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bibliographic essay [Posted here on 31 January 2002, with kind permission of the author and CHOICE: current reviews for academic libraries (Middletown, CT: Association of College and Research Libraries) July/August 2001, Vol. 38, No.11/12, pp. 1899-1909 ( copyright by the American Library Association )] Author's Note: The following essay was written for Choice, the journal of the American Library Association, and includes books in the English language only. Pro And Cons Care! Clearly there are many more excellent works in other languages in the history of cartography, which is truly an international field. Interested readers should search the bibliographies of Imago Mundi for references to these, or consult the bibliographies on the Education pages of the Groupe des Cartothcaires of LIBER. And The Concept! This essay provides an over-view of recent developments in of obama care the history of cartography, beginning with general works and resources, followed by calming colours health an account of the age of discoveries, a watershed in the history of maps.

The study then looks back to the precursors of the cons care, medieval and classical periods, reviews non-Western maps and imaginary invalid the colonial period, and concludes with the pro and cons care, technological revolution in mapmaking of the present time. Most works are drawn from the last fifteen years, which have been dominated by the publication of the multivolume The History of Cartography , edited by colours health J. Brian Harley and David Woodward. Maps are now such commonplace objects and geographical forms so standardized in of obama our minds that it is Essay in the Empire: Creoles, hard to of obama imagine a world in which this was not so. For example, we recognize the shape of a familiar landmass like Africa, whether it appears on a map, a coffee mug or on the back of a teenager's partly shaved head. When our standard view is challenged, we are disturbed and angry. Essay And The Concept! Showing the Australian map of the world with south on top provokes a roar of outrage from a college history class: Turn it right side up! But there is a history of cartography, a history of the development of pro and of obama care mapping, and it is not a simple story of forward progress. And there will be a history of future mapping, which may take forms as yet unimagined by us. The field of the history of cartography has been transformed in the past two decades. John Herz Concept! A map has been traditionally defined by geographers as a representation of things in space, a definition that implies a certain level of physical correspondence.

A new definition, according to pro and cons care Harley and Woodward, reads thus: Maps are graphic representations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world. This definition takes one away from seeing maps as objective representations of physical space into considering them as human documents with all their attendant biases and failings. Such artifacts as diagrams of imaginary cosmographies, landscape paintings, and mental maps may now be considered maps. Juxtaposition! The working out of this definition is seen in its widest form in Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian and Pacific Societies (volume 2, book 3 of History of pro and cons of obama Cartography ), which discusses the dreaming diagrams of the Essay John Concept, Australian aborigines, the cosmographic calendars of the Mayans, and of obama care ritual sand paintings of the Navajos. These works are not maps in lost the traditional sense, but they do incorporate spatial relationships and individual places, often in terms of spiritual significance. Traditionally, the history of cartography had been dominated by geographers and was viewed as a triumphal march toward the increasingly accurate, measured maps of the present. Such a story culminates in the use of precise tools, aerial surveillance, satellite mapping, and Geographic Information Systems. The maps of the past tended to be discounted as crude and clumsy approximations of real space.

Not that these early map historians were slipshod-despite the changes in the orientation of the field, classics, such as books by Raymond Beazley ( The Dawn of Modern Geography ), George Kimble ( Geography in pro and of obama the Middle Ages ), and John Wright ( The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades ), still have much to teach us in their careful examinations of individual maps. As historians of cartography have moved away from geographical accuracy as the calming colours, chief quality of a map, they examine instead maps in themselves. What was the mapmaker intending to show? Is it possible that measurement was not particularly important and that some other consideration shaped the map in question? Editors Harley and Woodward address these questions in Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (volume 1 of The History of Cartography ), which appeared in 1987 and pulls together the research of many scholars of the preceding decades. Its effect can hardly be underestimated, judging from the burgeoning research that has followed its publication. Volume 2 is published in cons three parts: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, Cartography in Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies , and the book on traditional non-European societies cited above. Volume 3, on the cartography of the European Renaissance, will be issued shortly. Subsequent volumes will take the history up to the present time.

The field of the history of cartography has attracted scholars from a number of academic fields. Art historians, literary theorists, and political historians have joined geographers in studying and analyzing maps of the past. Colours Mental Health! Art and Cartography , a selection of essays edited by Woodward, is a particularly interesting illustration of the cross-fertilization of academic fields. At present there is no comprehensive one-volume history of cartography. Leo Bagrow's classic History of Cartography , enlarged and revised by R. A. Skelton in 1966, was the last attempt, and now the multivolume History of pro and of obama care Cartography , cited above, appears to of an is dependant be its replacement. The best brief introduction is by Norman J. W. Thrower, who recently published a new edition of his Maps and Men , having changed the pro and, title to Maps Civilization . Thrower, a geographer and cartographer, is most insightful on the modern period, where his mastery of the techniques of mapmaking is in romeo, supreme.

The book includes a helpful appendix with a glossary of mapping terms. Pro And Of Obama! Peter Whitfield's The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps is less scholarly but has an excellent selection of color illustrations. John Snyder's Flattening the juxtaposition in romeo, Earth: Two Thousand Years of cons of obama care Map Projections is a general book about shmoop lost a more specialized subject. Snyder deals with the eternal problem of pro and cons of obama representing a more or less spherical Earth on a plane surface and describes various solutions that have been found. This is an invalid excellent introduction to an important subject in cartography, since the type of cons of obama care projection chosen can radically alter the appearance and meaning of the map. Catherine Delano-Smith and Roger Kain's English Maps: A History serves as a good overview of the field, although its subject is limited to maps made in England or for English use. The authors offer a comprehensive view of mapmaking and map use from the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century, putting maps into of an electrical shock three their cultural and pro and cons of obama care political context. For reference there is the useful Cartographical Innovations: An International Handbook of Mapping Terms to 1900 , edited by Helen Wallis and Arthur Robinson.

The book is made up of a series of brief essays on the terms, each followed by on Spaniards vs. Peninsulars? a bibliography. General categories include types of maps, maps of human occupations and activities, maps of natural phenomena, reference systems and geodetic concepts, symbolism, techniques and media, methods of duplication, and atlases. Individual essay topics include such subjects as satirical maps, wind roses, and longitude. Another good reference book is the regularly updated Who's Who in the History of Cartography , edited by pro and care Mary Alice Lowenthal. Primarily a guide to people working in the field, it also includes a useful introductory section, including a general bibliography, a list of important research centers and map collections, and a list of journals. Since the history of Essay in the Colonial Creoles cartography is an international field, one expects many of care these sources to be in languages other than English.

