Isomer? See discussion under pardoner . PARNASSIAN POETS : An aestheticist, mid-19th-century, Russian and French school of poets that advocated art for its own sake and emphasized sensual and vivid imagery divorced from emotional content (Harkins 275). Confucian Ancestor? The term Parnassian refers to vs christian, Mount Parnassus in Greece. The toponymic name alludes to the way they often adopted themes from classical Greek mythology and philosophy (275). PARODOS : In Greek tragedy, the ceremonial entrance of the chorus. Usually the chorus at this time chants a lyric relating to confucian, the main theme of the play. PARODY (Greek: beside, subsidiary, or mock song): A parody imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of which isomer of c4h9oh, those same features. Confucian Ancestor Worship? The humorist achieves parody by exaggerating certain traits common to How Individuals with Down can Prosper in Life, the work, much as a caricaturist creates a humorous depiction of a person by magnifying and worship calling attention to the person's most noticeable features. Lobotomy Meaning? The term parody is often used synonymously with the ancestor, more general term spoof , which makes fun of the general traits of Down Syndrome can Prosper in Life, a genre rather than one particular work or author.

Often the subject-matter of a parody is comically inappropriate, such as using the elaborate, formal diction of an epic to describe something trivial like washing socks or cleaning a dusty attic. Aristotle attributes the first Greek parody to Hegemon of Thasos in The Poetics , though other writings credit the playwright Hipponax with the ancestor, first creation of theatrical parody. Aristophanes makes use of parody in The Frogs (in which he mocks the style of Euripides and Aeschylus). Plato also caricatures the style of various writers in the Symposium . Definition? In the Middle Ages, the first well-known English parody is ancestor Chaucer's Sir Thopas, and Chaucer is himself the basis of with Syndrome can Prosper Essay, parodies written by Alexander Pope and W. Confucian Ancestor Worship? W. Skeat. Cervantes creates a parody of stereotype, medieval romance in Don Quixote . Rabelais creates parodies of similar material in Gargantua and Pantagruel. Erasmus parodies medieval scholastic writings in Moriae Encomium . In Shamela (1741), Henry Fielding makes a parody of Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela by turning the virtuous serving girl into a spirited and sexually ambitious character who merely uses coyness and false chasteness as a tool for snagging a husband. In Joseph Andrews (1742), Henry Fielding again parodies Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela , this time by replacing Richardson's sexually beleaguered heroine, Pamela, with a hearty male hero who must defend his virtue from the sexually voracious Lady Booby. In the Romantic period, Southey, Wordsworth, Browning, and Swinburne were the victims of far too many parodies in far too many works to list here.

See also mock epic , satire , and spoof . PAROLE (French, speech): In Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of semiology, parole is the ancestor, use of language--i.e., manifestations of actual speech and writing. Fiction Definition? Parole contrasts with langue , the invisible underlying system of language that makes parole possible. PARONOMASIA : The technical Greek term for what English-speakers commonly refer to as a pun. Worship? See extended discussion under pun , below. PART (Latin partum , a piece): An actor's role in a play, the isomer, character the actor portrays or pretends to be. The term comes from Renaissance drama. Since it was too expensive in Shakespeare's day to print playbooks for every single actor involved in a play, penny-pinching acting companies would only give each actor a roll of paper called a part; the part would list the dialogue for one character and confucian ancestor all the cues belonging to meaning, that character (Greenblatt 1140).

The term role , synonymous with part, is similarly derived from confucian ancestor, such rolls of paper ( ibidem ). PARTIYNOST (Russian, Party-Spirit): In Communist Russian, the requirement that literature must identify and be compatible with the methods and goals of the dominent political party, as Lenin advocated (Harkins 275). Any other literature, according to the Communist Russian censors, was merely bourgeois decadence in art (275). PARTITIVE : One of several possible numbering systems in a language's grammar. Vs Christian? For a discussion of partitives, see multiplicatives . PARTS OF SPEECH : The traditional eight divisions or categories for words as described by the Latin grammarian Aelius Donatus around 350 CE, which he is turn borrowed from earlier Greek categories.

In English, these are slightly modified: English Parts of Speech: Interjections are usually treated as a separate category from the other parts of speech. Donatus' Latin Parts of Speech : PARTIBLE SUCCESSION : The opposite of primogeniture , partible succession is the practice in which all the children share equally in an inheritance. Under this legal system, if a property-owner or king dies, the confucian, deceased's lands, money, or kingdom would be split into equal shares for each surviving child. While this policy is in some ways more fair than primogeniture, in richard which eldest child takes all, it does result in the fragmentation of estates or sometimes entire kingdoms. In the late medieval period, primogeniture was the common practice in much of Europe and Britain, but in the early dark ages, partible succession was notoriously common among some Celtic tribes in England and the Merovingian and Frankish tribes of France and confucian Germany.

This practice is behind King Lear's sycophantic games in vs christian the first act of confucian ancestor worship, King Lear , as the play is set in ancient Celtic times, though the subplot about Edgar involves the much later later practice of primogeniture. PASSUS (Latin, step): William Langland uses the term passus to refer to each numbered subdivision of his poem, The Vision of Piers Plowman . Isomer Of C4h9oh? The idea is each section is a step toward salvation or spiritual truth. Cf. canto and fit . PASTORAL (Latin pastor , shepherd): An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealized shepherds' lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. Ancestor Worship? More generally, pastoral describes the which compound isomer, simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in confucian ancestor worship nature-centered activities. The Greek Theocritus (316-260 BCE) first used the convention in his Idylls , though pastoral compositions also appear in Roman literature, in Shakespeare's plays, and in the writings of the How Individuals with Down Syndrome can Prosper Essay, Romantic poets. Typically, pastoral liturgy depicts beautiful scenery, carefree shepherds, seductive nymphs, and rural songs and dances. Ancestor? Conventional names for the shepherds and the writer wilbur nymphs come from worship, bastardized Latin nicknames such as Mopsy, Flopsy, and Dorcas (from Mopsius , Doricas , etc.). The Writer Richard Wilbur? See also pastoral elegy under elegy . PATHETIC FALLACY : A type of often accidental or awkward personification in confucian ancestor worship which a writer ascribes the human feelings of his or her characters to which is an, inanimate objects or non-human phenomena surrounding them in the natural world.

J. A. Cuddon (692) notes the phrase first appears in worship John Ruskin's Modern Painters , Volume 3, Part IV, an 1856 publication. For Ruskin, the term is derogatory. An example might be Coleridge's Christabel , in which we read of a dancing autumn leaf: The one red leaf, the last of its clan. That dances as often as dance it can. For Ruskin, only the greatest of isomer of c4h9oh, poets can get away with it. Aside from the negative connotations, the term is confucian more or less synonymous with personification . PATHOS (Greek, emotion): In its rhetorical sense, pathos is a writer or speaker's attempt to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience--usually a deep feeling of suffering, but sometimes joy, pride, anger, humor, patriotism, or any of fiction definition, a dozen other emotions. You can read more about rhetorical uses for worship pathos here. In its critical sense, pathos signifies a scene or passage designed to evoke the feeling of pity or sympathetic sorrow in a reader or viewer.

PATRISTIC PERIOD (from Latin Pater , father): The time of the church fathers, i.e., the time of the early Church and the Church's first theologians, running through the last days of the apostles through the time of meaning, Saint Augustine's conversion and Saint Jerome's compilation of the Bible in the fourth and fifth centuries after Christ. The patristic period appears on the tail-end of the Classical Roman Period, and confucian ancestor worship it marks the beginning of the Medieval Period. Click here to which compound is an isomer of c4h9oh, download a PDF handout that puts these periods in chronological order. PATROLOGIA GRAECA : See discussion under Patrologia Latina , below. PATROLOGIA LATINA : A famous (or perhaps in famous) scholarly collection of 228+ fat volumes of biblical and theological commentary that has been both a boon and bane to ancestor worship, twentieth-century medieval scholarship.

The Patrologia Graeca reproduces a series of Greek writings from the patristic and medieval Christian writers, while the Patrologia Latina covers the same sort of material in Latin sources. These works are often not available in can Prosper Essay print in any other texts. This collection, known familiarly as the PL or the Migne (after one of its French editors), includes vast quantities of theological interpretations, Biblical exegesis, typological and anti-typological discussion, medieval treatises on hagiography , medieval medicine, lapidary lore, and oodles of relevant materials necessary for students seeking to understand the medieval world and medieval literature. Unfortunately, the ancestor worship, material is all in Latin, with facing French translations, which makes it less useful for English-speakers hindered by linguistic inabilities. Additionally, a series of editors compiled the volumes of the PL and they did not follow the same system of cataloging and organization as their predecessors. The result is How Individuals Syndrome can Prosper in Life Essay a confusing mishmash that requires four volumes of ancestor worship, indices and an additional index to the indices. Four generations of scholars have blessed the PL as an fiction astonishing and confucian ancestor worship ambitious collection of medieval lore, while simultaneously cursing it as a devilish, misorganized amalgam riddled with errors, typos, and blunders in pagination. The PL is being displaced from its throne by religious stereotype the Corpus Christianorum , an confucian electronic collection superseding the fiction, older half-edited material. However, major research libraries at this time are more likely to have an old, dusty set of shelves devoted to the PL than to have an expensive, computerized copy of the Corpus Christianorum . For a student of medieval literature who can speak Latin, the best starting spot is the index to the indices, and from there work one's way backward.

If any readers find a library that is about to throw away or sell its copies of the PL, please contact me at kwheeler@cn.edu. Confucian? I would like to have a copy myself, provided I can find a room large enough to store all 228 of these books. PATRONAGE (from Latin pater , father): The act of giving financial or political support to fiction, an artist. A person who provides financial support for ancestor an artist is which of c4h9oh known as a patron regardless of confucian ancestor, his or her gender. Sometimes patrons might seek to glorify their families or their countries. For instance, the Emperor Augustus was a patron for Virgil. Virgil wrote The Aeneid with the deliberate goal of rousing Roman patriotism for the Augustan regime.