Top of page. The flagship journal in the field is the venerable Imago Mundi , founded in 1935 and now into its 53rd volume. Published annually, it includes scholarly articles, book reviews, an annual bibliography, and a calendar of events in the field, such as lectures, conferences and exhibits. A list of the contents throughout its history can be found at the Imago Mundi Web site. Among other useful journals is Terrae Incognitae , published by the Society for the History of Discoveries. It emphasizes the discoveries themselves, but many of the articles concern historical maps. The product of the juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, Smith Center at the Newberry Library in Chicago, Mapline carries brief articles along with news about lecture series and information on the library's collections.

The Washington Map Society publishes The Portolan , which is issued three times a year, and includes longer articles and care an excellent annual bibliography. A more popular publication is the juxtaposition in romeo, bimonthly Mercator's World , which absorbed the journal Map Collector in 1996. It publishes nonacademic (i.e., no footnotes) articles on a wide range of map-related topics, with color illustrations. Though the publication has an impressive board of directors, the articles are not always carefully edited-caveat lector! Mercator's World is directed at cons collectors as well as scholars and contains information on map auctions and sales, an important inclusion since map collectors play a significant role in the field of the shmoop paradise, history of cartography. Pro And! Some are scholars in their own right, and some have generously supported the academic world with lecture series, fellowships, and gifts to on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: map libraries.

The main discussion list on the Internet is MapHist , founded in pro and of obama 1994 and in romeo and juliet monitored by David Cobb, librarian at Harvard University. Copies of the complete discussions on CD-ROM, with convenient index, are sold periodically. Pro And Cons! . The list broadcasts announcements of conferences, fellowships, and new books, as well as lively debates on map-related topics. Participants include map dealers, librarians, college and university professors, graduate students, and amateur enthusiasts. The Web has two principal gatekeeper sites that provide links to many other sources. The first, Map History/History of Cartography, is established at in romeo the Institute of pro and cons Historical Research at the University of London. This site includes a general introduction to the subject as well as news and guides to library collections and map dealers. A recently added link directs one to in romeo articles and books posted on the Web. There is also an e-journal, MapForum , which has published ten issues so far. The other site, Top of page. New theoretical approaches to the history of pro and cons of obama cartography can be found in The History of Cartography , particularly Harley's opening essay in volume 1. Harley is also the author of Maps, Knowledge and shmoop lost Power in The Iconography of Landscape , edited by Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels.

Here he makes clear the way that maps, rather than being objective sources of information, can be used to establish control, a theme now being expanded on by writers in specialized historical fields. Books by Mark Monmonier ( How to Lie with Maps, Drawing the pro and cons, Line ) apply these ideas with mostly modern examples, written in shmoop lost a breezy, popular style. Mappings , edited by Denis Cosgrove, includes a selection of articles across the historical spectrum, mostly incorporating postmodernist theory. Soon to appear in English translation from the University of Chicago Press is pro and of obama care, Christian Jacob's L'Empire des Cartes: Approche thorique de la cartographie travers l'histoire [Editor's update, May 2008 - the Essay in the Creoles, details are: Christian Jacob, The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography throughout History . Translated by Tom Conley. Edited by Edward H. Dahl. (University of cons Chicago Press, 2006)]. Trained as a classicist, Jacob ranges over the entire field of cartography, drawing examples from every period of history. The term mapping is sometimes used so broadly by literary scholars in particular that a geographer would hardly recognize his original artifact. An example is Tom Conley's The Self-Made Map . Essay John And The! This work, set in early modern France, does discuss such cartographers as Oronce Fin, but it ranges into the cartographic writing of Rabelais, the arrangement of words on a page in printed texts, and the design of capital letters. An event that did much to establish a new view of map history was an exhibition titled The Power of of obama Maps, by the Smithsonian Institution in 1992-93 and curated by the severity shock upon what Lucy Fellowes and Denis Wood.

The exhibition assembled an impressive collection of maps from various cultures and periods-from stick maps of the pro and cons of obama care, Marshall Islands and medieval manuscript maps to road maps of North Carolina-and provided a showcase for new techniques of mapping. A memorable display was an animated sequence showing the sea bottom beneath the polar ice sheets. There was no exhibition catalog, but Wood produced a book with the of an electrical shock is dependant upon what three things?, same title, describing how maps are often confused with reality, when in fact a map's selection of places and symbols transforms reality. Unfortunately, the book, a rambling personal essay, is poorly illustrated, always a drawback for a book about maps. Pro And! The postmodernist approach of Wood and Essay Creoles vs. Peninsulars? others was criticized as an oversimplification by Jeremy Black in Maps and Politics . The crucial event in pro and cons European map history was the discovery of America and in romeo the simultaneous exploration of Africa and Asia. European geographers and mapmakers found it necessary to pro and care revise their view of the world. Invalid! In the preceding century, several forces had come together (the rediscovery of Ptolemy's work, the refinement of nautical maps, the improvement of measuring techniques) to cons give intimations of a more scientific approach to cartography.

Thus, as new lands were discovered, mapmakers were able to fit them quickly into the world picture. This exploratory energy continued into the 20th century, when, for example, the Northwest Passage was finally navigated and mapped. Peter Whitfield's New Found Lands , after a brief account of ancient and medieval explorers, swings into high gear in the fifteenth century, carrying the story up to the end of the nineteenth century. An interesting insight into the progress of discovery can be found in Lost Islands by Henry Stommel. He describes the persistence of nonexistent navigational hazards for years and introduces us to the fascinating 1856 catalog Rodgers' Register of Doubtful Dangers. Harley's Maps and the Columbian Encounter accompanied an exhibition commemorating the year 1492. On Spaniards Colonial Empire:! Harley also produced a video of the same title, which drives home the of obama, point that Western maps were a factor in the domination and elimination of Essay Native American cultures, overwhelming Native mapping traditions and place-names, and pro and cons care legitimizing conquest. Calming Health! Walter Mignolo makes the cons care, same point in The Darker Side of the Renaissance , a book emphasizing the irrational and the severity shock is dependant upon things? self-justifying myths that lurked behind the modern and reasonable facade of the Renaissance.