Patronage was also a common way for aristocrats or wealthy merchants to flaunt their wealth and simultaneously give something of value to their community. The De Medici family in Florence, for instance, provided patronage to famous Italian sculptors, poets, architects, and painters. In England, John of wicca, Gaunt and Richard II both served as patrons for confucian ancestor Chaucer at various points in fiction definition his career. Many literary works are dedicated to a patron. For instance, Shakespeare's early printed anthologies of sonnets are dedicated to a mysterious patron, W. H. Confucian Ancestor? In Renaissance drama, acting companies were required to have an fiction definition important noble or royal family member as a patron, for actors not in confucian ancestor the service of such illustrious individuals were punishable as vagabonds and tramps. Authorized acting companies were thus referred to as their patrons' Men or Servants. For most of fiction, Shakespeare's dramatic career, his acting company was first known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men. After Queen Elizabeth died, the name was changed to the King's Men in 1603, when King James I ascended the confucian worship, throne and took up patronage of the company. PEACE-WEAVER : In Anglo-Saxon culture, a woman who is married to a member of an enemy tribe to wicca vs christian, establish a peace-treaty or end a blood-feud without paying wergild . This was a vital role for women in Anglo-Saxon custom--but probably also a stressful and dangerous responsibility. Confucian Worship? Hildeburh and Freawaru in Beowulf and meaning the speaker of The Wife's Lament are probably examples of characters in confucian ancestor worship Old English literature who are peace-weavers. PEASANTS' REVOLT : Also known as Wat Tyler's Rebellion , this uprising occurred in 1387 when lower-class Londoners and workers from the surrounding areas, fed up with repressive government measures such as the Labor Statutes of 1351, marched on London and incinerated the Savoy palace belonging to John of Gaunt and damaged property belonging to other noblemen, appealing directly to the young king, Richard II, for his intervention.

The rebels burned unfavorable contracts and records of debt. They also lynched a number of competing foreign workers from Flanders along with government officials whom they blamed for their economic woes. According to legend, they chanted, When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? (i.e., when Adam and meaning Eve first existed, who was an aristocrat?) The revolt is ancestor commonly associated with Lollards, with John Ball's proto-communist doctrines, and religious with other disruptive religious groups in England. At the time of their march on London, they passed directly beneath Chaucer's residence. References to confucian worship, this rebellion appear directly or obliquely in several Middle English writers' works, including Gower and Langland. PEER-REVIEWED JOURNAL : Also called a refereed journal , a juried publication , a scholarly journal , or a critical journal , a peer-reviewed journal is a periodical publication with strict standards for accuracy and clear thinking. Only peer-reviewed journals are considered suitable sources for academic research by college students.

Most are published two to four times a year. These publications are held in such high esteem because, when an article is submitted for publication, it is passed on to two or three other experts in richard wilbur the field; they in turn critique the author's thinking and check the article's claims and facts to confucian worship, make sure it is wilbur as accurate as possible and worship (theoretically) free from distorting political, religious, ideological bias; citation errors; logical fallacies; and lobotomy meaning misattributions. Worship? This contrasts with a book, in which only a copy-editor or two will check for typos, but nobody challenges the author's ideas, and it contrasts even more starkly with a web page like this one, in which no official structure is consistently available to ensure scholarly accuracy let alone find all the richard, typos. Good college students learn to confucian, use peer-reviewed journals; they do not rely on wicca vs christian Google and web-browsing for their primary information. Some of the most important peer-reviewed journals for medieval literature students in English include The Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies , Medievalia et Humanistica , Medium Aevum , Arthuriana, Medieval Studies , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , the PMLA , Philological Quarterly , Reading Medieval Studies , Speculum , Chaucer Review , and Studies in ancestor worship the Age of richard wilbur, Chaucer . Confucian Ancestor Worship? The tell-tale signs of a scholarly journal are its typically copious footnotes, the absence of advertisements or glossy photographs, often its plain, unadorned cover, its guidelines in the back or front for scholarly submissions, and religious stereotype its pages, which are typically on expensive acid-free paper to ensure archival survival. Often libraries do have these journals available in electronic databases (such as JSTOR) that can be searched as easily and as efficiently as webpages, so students have no excuse for not using them. If you need help, contact your teacher or a reference librarian.

Bribe this helper with chocolate. PEJORATION : A semantic change in confucian which a word gains increasingly negative connotation. For instance, the word lewd originally referred to laymen as opposed to priests. It underwent pejoration to mean ignorant, then base and finally obscene, which is the only surviving meaning in Modern English usage. The opposite of pejoration is amelioration , in which a word gains increasingly positive connotation.

Note that some older sources follow the Latin etymology, and thus spell the word peioration, and pronounce the word pee-yore-a-shun, but increasingly modern dictionaries use a j and pronounce the letter consonantally. PEN NAME : Another term for nom de plum e . The word indicates a fictitious name that a writer employs to conceal his or her identity. For example, Samuel Clemens used the meaning, pen name Mark Twain. William Sydney Porter wrote his short stories under the pen name O. Henry. Worship? Mary Ann Cross used the pen name George Eliot to hide that she was a female writer, just as science-fiction writer Alice Bradley Sheldon used the pen name James Tiptree, Junior. Is An Of C4h9oh? C.S.

Lewis used the pen name N.W. (Anglo-Saxon, Nat Whilk, or I know not whom) in some writings, including the ancestor, first edition of A Grief Observed , and then played upon that by quoting the medieval authority Natvilcius in Perelandra (Duriez 147). Likewise, Ben Franklin used a variety of pen names such as Silence Do-good, Jonathan Swift once used the name Lemuel Gulliver, and so on. Writers might choose to use a pen name as a way to meaning, keep a certain name associated with certain types of work, so that a writer might use one name for worship westerns and religious stereotype another name for ancestor science fiction novels. Other authors might seek to hide their identity to avoid negative repercussions (such as hate-mail, imprisonment, lynch-mobs, or even execution--all of these misfortunes can and wicca vs christian do occur to confucian worship, authors, especially those writing in totalitarian regimes). PENNY DREADFUL : A sensational novel of crime, adventure, violence, or horror. The term is an English archaism referring to cheaply printed books bound in paper at only a few pennies' cost.

English schoolboys also called them bloods, apparently in reference to the writer wilbur, the violent content. The equivalent term in American slang is worship dime-novel, again referring to the cheap price, or pulp fiction, referring to the cheap wood-pulp pressed to make the paper. My personal favorite penny dreadful from religious stereotype, pre-1800 writing is Varney the ancestor worship, Vampire: Or, The Feast of Blood! The title gives some indication of the content. See also dime novel . PENTAMETER : When poetry consists of five feet in each line, it is written in pentameter . Each foot has a set number of lobotomy meaning, syllables. Iambs, spondees, and trochees are feet consisting of two syllables.

Thus, iambic pentameter, spondaic pentameter, and trochaic pentameter lines would have a total of confucian, ten syllables. Fiction? Anapests and dactyls are feet consisting of three syllables. Thus, anapestic pentameter and dactylic pentameter lines (if such lines were common) would have a total of fifteen syllables. See foot and meter . You can click here to download a handout discussing meter in greater detail. PENTATEUCH : The first five books of the Hebrew Bible--i.e., Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. PEREVAL (Russian, The Pass): A group of Russian writers led by the critic Voronsk in 1923 and worship associated with the wicca vs christian, journal Red Virgin Soil (Harkins 279). This group of confucian ancestor, writers opposed the concept of enforced proletarian literature and the oppression of Communist conformity on writers--but the Russian authorities dissolved the group in compound 1932 and forced its members to merge with the Union of ancestor, Soviet Writers (Harkins 279-80). PERFECT RHYME : Another term for exact rhyme or true rhyme. See exact rhyme . PERFECTING : In the Renaissance printing industry, the definition, term perfecting refered to printing on the second side of confucian ancestor, a sheet of paper after the first side of with Down Syndrome Essay, that sheet had already been printed to confucian ancestor, make a double-sided copy.

In the stereotype, 1500s, printers would typically do the recto side of the sheet in the morning and the verso side in the afternoon or evening. By the 1700s, it became common to use two presses consecutively--one side done on confucian worship the first press and which compound of c4h9oh the other side done on the second press. PERICOPE (Grk, section; the last two syllables rhyme with dopey): (1) In biblical studies, a story, brief passage, or selection from gospel narrative or passage found embedded inside another story, narrative, or passage. (2) Passages of gospel text inserted at the head of a homily or sermon in confucian medieval texts. See frame narrative . PERIPHRASIS (Grk. roundabout speech): The act of intentional circumlocution, expressing a short idea with many more words than is absolutely necessary, or expressing indirectly an idea that one could express briefly and simply. J.A. Cuddon cites an example the sentence, Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience, instead of her nose was blocked (701).

While writers after the modern period have generally considered concision and directness admirable traits in style, some rhetorical situations may call for periphrasis. For example, writers may use periphrasis in order to avoid breaking a social taboo, in which case the periphrasis fulfills the fiction definition, same purpose as a euphemism . E.g., one might write he went to confucian, his final rest instead of he died, which is both periphrasis and a euphemism. In the 18th century, periphrasis was often considered valuable for its own sake as a means of displaying a writer's erudition or facility with language, so such writings of the time might refer to the scaly breed for reptiles or the feathered kind for birds in How Individuals Down in Life a manner akin to Germanic kennings (Shipley 429). If a writer or speaker uses periphrasis with the deliberate goal of tricking, misleading, or confusing the audience, that act is called ambage . If periphrasis appears to have no purpose, or appears awkward and unsuitable, or detracts from the impact of the writing, rhetoricians refer to it as perisologia , a stylistic blemish. If the blemish originates in unnecessary repetition, the fault is called macrologia . An example of macrologia would be they returned home into worship, their own country from whence they had come (Shipley 365). This sentence would be briefer as they returned home. A sample passage of periphrasis is called a periphrase , not to lobotomy, be confused with the honophone paraphrase (Shipley 429). PERIODIC ESSAY : The forefather of modern periodicals like magazines and literary journals, these publications contained essays appearing at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly, and so on). The subject-matter varied from current events, literary criticism, social commentary, fashion, geographic and architectural features of London, childhood memories, and ancestor whatever other reverie entered the author's head. Which Is An? The essays often began with a Latin epigraph as a rhetorical flourish illustrating the good taste and education of the gentleman author, a practice that has fallen out of favor in more fiercely democratic and egalitarian times.

The first literary periodicals were French. They included Journals des Scavans (1665). Italian ones followed such as Giornale de Letterati (1668). English imitators included Mercurius Librarius (1668), the Athenian Mercury (1690), and the Gentleman's Journal (1692). The early 1700s was a time when the English periodic essay flourished in confucian worship particular. The Writer? This time was especially important in the development of the confucian worship, modern periodical and in the growing acceptance of the essay as a valid genre . Writers like Defoe, Addison, Steele, and Boswell either contributed frequently to these magazines or edited and produced their own.

The Tatler (1709), the compound, Spectator (1711), and confucian ancestor the Guardian (1731), all established by Down Syndrome can Prosper Addison and Steele, became profoundly influential in shaping the writing habits and confucian ancestor worship publication customs of the modern world. Most of these publications ran for vs christian only two or three years before vanishing, but some lasted for decades. The Gentleman's Magazine first came out in 1731 and the last issue appeared in 1907, for instance, and the Quarterly Review (1809) was still being published as of 1991, when I last subscribed. PERIODIC SENTENCE : A long sentence that is not grammatically complete (and hence not intelligible to the reader ) until the reader reaches the final portion of the sentence. An example is this sentence by Bret Harte: The most common type of periodic sentence involves a long phrase in confucian ancestor which the verb falls at How Individuals Down in Life, the very end of the sentence after the direct object, indirect object and other grammatical necessities.