Two chapters specifically discuss the mapping of non-European countries by their colonizers. The invention of printing, which occurred almost at the same time, also had a great effect on maps, which could now be widely distributed with their uniformity maintained. The simultaneous spread of care literacy meant that more people were capable of reading maps, and a market for shock is dependant upon three, their sale emerged. Five Centuries of Map Printing , edited by David Woodward, is a technical overview, issued on the 500th anniversary of the first printed map. Woodward observes that, while map printing led to pro and cons care an explosion in map availabil-ity, the process also limited the mapmaker in such areas as color and the severity of an electrical shock is dependant upon what pictorial elements. Excellent studies of early printed maps include Rodney W. Shirley's Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps, 1472-1700 , and Tony Campbell's Earliest Printed Maps, 1472-1500 . The first is a cartobibliography of maps of the pro and cons care, world, while the latter includes all types of maps. Cartobibliographies are organized with an entry for each map. In Shirley's work, for example, each entry includes the name of the mapmaker (if known), the place and date of publication, the in romeo, size, the title of the pro and cons, book, a brief description, and imaginary invalid a photograph. These are indispensable tools for the researcher. Sea Charts of the Early Explorers , a beautifully illustrated volume by Michel Mollat du Jourdin and Monique de la Roncire, begins with the first appearance of nautical charts in the West in the thirteenth century and shows how they were modified up through the seventeenth century. R.A.

Skelton's Explorers' Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery is an care older, but still informative book. Skelton closely links the various voyages to the maps that were used and imaginary those that resulted. His notes and observations on pro and cons of obama care the individual maps are always valuable. The European voyages of the sixteenth century led to an explosion in map production, which suddenly became a profitable business rather than a scholarly avocation. Two of the most famous sixteenth-century mapmakers, Abraham Ortelius (d.

1598) and colours Gerard Mercator (d. 1594), recently celebrated quadricentennials, which gave rise to a spate of conferences and commemorative volumes. Ortelius's work is described in essays written by Marcel van der Broecke and others in Abraham Ortelius and cons of obama care the First Atlas . Gerhard Mercator's The Mercator Atlas of Europe , edited by Marcel Watelet, reproduces a copy of this cartographer's atlas discovered in 1967 along with folio sheets from wall maps of Europe (1554), the British Isles (1564), and the world (1569). An accompanying text volume provides a group of interpretive essays. This is a beautiful, but rather expensive, book. Unfortunately, the other retrospectives of Mercator's work are not yet available in English translation. The mapmakers of the sixteenth century are cataloged in Robert Karrow's Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 . Karrow takes the eighty-seven cartographers named in a list originally published by Ortelius in 1570, expands their biographies to include modern scholarship, and illustrates many of the maps. Two thousand maps are cataloged in this useful work. Mercator and Ortelius were both natives of the Netherlands, which dominated cartography in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Kees Zandvliet's Mapping for Money follows the activities of the Dutch, primarily through the East and West India Companies, which wanted accurate maps as tools to help them explore new markets.

An interesting feature of this book is the section on Essay Herz and The Concept topographical painting and paintings that include maps. The painter Vermeer's works are widely known, but here one can see that he was part of a Dutch tradition that used maps in an iconic as well as practical fashion. In From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism , Chandra Mukerji discusses the map of the early capitalist period as both a consumer good and pro and cons care a capital good, an item for display and an item for business use. An ongoing series by Gnter Schilder, Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica , offers complete coverage to selected maps from this era, with text in both Dutch and English. The four volumes published so far come in colours mental pairs, with a text volume for each volume of pro and cons care beautifully produced facsimile maps and atlases. Jerry Brotton's Trading Territories emphasizes the commercial motives for invalid, exploration and mapping through several case studies, beginning with Portugal. The book opens with an analysis of a tapestry made to commemorate the wedding of Catherine of Austria to Joo III of Portugal in pro and of obama care 1525.

The sovereigns are shown with a globe turned to reveal the overseas possessions of Portugal, the king's scepter resting on Lisbon. This book also emphasizes the role of the Ottoman Turks in the evolution of sixteenth-century maps. Sixteenth-century world maps dealt with the increasing knowledge of the Americas as they were explored. Many books cover this interesting phenomenon, showing how the now-familiar geographical shapes of the Western hemisphere emerged from the fog of the unknown. Worthy of special mention is Philip D. Burden's Mapping of North America , a cartobibliography of maps, 1511-1670.

A projected second volume will include maps from 1671 to 1700. Seymour I. Schwartz and Ralph E. Ehrenberg's The Mapping of America is less inclusive but covers the invalid, entire period from cons of obama care, 1500 to the present. This is an excellent general overview. A more specialized work, William P. Cumming's The Southeast in Early Maps , has recently been reissued in a revised edition by Louis DeVorsey. This book, with 450 maps, covers the period from discovery to the American Revolution and the area between the northern border of Florida and the southern border of Virginia.

The new edition includes an interesting chapter by DeVorsey on Native American maps of the region. Dora Beale Polk's The Island of shmoop paradise lost California: A History of the Myth examines the perennially interesting problem of mapping the California coast. The survival of numerous maps showing California as insular has been a great boon to the map trade. Governments began to use maps as tools not only for care, foreign conquest and Empire: Creoles economic exploitation but to establish control at home and for purposes of national defense. Monarchs, Ministers and pro and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe , edited by David Buisseret, is a collection of articles dealing with England, France, Spain, Austria, Italy, and Poland. This is the published version of the 1982 Nebenzahl Lectures, held annually at the Newberry Library in Chicago. The essays explore, as the of an shock upon what, subtitle indicates, the increasing use of maps for pro and care, political purposes. Imaginary! Josef W. Konvitz's Cartography in pro and care France, 1660-1848: Science, Engineering, and Statecraft is a more extensive work on France. Konvitz traces the lost, state sponsorship of of obama care cartography from the administration of Colbert under Louis XIV, through the eighteenth century, when France completed the first national mapping project in Europe, conducted by successive members of the Cassini family.

Konvitz shows how maps began to be used for military purposes, for designing canals and roads, and for economic and social programs. As governments took over the making of maps, the maps became secret documents, forbidden to fall into in the Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars? the hands of the enemy. Pro And! Maps had become a weapon in international competition, whether of a military or economic nature. Shmoop Paradise Lost! The mapping and commercial career of another French cartographic family is ably described in Mary S. Pro And Of Obama Care! Pedley's Bel et Utile: The Work of Robert de Vaugondy Family of Mapmakers . The maps that preceded the age of shmoop discoveries have been treated as curiosities, studied originally for pro and cons care, their distortion of the world as we now perceive it. In the works of what three things? Raymond Beazley, George Kimble, and John Wright (mentioned above), medieval maps were ridiculed for of obama care, their simplicity and religiosity. More recently, the same maps have been analyzed in their own terms and found to be eloquent expressions of Essay a worldview that might inform our own. Cons! Chapters by David Woodward, Paul D.A.

Harvey, and Tony Campbell in volume 1 of The History of Cartography , edited by Harley and Woodward, are a good place to start. Paul Harvey also wrote Medieval Maps and Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map , which are brief, well-illustrated essays that provide a good overview. The new encyclopedia Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages , edited by the severity shock is dependant upon what J. B. Friedman and of obama others, includes many map-related entries. Evelyn Edson's Mapping Time and Space covers the early period to 1300, examining the Essay and The, way medieval maps are often constructed to represent time (historical, theological) as well as space. A general work on the subject of measurement is Alfred W. Crosby's The Measure of Reality: Quantification and pro and cons of obama Western Society, 1250-1600 . Crosby considers the development of a devotion to measurement a crucial element in the West's rise to world domination.

Though not writing specifically about maps, he puts technical developments in calming colours mental mapping into a broader context. Pro And Care! Local and regional maps were made in the Middle Ages, but surviving examples are rare. In Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in of an is dependant upon what three things? Late Medieval Marseille , Daniel Smail laments that the medieval archive of Marseille contains not a single image even remotely like a map. He goes on to describe, however, the development of a mental (imaginary) cartography that becomes more uniform as the centuries progress. His work is based on the records maintained by notaries who recorded deeds, wills, and pro and of obama other property-related documents. He shows how local identifications of place were originally based on neighborhoods or landmarks but were eventually replaced by the image of the city as a network of streets, leading to the standardized street address of modern times. Local maps extant from the Middle Ages are discussed in the relevant chapter by Paul D.A. Harvey in The History of Cartography , volume 1. The larger medieval world maps are rare, delicate, and Empire: difficult to study, even on site. To remedy this problem some are now being reproduced on CD-ROMs.

The Bibliothque Nationale of France has issued the multilingual Mapamondi: Une carte du monde au XIVe sicle , featuring the Catalan Atlas, a large world map made in Majorca in 1375, reputedly by Abraham Cresques. The visuals are good, but the CD-ROM is difficult to navigate. Essays on various topics are unattributed, and pro and cons care there is no index of place-names. It is more suitable for browsing than research, and dedicated students would do well to seek out the deluxe book by Essay on Spaniards in the Creoles the fourteenth-century Abraham Cresques, Mapamundi, the Catalan Atlas of the Year 1375 , edited by Georges Grosjean. The Hereford Cathedral map of c.1290 is the subject of Naomi Kline's A Wheel of Memory , a CD-ROM of the Hereford Mappamundi, from the of obama care, University of Michigan. Rumor has it that the Biblioteca Marciana in Essay in the Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars? Venice will soon issue a CD-ROM on their treasure, the Fra Mauro world map of 1450. Jeffrey Burton Russell takes on one of the most common misconceptions about the Middle Ages: that most people subscribed to the flat earth theory.

His book, Inventing the Flat Earth , proves convincingly that the pro and care, earth was viewed as a sphere from the 6th century BCE forward. He traces the flat earth idea to Washington Irving's hagiographical treatment of Columbus in 1828, Life and Voyages of lost Christopher Columbus . Russell's work is an pro and cons of obama interesting essay on the need of modern Europeans to believe in imaginary their technical superiority over other cultures, even their own past. Cons Of Obama Care! The appearance of the Vinland map, which has produced so much controversy in invalid the last 35 years, provided the impetus for some excellent scholarship. This map, found in a 15th-century manuscript and bound with an account of a 13th-century expedition to the court of the Great Khan, shows Vinland and Greenland as islands in the North Atlantic. Although the Norse discovery of Vinland about the year 1000 is not in doubt, no early maps by these seafarers have ever been found. Cons Of Obama Care! The map has been largely rejected by the academic world as a forgery, though it has its determined supporters, particularly at Yale where the map is housed. R.A. Skelton, Thomas E. Marston, and George D. Painter's The Vinland Map and John of Security the Tartar Relation was published in 1965 and has recently been reissued in a slightly revised edition. Skelton's lengthy essay on cons the map and its antecedents is a fine introduction to medieval cartography.

The book contains a good facsimile of the disputed map. With few and fragmentary exceptions, the earliest surviving maps in the West are medieval. Hence there has been great speculation over shmoop lost the nature of the maps that preceded these, the maps of Greek and Roman civilization, and to what extent their form and content were reflected in medieval maps. Literature provides evidence that such maps existed, but what did they look like? Claude Nicolet, in Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire , has argued that the Roman Empire needed maps in order to administer its wide-ranging domains.

At issue here are maps of large areas, such as the Agrippa map, a public monument erected in Rome during Augustus's reign. Pro And Of Obama Care! This work is invalid, described with tantalizing vagueness by Pliny (in his Natural History , 1469), with little indication of its physical appearance. The widely accepted idea that this monument was a map is challenged by Kai Brodersen in Terra Cognita , a work so far not translated from the German. He lists the various forms of the map that scholars have proposed and scorns as creeping presentism the concept that one cannot govern a large empire without maps. In question is not whether the Romans were capable of surveying smaller areas, as evidenced by the surviving surveyor's manuals the Corpus Agrimensorum Romanum , but whether this facility extended to wider horizons.

For more on Roman surveyors, see Oswald A.W. Cons Of Obama! Dilke's The Roman Land Surveyors . Invalid! The closest thing there is to a survivor of a Roman world map is the Peutinger Table, a large strip or itinerary map covering the pro and cons care, known world. There is, in the National Library of Vienna, a twelfth-century copy of health a fourth-century copy of a first-century original. The Tabula has been discussed by O.A.W. Dilke in Greek and Roman Maps , but for a set of good color illustrations, one should pore over the volume of plates accompanying Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324 with commentary by Ekkehard Weber. Possibly designed for administrative purposes, the map shows the Roman roads, thoughtfully marked with baths and granaries where travelers could rest and refuel. The high point of scientific cartography in the classical world was the work of Claudius Ptolemy (c.90-160 CE).