For example, For the queen, the lover, pleading always at ancestor, the heart's door, patiently waits. In a non-periodic sentence , we would normally write, Always pleading at the heart's door, the lover waits patiently for the queen. The non-periodic sentence is clearer in English. It tends to follow the subject-verb-object pattern we are accustomed to. The periodic sentence is more exotic and lobotomy meaning arguably more poetic, but initially confusing. Periodic structure is particularly effective in synthetic languages (i.e. languages in which meaning does not depend on the order of confucian ancestor, words).

In such languages, a periodic sentence creates suspense or tension in a reader eagerly awaiting the outcome of a grammatical action. With Syndrome In Life? In classical Latin or Greek, periodic sentences were accordingly considered the height of dramatic style. In English, however, the result can become confusing or comic if the writer loses control, as evidenced in the work of Victorian novelist George Bulwer-Lytton, which has been much mocked by modern readers. Milton's employs a periodic style in Paradise Lost because he seeks boldly to imitate the features of a classical epic --including the very grammatical structure of the original Latin and confucian ancestor Greek works he loves and emulates. Compare to fiction, anastrophe . PERIODIC STYLE : A style of writing in which the confucian ancestor worship, sentences tend to be periodic. See discussion under periodic sentence , above. Periodic style in English is usually considered indirect or artificially artsy in comparison with the with Down Syndrome, more straight-forward non-periodic style . PERIODIZATION : The division of literature into chronological categories of confucian, historical period or time as opposed to the categorization of literature according to genre , i.e., categories based on conventional features shared between works of religious stereotype, similar type. For instance, if I were organizing my bookshelf, and I placed all the books from the early 1800s on one shelf, and all the books written in the Victorian period on confucian ancestor worship the next shelf, and all the twentieth-century books on fiction the last shelf, I have organized my literature by periodization . Ancestor Worship? If, however, I placed all the books containing tragic drama together on vs christian one shelf, ands placed all my Western novels on another shelf, and put all the poetry collections on the last shelf, I have organized my books according to genre . (Other possible organizing principles might be alphabetical or thematic.) Periodization is not always clear. Worship? A particular author's life span might overlap with both the Victorian period and richard wilbur the twentieth century, for instance. Other periods--such as the confucian, postmodern and modern periods--have no clearly defined ending or beginning point.

Still, the intellectual exercise can be useful for thinking about how particular literary artists fit (or don't fit) into an era and for thinking about the zeitgeist or spirit-of-the-age in richard wilbur which they live. PERIODS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE : The common historical eras scholars use to divide literature into comprehensible sections through periodization . Dividing literature into these sometimes arbitrary periods allows us to better compare and ancestor contrast the writing, poetry, and drama produced in different ages, to more easily trace chains of influence from definition, one writer to confucian ancestor worship, another, and to appreciate more readily the connection between historical events and religious intellectual trends. A few common divisions include the following: the Anglo-Saxon period, Middle English period, Renaissance period, Restoration period, Neoclassical period, Romantic period, Victorian period, Modern period , and Postmodern period. No universally accepted scheme exists for the divisions. For instance, some editors or anthologists might lump both the Anglo-Saxon and confucian ancestor Middle English periods together as the Medieval period. Another might subdivide the the writer richard, Renaissance into the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods, and so on. Click here for a PDF handout listing the periods in more detail. PERIPETEIA (Also spelled peripetea , Greek for ancestor sudden change): The sudden reversal of fortune in religious a story, play, or any narrative in which there is an observable change in direction. In tragedy, this is often a change from stability and happiness toward the destruction or downfall of the protagonist. PERIPETY : Another term for peripeteia . See above.

The word was particularly common in older English writing. PERPETUUM CARMEN (Latin, continuous song): Ovid's twist on Callimachus' sarcastic description for his literary adversaries' work. Originally, in Callimachus' use, Callimachus applies the term to lengthy narrative poetry done poorly, as opposed to Callimachus' own work, which focuses on brief, short narratives (see Feeney xxiv). Ovid, however, takes the term and applies it paradoxically to his own work, which involves a number of short narratives worked into confucian worship, a single, lengthy, epic-length work. PERSONA (Plural, personae or personas ; Latin,mask): An external representation of oneself which might or might not accurately reflect one's inner self, or an external representation of wicca, oneself that might be largely accurate, but involves exaggerating certain characteristics and minimizing others. One of the most famous personae is that of the speaker in Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal.

Here, the Irish author Swift, outraged over Britain's economic exploitation of Ireland, creates a speaker who is a well-to-do English intellectual, getting on confucian worship in years, who advocates raising and eating Irish children as a means of economic advancement. Wicca? Another famous persona is Geoffrey Chaucer's narrator in ancestor worship The Canterbury Tales , who presents himself as poetically inept and somewhat dull. Contrast with alter ego and poetic speaker . PERSONAL ENDING : In linguistics and is an isomer grammar, a verb inflection that shows if the subject is first person, second person, or third person. PERSONIFICATION : A trope in which abstractions, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are given human character, traits, abilities, or reactions. Personification is particularly common in poetry, but it appears in nearly all types of artful writing. Examples include Keat's treatment of the vase in Ode on a Grecian Urn, in which the urn is ancestor worship treated as a sylvan historian, who canst thus express / A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme, or Sylvia Plath's The Moon and the Yew Tree, in which the moon is a face in its own right, / White as a knuckle and terribly upset. / It drags the sea after it like a dark crime. When discussing the ways that animistic religions personify natural forces with human qualities, scientists refer to this process as anthropomorphizing , sometimes with derogatory overtones.

A special sub-type of personification is prosopopoeia , in which an inanimate object is given the ability of How Individuals Down can Prosper in Life Essay, human speech. Apostrophe (not to be confused with the punctuation mark) is a special type of personification in confucian ancestor worship which a speaker in a poem or rhetorical work pauses to address some abstraction that is not physically present in the room. See also prosopopoeia , apostrophe therianthropic , and theriomorphic . PETRARCHAN CONCEIT : A conceit used by the Italian poet Petrarch or similar to those he used. In the Renaissance, English poets were quite taken with Petrarch's conceits and Syndrome can Prosper in Life recycled them in their own poetry. Examples include comparing eyes to the stars or sun, hair to golden wires, lips to cherries, women to goddesses, and so on. His oxymora , such as freezing fire or burning ice, were also common. PETRASHEVSKI CIRCLE (aka Petrashevski Conspiracy ): A secret society of Russian Utopian socialists who formed in confucian worship 1845 and met at the home of M. B. Butashevich-Petrashevski to read illegal socialist literature, including among its members the author Dostoyevski and wicca the poet Pleschcheyev (Harkins 287).

In 1849, Czar Nicholas I had the circle arrested and staged a mock drama and execution--only revealing at confucian, the last moment the group had been issued a reprieve. Instead of execution, the members of the group were sentenced to exile in Siberia or military service (287). PETRINE DOCTRINE : Roman Catholics (and pretty much all medieval Christians in western Europe) have traditionally believed the Petrine doctrine . The Petrine doctrine is the belief that Saint Peter was given special authority by Christ that has since passed on to each Pope. In the Gospel narratives, Matthew 16:18-19, Christ states, You are Peter [ petrus ], the Rock [ petros ], and on this rock I will build my church, and definition the gates of hell will not prevail against it. Ancestor Worship? To you I will give the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven. How Individuals Syndrome Can Prosper? What you bind on confucian earth shall be bound in heaven, and what you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. (A similar verse is How Individuals with Down can Prosper Essay found in confucian ancestor John 21:15-17.) Medieval and modern Catholics believed the meaning, Archbishop of Rome (i.e., the Pope) was in direct apostolic lineage back to Saint Peter. Confucian Ancestor Worship? That means the Archbishop who anointed the Pope had been annointed by others all the way back to Saint Peter.

Thus, the Pope inherited the same special authority Saint Peter had. The Orthodox Greek church did not share this belief. They thought of the Pope as being the first among equals, an archbishop like any other. Religious Stereotype? He did not have authority to command the whole church. Confucian? The two halves of the medieval church in the West and the East argued about this, but that was the sum of the dispute for several centuries. The differences between the two halves of the old Roman empire was exacerbated by the differences in language as well (Western Europe spoke Latin, but the Eastern half of the empire spoke Greek.) See also schism . PHALLIC (from Greek phallos , penis): A phallic symbol or phallus is a sexualized representation of religious stereotype, male potency, power, or domination--particularly through some object vaguely reminiscent of the confucian, penis. Common phallic symbols include sticks, staves, swords, clubs, towers, trees, missiles, and rockets. Definition? Contrast with a yonic symbol. See also herm . PHANOPOEIA : Ezra Pound's term for one of three techniques to create charged language. In this case, phanopoeia is a word that creates visual imagery, or as Pound states, You use a word to throw a visual image on to the reader's imagination (37).

See also melopoeia and logopoeia. PHATIC COMMUNICATION : Exchanges or conversation designed primarily not to transmit information, but rather to reinforce social bonds, signal the beginning or end of a conversation, or engage in ancestor worship ritual activities. For instance, if we pass a stranger in the hallway and say, Hi, howya doing? and pass on after a nod, the linguistic exchange was not an actual request for data, but merely a politeness acknowledging the other's presence. Similarly, thanks for stopping by or you're welcome, come again are all social lubricants to ease the transition to and from fiction, ritual activity rather than attempts at factual communication. Phatic communication is the term for ancestor this phenomenon. PHILOLOGY (Greek, Love of words): Not to be confused with philosophy (see below), philology was an important but now somewhat dated field of study in the 19th and early 20th century. It covered the topics of literary studies, linguistics, folklore, and mythology. Philologists were the ones who reconstructed proto-Indo-European, developed comparative mythology, deciphered the the writer richard, relationships between modern languages, and compiled records of regional folklore, fairy tales, and mythology before they vanished into modernity. This large and unwieldy field eventually split apart and become the academic fields we know today as separate entities (i.e., the distinct degrees of literature, lingustics, folklore, and so forth).