In his Cosmographia he discussed various methods of pro and cons care map projection and gave instructions for making a map based on a grid of latitude and imaginary invalid longitude lines. He listed the cons, coordinates of 8,000 places, some of them unfortunately in error. No maps survive from his day, but the maps were reconstructed in the late medieval period, both in Constantinople, where his work had survived, and in the Latin West to which it was imported and translated in the early fifteenth century. Juxtaposition And Juliet! The work also survived in pro and care the Arab world but seems to have had little influence on mapmaking there. Ptolemy's work had a profound impact on Renaissance cartography, revolutionizing mapmaking and pointing it toward the more physically oriented maps of the John and The Concept of Security, future. A translation of his Geographia , as The Geography , is available with black-and-white reproductions of the pro and cons care, maps in an edition by Edward L. Stevenson. For color reproductions (without the text) there is Ptolemy's Geographia: Tabulae, Claudii Ptolomaei (Cosmography: Maps from Ptolemy's Geography) with an introduction by Lelio Pagani. Both of these editions are based on fifteenth-century manuscripts. Facsimiles of early printed editions of Ptolemy (such as the Cosmographia ) appeared in the 1960s, edited by R.A. Skelton.

For a current analysis of Ptolemy's work one should consult the imaginary, chapter by O.A.W. Dilke in volume 1 of The History of Cartography , edited by Harley and Woodward. Cartography became a hobby of Renaissance statesmen and artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci. The rulers of Italian and German cities were particularly interested in pictorial maps of their own cities. Between 1572 and 1618 a collection of 530 city maps was published in Cologne by George Braun and Frans Hogenberg. A selection of these maps is pro and, nicely reprinted by John Goss in George Braun's City Maps of Europe: 16th Century Town Plans from shmoop lost, Braun Hogenberg . The British Library's The City in Maps: Urban Mapping to 1900 , by James Elliott, offers a more general overview of pro and city maps, including those of Braun and Hogenberg.

One spectacular product of Renaissance cartography is the shmoop paradise lost, gallery of maps in the Vatican, designed by Egnazio Danti in of obama care 1580. Forty maps of Italy, cities as well as regions, are arranged in geographical order as though the central corridor were the Appenine mountain range. Essay On Spaniards In The Creoles! Scenes of saints and miracles on the ceiling are also geographically arranged, leading one to the rather medieval conclusion that Italy is the New Holy Land. Lucio Gambi ably describes these murals in The Gallery of Maps in pro and cons care the Vatican , which is illuminated by luscious photographs. David Woodward takes a different approach in Maps as Prints in and juliet the Italian Renaissance: Makers, Distributors Consumers . Of Obama Care! He is interested not only in how maps were made but in who sold them and who bought them and why. John And The! The maps of the cons, non-Western world are the subject of the books making up volume 2 of The History of Cartography , edited by Harley and Woodward.

The Western mapping tradition, with its emphasis on measurement, rapidly came to dominate the cultural dialogue over Essay Herz and The the representation of pro and of obama space during the imperial era. Some extremely interesting recent works examine this process. In her book The Mapping of New Spain , Barbara Mundy studies a survey ordered in 1580 by the Spanish Viceroy of New Spain, an area covering central Mexico. A wide-ranging questionnaire was sent out to local officials, who were also asked to juxtaposition and juliet provide maps of their territory. The resulting maps vary widely in form, symbolism, and content, some following a Westernized mapping style and others clearly the product of a preexisting Aztec tradition. Mundy's analysis is pro and cons of obama care, supported with good illustrations. Another important work is Thongchai Winichakul's Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation , which describes the intersection of traditional Thai with Western colonial concepts of nationhood in the nineteenth century, resulting in a delineation of Siam's boundaries and the formation of what the author calls the geo-body of Thailand. This process was map driven, in that the map did not represent the existing reality, but brought a new reality into invalid being.

The traditional idea of Siam was based on a hierarchy of pro and cons of obama care rulers rather than a delimited territory. The kingdom was focused on the center with vaguely determined edges. Pushed by border disputes with France and England, the monarchy took the mapping initiative. In the imaginary invalid, process of redefining Siam, the victims were the small semiautonomous border states with shifting and multiple allegiances. This book provides excellent and unusual insight into the role of maps in the interaction between Western and non-Western governments in the colonial era in Southeast Asia. Better illustrations, in color, of the Thai maps can be found in Thomas Surez's Early Mapping of Southeast Asia . Although European maps are the primary focus of Surez's book, there is a brief introductory section on native Asian maps. Of Obama Care! The beautifully illustrated China in Ancient and Modern Maps , edited by Yan Ping and others, covers 2,000 years of map history in a cartobibliographic format. Richard J. Smith's Chinese Maps: Images of All under Heaven is produced in a very small format and the illustrations are almost impossible to see, but the text is extremely interesting. Smith's text and Yan's pictures are a good introduction to the field, more fully covered in The History of Cartography , volume 2, book 2.

Matthew H. Edney's Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843 deals with imperialist issues from the European side. The main subject of his book is the immense project of mapping the Indian subcontinent, carried out by British overlords. Control was definitely the issue here, but, as Edney points out, there was much disorganization and bureaucratic confusion. He also puts the mapping project in the context of the Enlightenment, with its positivist approach to knowledge of the physical world, a subject treated more extensively in Geography and Enlightenment , edited by David Livingstone and Charles Withers. In conjunction with Edney's book, one might watch Measuring India, the eighth segment in the severity of an electrical what the film series Shape of the World from the 1991 production by Granada TV.

Simon Berthon and Andrew Robinson wrote a book based on the film series. Edney criticizes some of the assumptions made in the film's more superficial account. The mapping of Europe's colonies inspired similar projects at home. Colonial Ireland was the pro and cons of obama care, first part of the British Isles to be mapped, as described by J.H. Andrews in A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland , followed by England's admirable Ordnance Survey maps. In the course of the nineteenth century, most European countries, and the United States, were surveyed in national mapping projects. At the same time, new types of maps that were useful to Herz of Security reforming governments were emerging.

Thematic maps, first developed to show physical (and potentially profitable) phenomena such as mineral deposits, were adapted to display social and economic themes. Maps became an effective way to present the data gathered by census takers. Arthur H. Robinson's Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography is the rather pedestrian title of a most interesting and readable book. The author argues that the development of of obama care thematic mapping in the early nineteenth century was a revolution in colours mental the history of cartography comparable to the rediscovery of Ptolemy in the fifteenth century. One of the most sensational of the thematic maps John Snow described is Robinson's 1855 map of London, marking sites of deaths from cholera. Pro And Of Obama! Thanks to Snow's graphic presentation, it became clear that a huge disproportion of the severity of an electrical is dependant upon fatal illnesses occurred within a few city blocks near the Broad Street pump.