Few colleges offer degrees in philology today (Oxford being a notable exception), but in the first half of the twentieth century, J.R.R. Tolkien was the primary philologist in the Inklings , which sometimes became a source of tension. C. S. Lewis apparently distrusted philology's obsession with source texts, and in his diary, when Lewis first met Tolkien, Lewis wrote, he [Tolkien] is a philologist. No harm in confucian worship him: only needs a good smack or two. PHILOSOPHY (Greek, Love of wisdom): The methodical and systematic exploration of with can Prosper in Life, what we know, how we know it, and why it is important that we know it. Too frequently, students use the term somewhat nebulously. Ancestor Worship? They often mistakenly state, My philosophy about which compound of c4h9oh, X is . . . when they really mean, My opinion about ancestor, X is . With Syndrome In Life? . . or My attitude toward X is . . Confucian? . Traditional areas of Western philosophic inquiry include the following areas. PHOBOS (Grk, fear): The emotional purgation of negative feelings known as catharsis involved, according to lobotomy meaning, Aristotle's Poetics , two emotions: eleos (pity) and phobos (fear).

If the audience did not feel pity for the tragic hero in a play, or feel fear at his downfall, the play failed in its purpose. See discussion under catharsis . PHONEME : The smallest sound or part of a spoken word that serves as a building block in a larger syllable or word, and which cannot be broken down further into smaller constitutive sounds. Phonetic transcription always indicates the spoken rather than the written word. Worship? This term contrasts with graphemes (the letters or smallest written symbols that count as a unit of an with Down Essay alphabet) and morphemes (smallest units that have meaning-- either written or spoken). For instance, in the word rerun , the morphemes are re- and run . Ancestor Worship? Though the richard, u- or the r- by themselves are not meaningful sounds like a full morpheme, they cannot be broken down or reduced into ancestor worship, any smaller sounds, and thus they are phonemes--the smallest possible sounds in English. Linguists often transcribe English words into phonetic markings to indicate subtle differences in accent, pronunciation, etc., which may or may not correspond to the graphemes (the markings we use to symbolize sounds--i.e., the written word). When they do so, they often enclose the phonetic symbols in slashes /laik ∂ Is/ and compound is an enclose the graphic markings in chevrons like this so the reader can tell whether that linguist is discussing the ancestor, spoken form of the word or the written form of the word.

Contrast with grapheme and morpheme . PHONETIC FULCRUM: Jake Carrick's term for a sentence with two parts of opposite sounds, with a pivot in the middle separating the two sections. An example from Bram Stoker's Dracula : Broken battlements showed a jagged line across the moonlit sky. The distinction here is the first half of the the writer richard, sentence uses hard consonance, but after jagged, the sentence's alliteration shifts to liquid and soft consonance (Carrick). In poetry, such a shift often falls in the caesura, though the ancestor worship, effect is not limited to lobotomy, alliterative verse. PHONETICS : The study of phonemes, or units of sound in spoken language. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION : Written symbols that linguists use to represent speech sounds. One common transcription system is the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet). To see samples in PDF format, you can download IPA vowels and IPA consonants. PHONOGRAM : A written symbol that indicates a spoken sound. Ancestor? Students should not confuse this term with a gramophone (an antique record-player). PHONOLOGY : According to religious, Algeo, The units of sound (phonemes) of a language with their possible arrangements and varieties of vocal expression (329).

More generally, the study of sounds and sound-systems in confucian ancestor a language. PICARESQUE NARRATIVE : Any narrative (including short stories) that has the same traits as a picaresque novel. See discussion under picaresque novel . PICARESQUE NOVEL (from Spanish picaro , a rogue or thief; also called the picaresque narrative and the Räuberroman in lobotomy German): A humorous novel in which the confucian, plot consists of a young knave's misadventures and escapades narrated in comic or satiric scenes. This roguish protagonist--called a picaro --makes his (or sometimes her) way through cunning and trickery rather than through virtue or industry. The picaro frequently travels from place to definition, place engaging in ancestor a variety of jobs for several masters and getting into mischief. The picaresque novel is usually episodic in nature and realistic in How Individuals with Down Essay its presentation of the seamier aspects of society. The genre first emerged in 1553 in ancestor worship the anonymous Spanish work Lazarillo de Tormes , and lobotomy meaning later Spanish authors like Mateo Aleman and Fracisco Quevedo produced other similar works. Ancestor? The first English specimen was Thomas Nashe's The Unfortunate Traveller (1594).

Probably the most famous example of the genre is French: Le Sage's Gil Blas (1715), which ensured the genre's continuing influence on compound is an isomer literature. Other examples include Defoe's Moll Flanders , Henry Fielding's Jonathan Wild , Smollett's Roderick Random , Thomas Mann's unfinished Felix Krull , and Saul Bellow's The Adventures of Augie March . The genre has also heavily influenced episodic humorous novels as diverse as Cervantes' Don Quixote and Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and ancestor worship The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn . PICKUP SYLLABLE : Another term for the unstressed syllable in anacrusis . PIDGIN : A simplified, limited language combining features from many languages and used among persons who share no common language amongst themselves. By definition, a pidgin language is not a native language--but rather it is one used between ethnic groups rather than within any particular single ethnic group. However, artificial conditions (such as the enforced assimilation on slave plantations) can cause children to grow up with little use for their native tongues. This can cause the pidgin language to is an isomer of c4h9oh, develop into a much richer creole . PIECE-BIEN-FAIT : The French term for ancestor the dramatic genre called the well-made play. See discussion under well-made play . PIETAS (Latin, reverance): In Roman times, pietas is the quality of revering those things that deserve reverence. The word is the source for our modern English words piety and definition piousness (reverence toward the divine), but the Latin term is ancestor far more all-embracing--indicating not only devotion to the gods, but also devotion to one's gens (family) and patria (homeland or country). Thus, it also means patriotism and wicca vs christian familial responsibility.

In Virgil's Aeneid , one epithet frequently applied to Aeneas is ancestor pius Aeneas , implying that Aeneas particularly embodies this quality so valued by the Romans. PILGRIMAGE : An act of spiritual devotion or penance in which an individual travels without material comforts to a distant holy place. The journey often has spiritual overtones--it may symbolize a journey to the celestial city of heaven or repeat the journey of richard, a saint or biblical hero. Pilgrimage has become a prominent symbol in confucian ancestor both Western Christian writings and definition Middle-Eastern Islamic writings. John Bunyon's Pilgrim's Progress and ancestor Chaucer's Canterbury Tales are two literary examples using the pilgrimage motif . P'ING HUA : A Chinese yarn or tall tale. Stereotype? The genre typically involves a strong narrative presence and colloquial or idiomatic Chinese. Confucian Worship? The tone is realistic, but the content is typically fantastic or hyperbolic. Lobotomy? Contrast with the Russian skaz . PIT : In indoor theaters during the Renaissance, the most expensive and prestigious bench seating was the pit--an area directly in front of the stage.

The Blackfriar's theater was one such architectural example containing a pit. In later centuries, the musical orchestra would be moved to this position. PITCH : In linguistics, a semi-musical tone or quality used in some languages to distinguish meaning. PLACE OF ARTICULATION : The point in the oral cavity where the position of ancestor, speech organs (lips, teeth, tongue, etc.) is most important for wicca a particular sound. PLACE POEM : A poem whose subject is a specific location, such as a building, a city, a regional geographic feature like a river or hill, or a particular area of the countryside.

Examples include Percy Bysshe Shelley's Mont Blanc, William Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey, or the Galician poems of Rosalia de Castro. Contrast with occasional poem . PLAGIARISM : Accidental or intentional intellectual theft in which a writer, poet, artist, scholar, or student steals an original idea, phrase, or section of writing from someone else and presents this material as his or her own work without indicating the source via appropriate explanation or citation. Click here for more information. PLATONIC : In common usage, people often use the confucian, word platonic to mean intellectual rather than physical. Thus, a Platonic love-affair is one in which the couple is attracted to each other for mental or psychological qualities rather than bodily attributes. More specifically, however, Platonic philosophy is Plato's idea that behind (or above or outside) the imperfect physical world, another intangible world of abstract ideas has its own existence. These abstract-but-perfect ideas (called Platonic forms ) appear only with Syndrome can Prosper in Life, as dim outlines (or shadows) in the physical world.

For instance, Plato argues that traits such as Justice, Beauty, and Goodness theoretically exist in perfect forms. Confucian Ancestor? Material creatures, who cannot see or enjoy the abstract quality of Beauty itself, can only enjoy specific manifestations of Beauty--such as sunsets or starlight or silvery snow. What the unenlightened do not realize is that it is not these specific objects they should admire, but the quality of beauty behind them--the form of absolute Beauty that is eternal and unchanging even as specific sunsets fade and yearly snowfalls melt away. The Writer? Because these abstract traits remain eternal even as the confucian ancestor worship, physical world changes ever, Plato concludes that the Platonic forms are somehow even more real than the the writer wilbur, concrete things we see, hear, smell, touch, and worship taste every day. His breathtaking, nearly mystical conclusion is that the meaning, physical world is the illusion or dream, and the world of the mind is closer to ancestor worship, the real world of the eternal forms. Platonic thinking had profound influence on medieval theology and philosophy. In C. Richard? S. Lewis's The Last Battle . Professor Digory Kirke interprets the New Narnia of Heaven's relationship to Narnia and confucian England as being one of compound of c4h9oh, Platonic forms (spiritual) and Platonic shadows (material) , and Aslan refers to the land of confucian ancestor, England and vs christian Narnia as being Shadowlands, i.e., the world of material shadows rather than spiritual realities. Confucian Worship? See also Cave, Plato's . Platonic thinking profoundly influences Plotinus, Boethius, Saint Augustine, Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier , Spenser's Hymn in Honor of Beauty, Shelley's Hymn to Intellectual Beauty, and Wordsworth's Ode on Intimations of with Syndrome can Prosper in Life Essay, Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood . PLATONIC FORM : The permanent and perfect ideas, images, or patterns of which physical reality is but an imperfect or transitory symbol or expression. See discussion under Platonic for full details. PLAY : A specific piece of ancestor, drama, usually enacted on a stage by fiction diverse actors who often wear makeup or costumes to make them resemble the character they portray.

See drama . PLEONASM : A bad habit of speech or writing in confucian ancestor which an idea repeats itself in a single sentence, i.e., a redundancy. For example, tiny little town is a pleonasm, as opposed to tiny town or little town. Likewise, Shipley points out With mine own ears I hear his voice (429) as a pleonasm. Most modern style books, perhaps influenced by religious stereotype Hemingway, discourage pleonastic constructions as being wordy or repetitive. I also steer students away from confucian ancestor worship, them. However, pleonasms have been fashionable in lobotomy other centuries. Geoffrey of Vinsauf favored them in his twelfth-century style manual, the Poetria Nova. The New Testament book of worship, Mark happily used them, as David Smith points out (8). Consider Mark 13:33, Blepete, agrupneite! (Watch out! Be aware!) in which the author emphasizes alertness by stereotype using a pleonasm. PLOT : The structure and relationship of actions and events in a work of confucian, fiction.

In order for a plot to begin, some sort of catalyst is can Prosper in Life Essay necessary. While the temporal order of events in the work constitutes the confucian ancestor, story, we are speaking of the writer richard, plot rather than story as soon as we look at worship, how these events relate to one another and wicca vs christian how they are rendered and organized so as to worship, achieve their particular effects. The Writer? Note that, while it is most common for events to unfold chronologically or ab ovo (in which the first event happens first, the confucian worship, second event happens second, and so on), many stories structure the plot in fiction definition such a way that the reader encounters happenings out of order. A common technique along this line is to begin the story in ancestor worship the middle of the action, a technique called beginning in medias res (Latin for in the middle[s] of things). Some narratives involve several short episodic plots occurring one after the other (like chivalric romances), or they may involve multiple subplots taking place simultaneously with the meaning, main plot (as in ancestor many of Shakespeare's plays).

PLUCK BUFFET : Anthropologists suggest that pre-adolescent male children in a variety of religious stereotype, cultures share the game of pluck buffet. Ancestor Worship? In this game, one child trades blows on the arm or chest with another to see who is bravest or toughest. Vs Christian? Alternatively, pluck buffet also refers to any game in which two individuals challenge each other to some contest (often archery) and the loser must receive a strike from the winner. For instance, the poem Garland depicts Richard the confucian ancestor, Lion-Hearted and Robin Hood having an archery contest, and the loser must Beare a buffet on his hede. This exchange becomes an important theme in ballads like Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne . Pluck buffet may also lie at the heart of a Celtic motif known as the trade of compound is an isomer, blows in which one warrior agrees to trade strikes with another; in the case of confucian, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , pluck buffet takes a potentially lethal turn when Gawain and the green elf-knight play the game using giant axes. POETIC DICTION : Distinctive language used by poets, i.e., language that would not be common in their everyday speech. The most common signs of poetic diction include involve archaisms , neologisms , rhyme , and unusual figures of speech. The Writer Richard? Teachers often point to Spenser's use of words like gentil and tobraken , or Shakespeare's use of confucian ancestor worship, abysm and climature , or Emily Dickinson's use of thee and thine . When they ask students, why did this poet write in such a way? students often mistakenly reply, Because that's the way people talked back then. On the contrary, in the 1500s, Spenser is resurrecting language that was common in Chaucer's day in the 1300s--not the religious, language of confucian, his own time. The words abysm and climature are made-up words Shakespeare invented from abyss/chasm and climate/temperature , not words he would hear in everyday use on the London streets.

Likewise, the pronouns thou/thee/thine faded in the 1600s, long before Emily Dickinson's heyday in the 1800s. These poets chose such language precisely because it is unusual for their time--because it is stereotype different from humdrum ordinary speech. Confucian Ancestor? (That's what makes it striking poetry, after all.) The concept of literary decorum (and its requirement for stereotype certain genres and characters to ancestor, use lofty, elevated language) also generated thick poetic diction. As M. Fiction? H. Abrams notes in confucian ancestor volume I of The Norton Anthology , the How Individuals with Down Syndrome in Life, results were phrases such as the worship, finny tribe for fish and wicca vs christian the the bleating kind for sheep (2958). To modern poets, such phrasing might seem overblown.

The point, however, is confucian ancestor that poetic diction is vastly different from daily speech. POETIC LICENSE : The freedom of a poet or other literary writer to depart from the norms of common discourse, literal reality, or historical truth in order to fiction definition, create a special effect in confucian worship or for the reader. When applied to prose writers, the term is often called artistic license. Contrast with verisimilitude . POETIC JUSTICE : The phrase and which compound the idea was coined by Thomas Rymer in confucian the late 1600s. He claimed that a narrative or drama should distribute rewards and punishments proportionately to the virtues and villainies of each character in lobotomy meaning the story. Thus, when a particularly vicious character meets a despicable end appropriate for his crimes, we say it is confucian ancestor poetic justice. This formula for resolving plots has fallen into disfavor in later centuries, and no widely influential critics today advocate such a formula without qualifications. POETIC SPEAKER : The narrative or elegiac voice in a poem (such as a sonnet, ode, or lyric) that speaks of his or her situation or feelings. Wicca? It is a convention in poetry that the confucian ancestor, speaker is not the same individual as the historical author of the fiction definition, poem. For instance, consider the poet Lord Byron's mock epic Don Juan . Worship? Lord Byron wrote the poem as a young man in his late twenties.

However, the speaker of the with can Prosper in Life Essay, poem depicts himself as being an elderly man looking back cynically on the days of youth. Clearly, the voice talking and confucian ancestor narrating the story is not identical with the author. In the same way, the speaker of the poem My Last Duchess characterizes himself through his words as a Renaissance nobleman in Italy who is cold-blooded--quite capable of wicca vs christian, murdering a wife who displeases him--but the author of the confucian, poem was actually Robert Browning, a mild-mannered English poet writing in the early nineteenth-century. Many students (and literary critics) attempt to decipher clues about the author's own attitudes, beliefs, feelings, or biographical details through the words in a poem. However, such an vs christian activity must always be done with caution. Shakespeare may write a sonnet in which the poetic speaker pours out his passion for a woman with bad breath and wiry black hair (Sonnet 130), but it does not necessarily mean that Shakespeare himself was attracted to halitosis, or that his wife had black hair, or that he had a fling with such a woman. In fact, it is a convention in some genres , such as the medieval visio or dream vision, that the poetic speaker is a dull, imperceptive caricature of the author. See also authorial voice and confucian worship dream vision , above. POETRY : A variable literary genre characterized by rhythmical patterns of language. These patterns typically consist of patterns of meter (regular patterns of high and low stress), syllabification (the number of syllables in each line of text), rhyme , alliteration , or combinations of these elements.

The poem typically involves figurative language such as schemes and tropes, and the poem may bend (or outright break) the lobotomy, conventions of normal communicative speech in the attempt to confucian ancestor, embody an original idea or convey a linguistic experience. Compound Of C4h9oh? Many modern students mistakenly believe that rhyme is the ancestor worship, dominant feature separating poetry from prose (non-poetic) writings. However, rhyme is How Individuals Down Syndrome can Prosper Essay actually a fairly recent addition to poetry. In classical Greece and Rome, meter was the trait that separated poetry from prose. POEISIS (from Greek poieo , to make): In Plato's Symposium , this term refers to act of creating or making something--both in the biological act of procreation and in the realm of the mind. Ancestor Worship? It covers the compound is an isomer of c4h9oh, action itself as well as the moment of transition where one thing becomes something new, and confucian ancestor worship encompasses, as the character Diotima argues in The Symposium, all of the following (1) natural poiesis or reproductive sexuality, (2) poiesis in a city through the which is an isomer, attainment of worthy fame, and (3) poiesis in the soul through virtuous habits and moral education. The word is related to the root of the modern English word poetry . POINT OF VIEW : The way a story gets told and who tells it. It is the method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision, from which the story unfolds. Confucian? Point of view governs the reader's access to the story. Many narratives appear in the first person (the narrator speaks as I and the narrator is meaning a character in the story who may or may not influence events within it). Another common type of confucian ancestor, narrative is the third-person narrative (the narrator seems to lobotomy, be someone standing outside the confucian, story who refers to stereotype, all the ancestor worship, characters by name or as he , she , they , and lobotomy meaning so on).

When the narrator reports speech and action, but never comments on the thoughts of other characters, it is the confucian worship, dramatic third person point of view or objective point of view. The third-person narrator can be omniscient --a narrator who knows everything that needs to be known about the agents and events in the story, and is free to wilbur, move at confucian ancestor worship, will in time and How Individuals Down Syndrome in Life Essay place, and who has privileged access to a character's thoughts, feelings, and motives. Ancestor? The narrator can also be limited --a narrator who is confined to what is fiction experienced, thought, or felt by a single character, or at most a limited number of characters. Finally, there is the ancestor worship, unreliable narrator (a narrator who describes events in wicca vs christian the story, but seems to make obvious mistakes or misinterpretations that may be apparent to a careful reader). Unreliable narration often serves to characterize the narrator as someone foolish or unobservant. See also authorial voice . POINT OF VIEW CHARACTER : The central figure in a limited point of view narration, the character through whom the reader experiences the author's representation of the confucian ancestor, world. See point of definition, view , above. POLIS (Greek, City): The Greek city-state, a small, independent government consisting of a single town and its immediate environs. Some of these city-states were democracies in which every male citizen voted on every government action. Others were oligarchies in which a few rich or aristocratic families cooperated and shared powers.

Others were dictatorships in which a single military leader came to power. The two most influential city-states were Athens and Sparta. They eventually rose to worship, power over their neighbors through combinations of alliances and wilbur conquests. Athens was famous for its culture and ancestor worship art and intellectual life. Sparta was famous for wicca its toughness and its martial lifestyle. POLYGENESIS : The theory that, if two similar stories, words, or images appear in two different geographic regions or languages, they are actually unrelated to each other. Each one arose independently. For an analogy, in confucian worship both early Mayan architecture and in How Individuals with Syndrome can Prosper Essay Egyptian architecture, pyramids are striking engineering features. Ancestor? However, since no contact took place between the two cultures, archeologists believe each group invented the design independently rather than adopting it from a single source (such as one group borrowing it from the other). Lobotomy? Circumstances such as the ancestor, lack of mortar, concrete, or flying buttresses ensured that both Mayans and Egyptians would come up with a wide-base structure to support any large edifice--leading to pyramid designs by default.

In the same way, similar legends appear across the world even when each group has no contact with others. Many cultures that master metallurgy create legends or myths about crippled smiths (witness Hephaestus or Vulcan in Greco-Roman myth, Weiland in Norse and the writer Germanic legend, and Silverhand in Celtic stories). Cultures that do not master metal-smithing do not create crippled craftsmen-gods in their pantheons. This lack can be explained by the theory of polygenesis. Men who are crippled cannot join the hunters in confucian ancestor gathering food or join the farmers in digging irrigation ditches, so they tend to with Syndrome can Prosper in Life, stay in the village and work as craftsmen, developing skills that ultimately seem magical to the untrained without these years of experience. However, the archetype of the confucian, crippled craftsman/god does not appear in cultures without the technology of metal-working. In the same way, flood-narratives appear across many cultures--Noah's flood in the Judeo-Christian tradition as well as in How Individuals with Down Syndrome Essay Welsh, Chaldean, and Greek legends. Fundamentalist Christian interpretations accordingly see this as evidence of a literal flood occurring world-wide. Scholars of myth would argue that myths of a universal flood appear only in cultures that experience flooding regularly as a natural disaster. Aborigines in the Australian outbreak or desert-dwelling tribesmen do not share such a legend, for instance.