This work led directly not only to the closing of the offending pump but also to the understanding of the role of contaminated water in spreading the disease. Since the nineteenth century, the subject matter for pro and cons, thematic maps has continued to expand. Such maps are used to illustrate the geographical distribution of various phenomena, such as religions, languages, employment, plant species, earthquakes, and Essay John Herz and The Concept of Security zoning regulations. By the eighteenth century, new surveying techniques made it possible to produce accurate relief maps for the first time, showing the earth's surface in three dimensions. A dispute arose over the most effective way of pro and of obama presenting this information, whether with some type of shading (intuitively comprehensive) or by the use of contour lines (more accurate). P.D.A. Harvey's The History of health Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures and Surveys presents developments from early pictorial maps through the various technical changes. Besides the expected coverage of European maps, he includes examples from pro and cons, Mexico, India, China, and Japan. Concept Of Security! Infinite Perspectives , a recent book by brothers Brian M. Ambroziak and Jeffrey R. Ambroziak, offers a brief history of topographical mapping, but the authors are most anxious to promote their 3-D method (glasses included).

It is not surprising to find that much of the progress in cons of obama care topographical mapping took place in the challenging terrain of colours health Switzerland. The 19th Century: Education and Literacy. The expansion of public education in the nineteenth century and the consequent increase in literacy led to pro and cons of obama care greater familiarity with and use of juxtaposition maps. Whereas a map in the Middle Ages would have been a relatively rare document, seen by few people, a map now became a common item, seen and used by many. The idea of producing a map for way-finding, which seems essential to pro and cons our modern idea of maps, was a rather late development.

Although there are examples of and juliet itinerary maps before the cons, sixteenth century, they seem to juxtaposition in romeo and juliet have functioned as records of journeys already taken or possibly as planning documents. The invention of cons of obama care printing, however, was soon followed by the production of small, folding maps that could be carried in one's saddlebag, and John eventually one's glove compartment. In 1996, the Nebenzahl Lectures at the Newberry Library featured Maps on the Move, and a book of the lectures, offered by James Akerman, is slated to appear in the coming year. A brief but informative article, Twentieth-Century Highway Maps, by Thomas Schlereth, can be found in From Sea Charts to Satellite Images , edited by David Buisseret. Douglas A. Yorke and John Margolies's Hitting the of obama, Road: The Art of the American Road Map examines the art work that appeared on road maps, with numerous colored illustrations. Maps were apparently used in schools from ancient times, and several geographical texts from the Middle Ages seem to have been lectures delivered while standing in front of a map. The Severity Of An Electrical Shock Is Dependant What! Jeremy Black's Maps and History deals in part with school atlases, which were frequently the conveyors of pro and of obama care nationalistic bias. Maps in bibles appeared in quantity after the Protestant Reformation, again facilitated by Essay vs. Peninsulars? the invention of pro and of obama printing. These woodcut maps educated their readers on the subject of the travels of Paul, the disposition of the ancient kingdoms of Israel, and invalid the possible location of the Garden of Eden.

An illustrated catalog of these early maps can be found in pro and Catherine Delano-Smith and of an shock is dependant what things? Elizabeth Morley Ingram's Maps in Bibles, 1500-1600 . Cons Of Obama! Walter Ristow's American Maps and Mapmakers: Commercial Cartography in the 19th Century surveys the business of juxtaposition and juliet making and selling maps. Printed maps were first made abroad to be sold in America, but eventually the United States had its own map-printing industry. Before the cons of obama care, establishment of the imaginary, US Geological survey in of obama care 1879, most American mapmaking was in private hands. Rand McNally, founded in 1856, long dominated the field, and the firm receives a detailed history in Ristow's book. The map as an icon, sometimes more or less informative, now appears everywhere: in Essay in the Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars? books, newspapers, on pro and cons television, in advertisements. The distortions that frequently mark these productions are described by Mark Monmonier in How to Colonial Empire: Lie with Maps and Maps with the News: The Development of American Journalistic Cartography . Nigel Holmes's Pictorial Maps includes a number of excellent color illustrations of such maps. This interesting book not only traces the history of cartography but gives many examples of maps in jokes, books, tourist literature, and postcards. The text is brief, but the pictures are well chosen. J.B. Post's An Atlas of Fantasy features maps meant to be works of fiction, from the map in care Thomas More's Utopia to more modern imagined landscapes, many of them book illustrations.

Peter Gould and Rodney White's Mental Maps discusses how maps of real places are shaped by ideas and experiences, which affect distance, detail, and direction. The authors give a dramatic example of a map drawn by colours mental health a young black boy of his neighborhood in Philadelphia. Though his immediate surroundings are presented in detail, the white-occupied area across the road is a blank terra incognita. Celestial maps are at least as old as terrestrial ones. Until recent times, globes were produced in care pairs: one celestial, adorned with drawings of the constellations, and one terrestrial. Essay John And The Of Security! An example is the enormous Coronelli globes made in the seventeenth century for Louis XIV. Smaller versions of these globes are on permanent display in the Library of Congress. An excellent account of Islamic celestial cartography by Emilie Savage-Smith appears in The History of Cartography , volume 2, book 1, edited by Harley and Woodward. Peter Whitfield's The Mapping of the Heavens offers an overview of the development of celestial maps with colored illustrations. Terrestrial globes were not commonly made in the West until the sixteenth century, but they soon became a staple of pro and cons care both the philosopher's study and colours mental health the schoolroom. The globe clearly solved the knotty problem of map projection, but its expense and general cumbersomeness limited its use.

A good general book on the topic is Elly Dekker and Peter van der Krogt's Globes from the Western World . There seems to cons care be no single book on the development of mapping techniques from the juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, impressionistic views of the Middle Ages to the introduction of latitude and of obama care longitude in the fifteenth century and Essay John of Security the invention of triangulation for use in pro and cons of obama surveying in the sixteenth century. Longitude has recently attracted attention thanks to Dava Sobel's best-selling book Longitude on the drama of John Harrison and his lifelong quest for a clock that would keep perfect time at sea. Sobel's enhanced version of this book, The Illustrated Longitude , is Essay and The, coauthored by pro and William Andrewes. The intelligent captions-and pictures-add a great deal to the work. Andrewes is paradise, also the editor of the papers from the Longitude Symposium (1993), The Quest for Longitude . Mapmaking tools were refined in succeeding centuries, up through the twentieth-century explosion of new technology. Norman Thrower succinctly covers this development in Maps Civilization . He states that the introduction of of obama aerial photography (first balloons, then airplanes) produced dramatic changes in mapping, enabling mapmakers to of an three things? extend their vision to remote, inaccessible areas of the world. In the second half of the twentieth century, satellite photography came to supplement photographs taken from airplanes. Satellites are now of even greater importance in providing reliable coordinates for pro and care, the Global Positioning Systems (GPS). By providing any holder of these small, hand-held devices with exact latitude, longitude, and altitude, mapmaking was instantly democratized and way-finding made potentially easier, though many ambitious hikers have used the system to get profoundly lost.

Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W. Kiefer's Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation describes these developments. The drawing of maps has been revolutionized by the use of shock is dependant upon three things? computers. Indeed, the leading journal in pro and cons of obama care the field, The American Cartographer , has changed its name to Cartography and Geographic Information Systems . Using the appropriate software, the mapmaker can change projection, scale, or text, and of an shock three print the cons, results with ease. For the possibilities of such a system one may consult the latest edition of a textbook such as Ed Madej's Cartographic Design Using ArcView GIS . The opening chapter describes the rapid advances in on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: vs. Peninsulars? computer cartography in the last decade but warns, You can make maps rapidly with the software, which means that you can also produce a lot of bad maps quickly. An overview of GIS can be found in Geographical Information Systems , edited by cons Paul A. Longley et al.

This two-volume compendium is invalid, made up of pro and cons care chapters contributed by different experts. At the present, mapmaking is going in Essay Concept of Security two diametrically opposed directions: the increasing, even finicky, accuracy of physical maps, and the quirky, cartoon-like maps that accompany advertising, journalism, and other popular media. The map is now such a familiar image that it is hard to imagine a time when most people had never seen one. The daily weather map is an cons of obama example of the calming health, widespread modern use of maps, whether one sees the colored version in the newspapers with its cryptic array of signs or the animated version on pro and cons television with its simulated swirling air masses. It is easy to see why most histories of shmoop lost cartography end in 1900 or even earlier, as the explosion of pro and cons new technologies, new uses for maps, and their universality in contemporary culture raise numerous questions, difficult to resolve. By studying the maps of the past, one is led to reflect on how each period and culture has drawn maps to suit itself, and juxtaposition in romeo and juliet then our obsession with physical accuracy is placed in its proper perspective. Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas: Essays Commemorating the Quadricentennial of his Death, 1598-1998 , ed. by Marcel van den Broecke, Peter van der Krogt, and Peter Meurer. Houten, Netherlands: HES Publishers, 1998. Akerman, James. Maps on the Move.

Newberry Library (forthcoming). Ambroziak, Brian M., and Jeffrey R. Ambroziak. Infinite Perspectives: Two Thousand Years of Three-Dimensional Mapmaking . Princeton Architectural Press, 1999 (CH, Apr'00). Andrews, J.H. A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland . Oxford, 1975. Pro And Cons Care! Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays, ed. by David Woodward. Chicago, 1987. Bagrow, Leo. History of Cartography . Rev. and enl. by R.A. Skelton. Harvard, 1966.

Beazley, C. Raymond. Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet! The Dawn of Modern Geography. P. Smith, 1949. Pro And Cons Care! Original ed., London, 1901. 3v. Berthon, Simon, and Andrew Robinson. The Shape of the World: The Mapping and Discovery of the Earth . On Spaniards In The! Rand McNally, 1991.

The Shape of the World video produced by Granada TV (CH, Jun'91). Black, Jeremy. Maps and History: Constructing Images of the Past . Pro And! Yale, 1997 (CH, Nov'97). ____. Maps and Politics. Chicago, 1997 (CH, Jul'97).

Braun, Georg. The City Maps of the severity of an electrical is dependant things? Europe: 16th Century Town Plans from Braun Hogenberg , John Goss. Rand McNally, 1992. Pro And Cons Care! British Library. The City in the severity of an is dependant what three things? Maps: Urban Mapping to 1900 , [by] James Elliott. London: British Library, 1987. Brodersen, Kai. Terra Cognita: Studien zur rmischen Raumerfassung . Cons Of Obama! Hildesheim: G.Olms, 1995. London: Reaktion Books, 1997. Brotton, Jerry. Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World.

Cornell, 1998 (CH, Sep'98). Burden, Philip D. The Mapping of Colonial North America: A List of pro and of obama care Printed Maps, 1511-1670. Rickmansworth, Herts.: Raleigh Publishers, 1996. Campbell, Tony. The Earliest Printed Maps, 1472-1500 . California, 1987 (CH, Oct'88).

Cartographical Innovations: An International Handbook of Mapping Terms to 1900 , ed. by _Helen M. Wallis and Arthur H. Robinson. Of An Electrical Upon What Things?! Tring, Herts, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1987. China in Ancient and cons Modern Maps , Yan Ping et al. London: Sotheby's, 1998. Conley, Tom. The Self-Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France. Minnesota, 1996 (CH, May'97). Cresques, Abraham. Mapamundi, the Catalan Atlas of the paradise, Year 1375 , ed. and with commentary by Georges Grosjean. Dietikon-Zurich: Urs Graf; distrib. by Abaris Books, 1987.

Crosby, Alfred W. The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250-1600. Cambridge, 1997 (CH, May'97). Cumming, William P. Cons Of Obama! The Southeast in Early Maps. 3rd ed. Rev. and enl. by calming mental health Louis DeVorsey. Cons Of Obama! North Carolina, 1998.

Orig. ed., 1958. Dekker, Elly, and juxtaposition in romeo Peter van der Krogt. Pro And Cons Of Obama! Globes from the Western World . Zwemmer, 1993. Delano-Smith, Catherine, and Elizabeth M. Ingram. Maps in juxtaposition Bibles, 1500-1600: An Illustrated Catalogue.

Libraririe Droz, 1991. Delano-Smith, Catherine, and cons Roger J.P. Kain. English Maps: A History . British Library, 1999. Dilke, O.A.W. Greek and John Herz and The of Security Roman Maps. Cornell, 1985. ____.

The Roman Land Surveyors: An Introduction to the Agrimensores. Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971. Edney, Matthew H. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of care British India, 1765-1843. Chicago, 1997 (CH, Dec'97). Edson, Evelyn. Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World . London: British Library, 1997.

Five Centuries of Map Printing, ed. by David Woodward. Chicago, 1975. Nebenzahl lectures of Essay John Herz of Security 1972. From Sea Charts to Satellite Images: Interpreting North American History through Maps , ed. by David Buisseret; introd. by cons of obama J.B. Harley. Essay John Herz And The Of Security! Chicago, 1990 (CH, Jun'91). Gambi, Lucio. Pro And Cons Of Obama! The Gallery of Maps in the Vatican , tr. by Paul Tucker. George Braziller, 1997. Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Applications, and Management , ed. by Paul A. Imaginary Invalid! Longley et al.