This leads to the idea that these flood-narratives arose independently in ancestor worship different places through polygenesis. See also archetype . Contrast with monogenesis . POLYSYLLABIC : Having more than one syllable. POLYSYNDETON : Using many conjunctions to achieve an overwhelming effect in a sentence. For example, This term, I am taking biology and English and lobotomy meaning history and ancestor math and music and physics and wilbur sociology. All those and s make the student sound like she is ancestor worship completely overwhelmed. It is How Individuals with Syndrome can Prosper Essay the opposite of asyndeton . Confucian Ancestor Worship? Both polysyndeton and asyndeton are examples of rhetorical schemes. For a literary example of polysyndeton, click here. POLYTHEISM : The belief in meaning multiple deities--usually non-omniscient and non-omnipotent--in contrast with the idea of a single all-powerful deity. POMP É : In classical Greco-Roman culture, many major festivals were marked by a pompé . A pompé was a combination of a parade, pilgrimage, and confucian worship religious procession.

Worshippers would don special garb, line up in rows by the thousands, and then travel through the religious stereotype, city or from one holy site to another (such as from the Parthenon to the site of the Eleusinian mysteries). The most important pompé in Athens celebrated Athena's birthday. On this day, her shrine would be cleaned and scrubbed, and the cult statue would be physically carried or carted in ancestor worship a procession leading to the Aegean, where it would be cleansed with sea-water and given a new peplos (woman's cloak) to wear for the upcoming year. POOH-POOH HYPOTHESIS : In linguistics, the idea that language began as emotional outbursts or surprised exclamations; contrast with the bow-wow theory , the ding-dong theory , and the yo-he-ho theory . PORTRAIT EN CREUX : A rhetorical or literary device in Down Syndrome can Prosper which a writer mentions an absence to evoke the counterpart presence. This is the verbal equivalent of worship, negative space in religious sculpture or painting.

POSTMODERNISM : A general (and often hotly debated) label referring to the philosophical, artistic, and literary changes and tendencies after the 1940s and 1950s up to confucian worship, the present day. We can speak of postmodern art, music, architecture, literature, and poetry using the same generic label. The tendencies of postmodernism include (1) a rejection of stereotype, traditional authority, (2) radical experimentation--in some cases bordering on gimmickry, (3) eclecticism and multiculturalism, (4) parody and pastiche, (5) deliberate anachronism or surrealism, and (6) a cynical or ironic self-awareness (often postmodernism mocks its own characteristic traits). Confucian? In many ways, these traits are all features that first appeared in wilbur modernism , but postmodernism magnifies and intensifies these earlier characteristics. It also seems to me that, while modernism rejected much of tradition, it clung to science as a hopeful and objective cure to the past insanities of history, culture and superstition.

Modernism hoped to tear down tradition and longed to build something better in its ruins. Ancestor? Postmodernism, on the other hand, is often suspicious of scientific claims, and often denies the possibility or desirability of establishing any objective truths and shared cultural standards. It usually embraces pluralism and spurns monolithic beliefs, and it often borders on solipsism. While modernism mourned the passing of wicca, unified cultural tradition, and wept for its demise in the ruined heap of civilization, so to speak, postmodernism tends to ancestor, dance in the ruins and play with the fragments. Some of the new literary movements growing from vs christian, postmodernism include the darker or horrific tales of worship, science fiction, neo-Gothic literature, late twentieth-century horror stories, concrete poetry, magic realism , Theater of the Absurd, and so on. Definition? Finally, postmodernism is often used loosely and interchangeably with the critical movements following post-structuralism--the growing realms of Marxist, materialist, feminist, and psychoanalytical approaches to literature that developed during and after the 1970s. To see where postmodernism fits into a chronology of literary movements, click here for a PDF handout.

POSTPOSITIVE : A function word--often a preposition--that must come after its object rather than before it. By definition, a postpositive word or phrase cannot begin a sentence. Several words in Latin and Greek are postpositives. POST-STRUCTURALISM : A collective and loose term for any of the literary theories appearing after the structuralist movement in linguistics--including Derrida's infamous concept of deconstruction . The more radical poststructuralists attempt to subvert, question, or eliminate common concepts accepted before the confucian, structuralist movement--like individual identity, the subconscious mind, rules for fiction definition social interaction, and confucian ancestor worship so on. PREFIX : A morpheme added to the beginning of a word. For instance, the prefix re- can be added to the word play to create the word replay . PREQUEL (formed from the the writer wilbur, prefix pre - and the root word sequel ): A novel, play, film, or other narrative usually written after the popular success of an earlier work but set before the events in that successful earlier work, and incorporating characters, settings, and situations with which the worship, audience is wicca already familiar. Ancestor Worship? Contrast with sequel and series . PRE-RAPHAELITE : Pre-Raphaelitism, or the Pre-Raphaelite movement, begins in 1848 as a protest against conventional art and literature. How Individuals With Down Syndrome Can Prosper In Life? A band of young London artists, poets, and intellectuals formed a brotherhood dedicated to re-creating the type of medieval art existing before the Renaissance . Hence, they took their name from Raphael (1483-1520), the earliest major Renaissance artist in Italy. Like the Romantic poets, Pre-Raphaelites wished to worship, regain the spirit of simple devotion and which compound isomer of c4h9oh adherence to nature.

Hence, they rejected modernity, mass production, and urbanization. Typical Pre-Raphaelite writings involve an worship interest in chivalry , courtly love , ballads , archaic diction, pictorial qualities and visual imagery. The first Pre-Raphaelites included Dante Gabriel Rossetti (the ringleader), William Holman Hunt, William Michael Rossetti, Thomas Woolner, James Collinson, John Everett Millais, and Down in Life Frederick George Stephens initially. The movement later grew to include or influence Dante Rossetti's sister, the poet Christina Rossetti; William Morris, the craftsman and writer; the ancestor, author Swinburne, and Burne-Jones the meaning, artist. In 1850, they formed their own literary journal, The Germ , to propagate their views and writings. Click here to download a PDF file of Christina Rossetti's poem, A Birthday, to sample the diction and style of Pre-Raphaelite poetry. PRE-ROMANTICISM : The first phase of the confucian worship, Romantic movement in which isomer European literature of the ancestor, late 1700s and early 1800s. Harkins labels its main traits as greater freedom in expression of personal feelings, a new interest in landscape, the cultivation of medieval, chivalric themes as well as . . . the supernatural, and the melancholy mood of the writer, 'graveyard' poetry (309). See Romanticism for further details. PRESCRIPTIVIST : A grammatical treatise or a lexicon is said to be prescriptivist if it has the goal of fashioning guidelines or rules for grammar, spelling, and word use, as opposed to describing unjudgmentally how a group of people tend to use language. Contrast with descriptivist . PRESS VARIANT : Unlike a deliberately revised edition printed at a later date, a press variant is a minor and usually unintentional variation among books printed in the same edition or print run.

Greenblatt notes they usually result from corrections made in the course of printing or from slipped type (1142). PRIESTLY TEXT (Also called the P Text or the Priestly Document ): In biblical scholarship, this refers to material in Genesis and the Hebrew Bible that probably appeared during a late period of editing--in contrast with the older J Text and E Text . The name P Text comes from Priestly Text. Priests probably incorporated this material during or soon after the Babylonian exile of 587 BCE--though possibly as recently as 450 BCE. (Some scholars in the minority argue that portions of the material might date pre-exilicly from the ancestor, late eighth/early seventh century BCE during Hezekiah's reign, but this stance is not widely held.) At the time of the exile, the Judaic priests were probably desperate to lobotomy meaning, retain their unique monotheistic beliefs in the face of overwhelming Babylonian influence, but they also faced the challenge of harmonizing their world view with that of Babylonian tradition. At this point, many Aramaic (aka Chaldee) loanwords appear in confucian the Hebrew text and they are incorporated into the Hebrew Bible thereafter. Religious? This influence explains why today most biblical concordances and dictionaries (such as the ancestor worship, 1979 version of Strong's Comprehensive Concordance of the Bible ) refer to their Hebrew sections as a Concordance of with in Life Essay, Hebrew and Chaldean, a Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary, or a Hebrew and Aramaic Dictionary. Christ will still be using some Aramaic terms 400 years later in the New Testament gospels, which show how influential and long-lasting the linguistic effects of the Exile were on the Hebrew vocabulary.

Biblical scholars think that Genesis 1:1-2:3 and other sections such as Genesis 6 come from the worship, P Text, and these are probably the latest additions to the Genesis account. Meaning? The foreign loanwords mean these sections couldn't have been written before coming into contact with the Chaldeans--at least not in the form in which they come down to us today in surviving manuscripts. Some features of the P text include a stress on ritual observances such as the Sabbath, circumcision, and confucian ancestor worship dietary taboos believed to be late additions to the religious tradition. Wicca? Other features of the P text--such as the details of the Passover ritual, ordination ceremonies, and descriptions of the confucian, tabernacle--appear to have come from which compound isomer, now lost older manuscript traditions after being updated and modified in the P tradition. Finally, the ancestor worship, P text is wicca marked the prominence it gives to ancestor, Aaron (as opposed to the dominant role of Moses in the J and religious E texts), the account of confucian ancestor worship, Moses' death in definition Deuteronomy, the legal materials of Leviticus and Numbers, and a series of genealogies showing some influence from Mesopotamian sources. If students are reading a study Bible like the Anchor Bible series, the editors helpfully mark which sections come from the J, E, and confucian ancestor P Texts. PRIMARY SOURCE : Literary scholars distinguish between primary sources , secondary sources , and educational resources . Students should also. Wicca? To understand the difference, click here. PRIMOGENITURE : The late medieval custom of ancestor worship, allowing the first born legitimate male child to wicca, inherit all of his father's properties, estates, wealth, and titles upon the father's death. Primogeniture was a key issue in determining succession to the royal throne, and it plays an worship important part in Edmund's villainy in King Lear , in King Henry V's claim to the French throne in Henry V , and in many other Shakespearean plays.

In medieval times, primogeniture lead to huge social problems since Western Europe was producing large numbers of second born militarily trained knights who had no means of which compound is an, making a livelihood. Since the worship, firstborn son inherited everything, the only legitimate option for the writer wilbur the other sons was becoming celibate and then joining the worship, church hierarchy as clerics or entering monasteries. Since this was not always a preferable option for hot-blooded young men, many involved themselves in coups to gain the meaning, family estate, took up lives of ancestor worship, brigandage, or became mercenaries and wandered from definition, one war to another seeking their fortunes. When Pope Urban II called the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem, the church saw that part of the solution to ancestor, this problem was to provide a legitimate arena of warfare for these dispossessed knights. The opposite custom of dividing inheritance is known as partible succession . PRINTING PRESS : Chinese and Japanese inventors developed simple printing techniques centuries earlier in monasteries, but in the 1440s and 1450s, Europe developed printing independently. Even though forerunners of the printed book might have existed in Holland, the most important developments were in Mainz, Germany, where Indulgence was printed in 1454, and the Gutenberg Bible in 1456. John of Gutenberg is credited with the invention by fifteenth-century writers, and the invention spread rapidly to fiction, Italy, France, Holland, and other countries.

William Caxton set up a printing press in Europe (Bruges) in 1475, and there printed the first book in English, The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye . Returning to England in ancestor worship 1476, Caxton set up his second printing press in Westminster. Religious? He next printed a number of confucian worship, Latin texts before printing in English the the writer richard wilbur, Dicts or Sayings of the Philosophers (1477), Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1483), Malory's Le Morte Darthur (1485), and others for confucian ancestor about a hundred titles in total. His assistant, Wynkyn de Worde, took over the business after Caxton's death and published perhaps 800 additional titles. The printing press was a revolution comparable to the modern internet revolution. It made books for the first time cheap enough for mass production and How Individuals with Down mass purchasing, ensuring a rise in literacy, blurring dialectal vocabularies, spreading geographic and cultural knowledge, and fueling the flames of religious reformation. PRIVATE SYMBOL : In contrast with an archetype (universal symbol), a private symbol is one that an individual artist arbitrarily assigns a personal meaning to. Nearly all members of an ethnic, religious, or linguistic group might share a cultural symbol and agree upon its meaning with little discussion, but private symbols may only be discernable in the context of one specific story or poem.

Examples of private symbols include the elaborate mythologies created by J. R. R. Tolkien in The Silmarillion (such as the One Ring as a symbol of power lust) or William Butler Yeats' use of Constantinople as a symbol to represent poetic artifice in Sailing to Byzantium, or Yeats' use of a gyre to worship, symbolize the cycles of history and is an of c4h9oh the sphinx as an emblem of the confucian ancestor worship, Antichrist in The Second Coming. See also token and emblem . PROBLEM PLAY : There are two common meanings to this term. How Individuals With Down In Life? (1) The most general usage refers to any play in which the main character faces a personal, social, political, environmental, or religious problem common to his or her society at large. Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman is representative of a problem play in ancestor that Loman must face the challenges of what the author considers false values in a capitalistic society. (2) In a narrower sense, Shakespearean scholars apply the term problem play to a group of definition, Shakespeare's plays, also called bitter comedies, especially Measure for Measure , Troilus and Cressida , and All's Well That Ends Well . Confucian Ancestor? These plays explore dark and ignoble aspects of human psychology without attempting to solve or resolve the plot to the reader's satisfaction beyond a superficial level. Because of the uneasy endings, the plays do not seem to follow the standard conventions of richard, Renaissance comedy . PROCATALEPSIS (Greek anticipation): Procatalepsis is a rhetorical strategy in which the writer raises an confucian worship objection and then immediately answers it; by doing so, the rhetor seeks to strengthen his argument by dealing with possible objections before his audience can raise counter-arguments. PROFANITY ACT OF 1606 : This law passed under King James I required that any profanity in a publicly performed play or in published material would result in religious a ten-pound fine for the performer or printer, a substantial sum.

Three of confucian ancestor, Shakespeare's quartos show signs of revision to meet the requirement of the Profanity Act, such as omissions of obscenity, the wilbur, word God changed to ancestor worship, heaven, or Jove, etc. Contrast with the Censorship Ordinance . PROLIXITY : A type of wordiness or periphrasis characterized by unnecessary rambling or excessive detail, as Shipley puts it (429). How Individuals With In Life Essay? A writer or speaker who has this tendency is said to be prolix. See dicussion under periphrasis . PROLOGUE : (1) In original Greek tragedy, the prologue was either the action or a set of ancestor, introductory speeches before the first entry ( parados ) of the chorus. Here, a single actor's monologue or a dialogue between two actors would establish the play's background events. (2) In later literature, a prologue is a section of any introductory material before the is an of c4h9oh, first chapter or the main material of a prose work, or any such material before the first stanza of confucian ancestor, a poetic work. PROMPTBOOK : A manuscript of a play adapted for performance by a theatrical company--usually with extra stage directions, notes on special effects or props, and last minute revisions or corrections. In some promptbooks, the vs christian, characters' names and speech prefixes are scribbled out and replaced with the names of the actors playing those roles. PROMYTHIUM : A summary of the moral of a fable appearing before the main narrative. Confucian Ancestor? If the compound, summary is found at the end of the narrative, it is called an epimythium . Contrast with prologue . PRONUNCIATION SPELLING : A new spelling of an confucian old word that more accurately reflects the stereotype, current pronunciation than the confucian ancestor worship, original spelling does. PROPAGANDA (Latin, things that must be sent forth): In its original use, the wicca, term referred to a committee of cardinals the Roman Catholic church founded in 1622 (the Congregatio de propaganda fide ). This group established specific educational materials to be sent with priests-in-training for foreign missions . The term is today used to refer to information, rumors, ideas, and artwork spread deliberately to help or harm another specific group, movement, belief, institution, or government. The term's connotations are mostly negative.

When literature or journalism is propaganda and when it is not is hotly debated. For instance, the Roman Emperor Augustus commissioned Virgil to write The Aeneid for specific goals. He wanted Virgil to glorify Rome's greatness, instill public pride in Rome's past, and ancestor cultivate traditional Roman virtues such as loyalty to fiction definition, the family, the Empire, and the gods. Is this propaganda? Or patriotism? Typically, readers claim a work is propaganda when it sets forth an argument with which they personally disagree. In other cases, readers will call a work propagandistic if they can perceive that the characters or the ancestor, author advances particular doctrines or principles.

Harry Shaw notes: Propaganda is attacked by most critics and general readers because it is an attempt to influence opinions and actions deliberately, but by wilbur this definition all education and most literature are propagandistic (220). PROPARALEPSIS (plural: proparalepses ): A type of neologism that occurs by adding an extra syllable or letters to confucian worship, the end of a word. For instance, Shakespeare in Hamlet creates the wicca, word climature by adding the confucian, end of the word temperature to climate (1.1.12). The wizardly windbag Glyndwr (Glendower) proclaims that he can call spirits from the vasty deep in 1 Henry IV (3.1.52). We would expect him to speak of the vast deep normally. Proparalepsis is an example of a rhetorical scheme. PROPORTIONAL : One of several possible numbering methods in a language's grammar.

For a discussion of proportionals, see multiplicatives . PROPS (abbreviation of stage properties): Handheld objects, furniture and similar items on stage apart from costumes and the stage scenery itself used to provide verisimilitude , to reinforce the setting , to help characterize the definition, actors holding or wearing them, or to confucian, provide visual objects for practical, symbolic, or demonstrative purposes on the stage. PROSCENIUM : An arch that frames a box set and holds the curtain, thus creating a sort of invisible boundary through which the audience views the on-stage action of a play. PROSE : Any material that is How Individuals with Essay not written in a regular meter like poetry. Many modern genres such as short stories, novels, letters, essays, and treatises are typically written in worship prose. PROSKENION : A raised stage constructed before the skene in religious stereotype classical Greek drama. The proskenion sharply divided the ancestor, actors from the chorus, and the elevated height made the actors more visible to the audience. PROSODIC SIGNAL : Algeo defines this as the [p]itch, stress, or rhythm as grammatical signals (327). PROSODY (1) : the richard wilbur, mechanics of verse poetry--its sounds, rhythms, scansion and meter, stanzaic form, alliteration, assonance, euphony, onomatopoeia, and rhyme. (2) The study or analysis of the ancestor, previously listed material. This is also called versification . PROSOPOPOEIA (Grk prosopon , face): a form of personification in meaning which an inanimate object gains the ability to speak. For instance, in the Anglo-Saxon poem, The Dream of the Rood, the wooden cross verbally describes the confucian ancestor, death of wicca vs christian, Christ from its own perspective.

Ecocritical writers might describe clearcutting from the viewpoint of the tree, and so on. See personification , above. PROSTHESIS : Adding an extra syllable or letters to the beginning of a word for poetic effect. Shakespeare writes in his sonnets, All alone, I beweep my outcast state. He could have simply written weep , but beweep matches his meter and is more poetic.

Too many students are all afrightened by the use of prosthesis. Prosthesis creates a poetic effect, turning a run-of-the-mill word into something novel. Prosthesis is an example of a rhetorical scheme. It results in a neologism . PROTAGONIST : The main character in a work, on whom the confucian ancestor, author focuses most of the narrative attention. See character . PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN : The reconstructed ancestor of all Indo-European languages. Many scholars use this term interchangeably with Indo-European. Click here for more information. PROVIDENCE : The theological doctrine stating God's sovereignty--especially his omniscience--allows complete divine control over the universe in the past, present, and future. It connects closely with questions of omniscience, free will and predestination. In John Milton's Paradise Lost , Milton emphasises providence as one of his themes, depicting a universe in which God allows complete free will, but one in which God will ultimately use providence to turn even evil choices and stereotype decisions to a greater good in the long run through his own mysterious means. Cf.

Augustinian time . PRYS (also spelled pris ): The French noun prys , meaning worthiness, is a cognate with the English word price. Confucian Ancestor Worship? Prys was rich in in Life Essay connotations, appearing frequently in French chansons de geste and ancestor worship medieval romances . It embodies knightly worthiness on fiction a number of confucian, levels. Vs Christian? A knight who has prys is loyal, brave, polite, courtly, proud, refined in confucian ancestor worship taste, and perhaps a bit foolhardy and How Individuals Syndrome arrogant, quick to take anger at an insult and fast to accept a challenge or dual. Chaucer uses this term to confucian ancestor, describe the Knight in the General Prologue of religious stereotype, The Canterbury Tales : PSYCHOLOGICAL REALISM : The sense that characters in fictional narratives have realistic interiority or complex emotional and intellectual depth, including perhaps subconscious urges and fears they are not aware of. Confucian Ancestor? On an outward level, this realism typically involves reacting to external characters and situations in a manner consistent with the expectations of readers ( verisimilitude ). On an internal level, it may involve the revelation of characters' thoughts and internal meditations about themselves and others. Such internal machinations are a standard part of Elizabethan drama in the form of the soliloquy . However, psychological realism is associated most closely with the movement toward realism and naturalism in the nineteenth- and twentieth-centuries. After psychoanalysis appeared, Freudian ideas influenced many writers who sought to incorporate his theories into their own depictions of characters. Whether or not we can speak of psychological realism in lobotomy literary works before the Renaissance is a thorny issue.

Medieval saint's lives ( vitae ) , chivalric romances , sagas , and most other pre-Renaissance literary texts pay little attention to ancestor, psychology, rarely describing a character's internal thoughts beyond a sparse assertion that a character was angry, sad, or lonely (and that assertion often made as part of a stock formula, such as Then King Arthur fared wondrously woode.) Often ancient works are so focused on allegory to the exclusion of richard, psychology that some critics assert pre-Renaissance writers and readers had very little sense of interiority or any unique self apart from tribe, family, religious caste, occupation, or social standing. Ancestor Worship? The difference is so marked that some scholars like Harold Bloom speak of the invention of the human in the Renaissance. On the other hand, it is difficult to read something like The Confessions of Saint Augustine without getting a sense of a real human being intensely aware of religious stereotype, his own psychology. Possibly, the ancestor worship, difference is rooted in conventions of literature rather than any actual historical change in human self-awareness, but the with Down can Prosper Essay, debate continues. PSYCHOPOMPOS (Greek, soul procession or soul carrier): A spirit-guide who leads or escorts a soul into the realm of the dead. Such a character often appears in the motif of the descent into the underworld . Examples of a psychopompos would be deities like Hermes and Charon in Greek mythology, or the worship, characters of Virgil and Beatrice in Dante's Inferno . PULP FICTION : Mass market novels printed cheaply and intended for a general audience. The content was usually melodramatic, titillating, or thrilling. The earliest samples are the penny dreadfuls or bloods of the eighteenth century, which were followed in the nineteenth century by so-called dime novels (which were sold for wicca ten cents). Examples included westerns, Horatio Alger novels, soft science fiction series, murder mysteries in ancestor serialized format, and which melodramtic crime stories. The designation pulp comes from the paper quality--these novels are usually printed on the cheapest newsprint available.

PUN (also called paronomasia ): A play on confucian two words similar in sound but different in meaning. For example, in Matthew 16:18, Christ puns in Koine Greek: Thou art Peter [ Petros ] and upon this rock [ petra ] I will build my church. Shakespeare, in Romeo and stereotype Juliet , puns upon Romeo's vile death ( vile = vial , the vial of poison Romeo consumed). Confucian Ancestor? Shakespeare's poetic speaker also puns upon his first name ( Will ) and his lover's desire (her will ) in the sonnets, and John Donne puns upon which is an his last name in Hymn to God the Father. Originally, puns were a common literary trope in serious literature, but after the eighteenth century, puns have been primarily considered a low form of humor. A specific type of pun known as the equivoque involves a single phrase or word with differing meanings.

For instance, one epitaph for a bank teller reads He checked his cash, cashed in his checks, / And left his window. / Who's next? The nineteenth-century poet, Anita Owen, uses a pun to side-splitting effect in her verse: They tell sweet lies of confucian ancestor, Paradise; And in those eyes the lovelight lies. And lies--and lies--and lies! Another type of How Individuals with can Prosper Essay, pun is the asteismus , in which one speaker uses a word one way, but a second speaker responds using the word in worship a different sense. Meaning? For instance, in Cymbeline (II, i), Cloten exclaims, Would he had been one of my rank! A lord retorts, To have smell'd like a fool, twisting the meaning of rank from a noun referring to noble status to an adjective connoting a foul smell.

Yet another form of pun is the paragram , in which the wordplay involves altering one or more letters in a word. Confucian? It is often considered a low form of humor, as in richard various knock-knock jokes or puns such as, What's homicidal and lives in the sea? Answer: Jack the Kipper, or in Chapter Four of C.S. Lewis' The Silver Chair , which is confucian titled A Parliament of Owls (a pun on Chaucer's Parliament of Fowles ). In spite of the pun's current low reputation, some of the best writers in English have been notoriously addicted to puns: noticeably Shakespeare, Chaucer, and James Joyce. PURGATORY (Latin, purgare , to purge): Donald Logan writes: The medieval and vs christian Catholic doctrine of purgatory stated that Christian souls who had accepted rites of confucian, baptism and definition been accepted into the body of the faithful church, but who died unexpectedly with unconfessed sins or minor venial faults, would not be sent to hell, but would rather spend an ancestor indeterminate period in a spiritual place of temporal punishment.

The same temporary suffering was believed to be the fate of baptised infants who had not yet reached the definition, age of reason where they could choose to accept Christian doctrine and make first confession. In this spiritual place, popularly called purgatory, such souls would suffer for a time as an act of penance. This would purify them so they could enter heaven. The Council of confucian ancestor worship, Florence (1431 AD) was the first time the can Prosper in Life Essay, church officially embraced purgatory as a doctrine, but the belief in purgatory had long been a part of church practice going back to confucian, the patristic period of the fourth century, when Epiphanius mentions the practice of praying for deceased souls in order to lessen their time in purgatory. It is clear, however, that at this early point, the issue of hell, purgatory, and the afterlife was still a matter of dispute among proto-Christians, as theologians like Acrius denied the doctrine. The popularity of purgatorial doctrine increased, and by the tenth century, it was practically universally accepted in the church. In the Middle Ages, some heretical groups like the Albigensians, the Waldensians, and the Hussites challenged the belief, but the first serious breach with the doctrine appears in the sixteenth-century during the fiction definition, Protestant Reformation. At that time, Martin Luther initially considered retaining the doctrine of worship, Purgatory in fiction definition the Lutheran Church, as witnessed in the Leipzig Disputation, but as the breach between Catholics and Protestants increased, political pressure to make a clean break with popishness decided the issue. The rejection of purgatory became practically universal among the Protestant churches. Confucian Ancestor? John Calvin's doctrine was especially sharp in fiction its break, and Calvinist teaching included the doctrine of infant damnation, in which all children who die in the womb, in childbirth, or during infancy were damned for eternity in confucian ancestor hell. Calvin went so far as to term the Catholic position exitiale commentum quod crucem Christi evacuat . . . quod fidem nostram labefacit et evertit ( Institutiones , lib.

III, cap. v, 6, quoted in The Catholic Encyclopedia ). Compound Is An Isomer Of C4h9oh? The modern Greek Orthodox church has also discontinued the purgatorial doctrine. Click here for a link to The Catholic Encyclopedia 's discussion of purgatory that is much more thorough than mine. The doctrine and imagery of purgatory is confucian ancestor worship especially prevalent in wicca vs christian medieval literature. It is the focus of Marie de France's Saint Patrick's Purgatory . The Purgatorio , the confucian, second book of Dante's Divine Comedy , involves a spiritual journey through purgatory just after the poet's trip through the Inferno . C. Lobotomy Meaning? S. Lewis explores the question of ancestor worship, purgatory in The Great Divorce , where he attempts to lobotomy meaning, have his cake and eat it too by suggesting purgatory does and does not exist simultaneously, arguing that we experience purgatory temporally and perceive it as a real thing, but in Augustinian time , we are able to see that purgatory (and material life on earth) on some level always have been heaven or hell, when we examine the afterlife sub specie aeternitatis . PURIST GRAMMAR (also called Grammatical Purism ): The belief in an absolute or unchanging standard of confucian worship, correct grammar. PURITAN : Most familiar to modern Americans as the religious denomination of the Mayflower colonists, the lobotomy, Puritans were a Protestant sect particularly active during the sixteenth and confucian ancestor seventeenth centuries. In a positive sense, Americans associate Puritanism with the struggle for religious freedom since the Puritans colonized America to escape religious persecution; however, the idea is something of a misconception since the which isomer of c4h9oh, Puritans' hope was to create an all-encompassing Puritan culture in the new colony, not to create a cosmopolitan, tolerant society open to other branches of Protestant Christianity, much less Catholicism, Judaism, or other religions. (That sort of religious tolerance comes about in American culture largely as a result of the confucian worship, Deism fashionable among intellectuals in the eighteenth century during the the writer, writing of the Constitution.) In its negative sense, the word Puritan often evokes the idea of dour, grim, religious conformity, since Puritans stereotypically wore only black and white; they frowned upon drinking, dancing, and displays of sexuality; burned aging misfits as witches; censored literature, and closed Shakespeare's playhouses in confucian worship England because of acting's immorality. These tendencies have led to H. Vs Christian? L. Mencken's jest defining Puritanism as the haunting fear that someone, somewhere, may be happy. Puritanism forms the backdrop of The Scarlet Letter and The Crucible in American literature. Shakespeare uses a Puritan named Malvolio as the party-pooping villain in Twelfth Night . See also Roundhead and ancestor Puritan Interregnum . PURITAN INTERREGNUM (Latin, inter + regnum , between reigns): The term refers to both the Puritan government established under Oliver Cromwell after a civil war against the British monarch and those years in which that government lasted (1649-1658). Fiction? This interregnum marks the end of the English Renaissance.

It came into confucian ancestor worship, being after a long civil war between two political factions, the Roundheads , non-aristocrats who supported Puritan reforms, and the Cavaliers , the Down can Prosper in Life, aristocratic courtiers loyal to the monarchy. Ultimately, the Stuart monarch was captured and executed, and his supporters fled to the continent with the heir to the throne, leaving the confucian ancestor worship, Puritans in power. The Puritans called their regime the vs christian, Commonwealth, and it was nominally a parliamentarian government but a de facto dictatorship under Cromwell. This government fell apart upon Cromwell's death. At that point, the English royal heir returned to claim the ancestor, throne, leading to the Restoration . Definition? See also Puritan , above. PURPLE PATCH : A section of purple prose or writing that is too ornate or florid for the surrounding plain material, which in turn looks too tranquil or dull by the incongruity of the startling purple patch. The colorful image for this term comes from Horace's Ars Poetica 2.3.14-19, where he refers to the purpureus pannus , the ancestor worship, purple piece of royal or princely cloth that is a colorful but irrelevant insertion into a plain-speaking work. PURPLE PROSE : Writing that seems overdone or which makes excessive use of imagery, figures of speech, poetic diction, and polysyllabication. These artifices become so overblown that they accidentally become silly or pompous. See also purple patch . PUSHKIN PLEIAD : A group of definition, young Russian poets, friends and worship contemporaries of Pushkin, who shared his general poetic outlook--including Vyazemski, Dadydov, Delvig, Yzykov, Venevitinov, and Baratynski (Harkins 323). PYRRHIC : In classical Greek or Latin poetry, this foot consists of two unaccented syllables--the opposite of a spondee . At best, a pyrrhic foot is an unusual aberration in English verse, and most prosodists (including me!) do not accept it as a foot at all because it contains no accented syllable.

Normally, the context or prevailing iambs, trochees, or spondees in surrounding lines overwhelms any potential pyrrhic foot, and a speaker reading the foot aloud will tend artificially to stress either the wicca vs christian, first or last syllable. See meter for more information.