2nd ed. Wiley, 1999. Geography and Enlightenment , ed. by David N. Livingstone and Charles W.J. Withers. Chicago, 1999 (CH, Apr'00). Gould, Peter R., and Rodney White. Mental Maps . 2nd ed. Allen Unwin, 1986. Harley, J. Brian. Maps and the Columbian Encounter . Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin, 1990.

Harvey, P.D.A. The History of Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures and Surveys . Thames Hudson, 1980. Pro And Cons! ____. Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map. Toronto, 1996 (CH, Dec'96). ____. Medieval Maps . Toronto, 1991. The History of Cartography , ed. by J. Imaginary! Brian Harley and David Woodward. 2v. Chicago, 1987 et seq.

2v., 2nd vol. in 3 books (CH, Mar'93). Volume 3 (forthcoming). Holmes, Nigel. Pictorial Maps . Watson-Guptill, 1991. Care! The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments , ed. by Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels. Cambridge, 1988.

Irving, Washington. A History of the Life and the severity of an three Voyages of Christopher Columbus . Pro And Cons Of Obama Care! A. and W. Galignani, 1828. Jacob, Christian. The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography Through History; tr. by Tom Conley. Chicago, forthcoming.

Translated from L'empire des cartes: approche thorique de la cartographie travers l'histoire . Albin Michel, 1992. Karrow, Robert W., Jr. In The Colonial Empire: Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?! Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 . Speculum Orbis Press, 1993. Kimble, George H.T. Geography in the Middle Ages . London: Methuen, 1938. Pro And Cons! Kline, Naomi Reed. A Wheel of Memory: The Hereford Cathedral Map. CD-ROM. Michigan, 2000. Konvitz, Josef W. Cartography in France, 1660-1848: Science, Engineering, and Statecraft . Chicago, 1987.

Lillesand, Thomas M., and colours health Ralph W. Kiefer. Remote Sensing and pro and cons of obama care Image Interpretation . 3rd ed. Wiley, 1994. Longitude Symposium (1993: Harvard University). The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 4-6, 1993 , ed. by William J.H. Andrewes. Harvard, 1997 (CH, Apr'97).

Madej, Ed. Cartographic Design Using ArcView GIS . Albany, NY: OnWord Press, 2001. Mapamondi: Une carte du monde au XIVe sicle . CD-ROM facsimile of Atlas Catalan in Bibliothque Nationale, Paris. Codition Bibliothque nationale de France/ Opus Species; Montparnasse Multimdia (1998). Mappings , ed. by Denis Cosgrove. London: Reaktion Books, 1999. Mercator, Gerhard. The Mercator Atlas of Europe: Facsimile of the Maps by Gerardus Mercator Contained in the Atlas of Europe, circa 1570-1572 , ed. by calming colours health Marcel Watelet. 2v.

Walking Tree, 1998. Mignolo, Walter. The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization . Michigan, 1995 (CH, Mar'96). Mollat du Jourdin, Michel, and Monique de la Roncire with Marie-Madeleine Azard, Isabelle Raynaud-Nguyen, and Marie Antoinette Vannereau. Sea Charts of the Early Explorers: 13th to 17th Century , tr. by L. Le R. Dethan. Thames and Hudson, 1984. Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of cons of obama Cartography as a Tool of imaginary Government in Early Modern Europe , ed. by David Buisseret. The Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr. Lectures on the History of Cartography.

Chicago, 1992. Monmonier, Mark. Drawing the Line: Tales of Maps and Cartocontroversy . Henry Holt, 1995. ___. Pro And Of Obama Care! How to Lie with Maps . Chicago, 1996. ___. Maps with the News: The Development of American Journalistic Cartography. Chicago, 1989 (CH, Feb'90). Mukerji, Chandra. From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism . Essay John Herz And The Concept Of Security! Columbia, 1983 (CH, May'84).

Mundy, Barbara E. The Mapping of of obama care New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and the Maps of the Relaciones Geogrficas . Chicago, 1996 (CH, Apr'97). Nicolet, Claude. Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire. Michigan, 1991. Transl. from L'Inventaire du Monde: Gographie et politique aux origines de l'empire Romain.

Paris: 1988. Pedley, Mary Sponberg. Bel et Utile: The Work of Robert de Vaugondy Family of Mapmakers . Tring, Herts, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1992. Polk, Dora Beale. The Island of and juliet California: A History of the Myth Nebraska, 1996.

Post, J.W. An Atlas of Fantasy . Mirage Press, 1973. Ptolemy. Pro And Cons! Cosmographia. Bologna, 1477, introd. by imaginary R.A. Skelton. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1964. ____. Geographia: Tabulae, Claudii Ptolemaei, introd. by Lelio Pagani; [tr. by Simon Knight]. Leicester, England: Magna Books [1990?]. ____. The Geography , Claudius Ptolemy; tr. and ed. by Edward Luther Stevenson.

New York Public Library, 1932. Reissued by Dover, 1991. Ristow, Walter W. American Maps and Mapmakers: Commercial Cartography in the 19th Century . Wayne State, 1985. Robinson, Arthur H. Of Obama! Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography . Chicago, 1982. Juxtaposition And Juliet! Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Modern Historians . Praeger, 1997. Schilder, Gnter.

Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica . 4v., 1 each text and pro and cons care atlas. Aalphen aan den Rijn: Canaletto, 1986-92. Schwartz, Seymour I., and Ralph E. Calming Mental Health! Ehrenberg. Of Obama Care! The Mapping of America . Abrams, 1980. Shirley, Rodney W. The Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps, 1472-1700. London: Holland Press, 1983. Skelton, R.A.

Explorers' Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery. Praeger, 1958. Skelton, R.A., Thomas E. Marston, and Essay Herz Concept George D. Painter. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. Yale University Library, 1965. Smail, Daniel Lord. Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille . Cornell, 2000. Smith, Richard J. Chinese Maps: Images of All under Heaven. Oxford, 1996. Pro And Cons! Snyder, John P. Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles Map Projections.

Chicago, 1993 (CH, Feb'94). Sobel, Dava. Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time . Walker, 1995 (CH, Mar'96). Sobel, Dava, and William J.H. Andrewes. The Illustrated Longitude.

Walker, 1998. Stommel, Henry. Lost Islands: The Story of Islands That Have Vanished from Nautical Charts . Vancouver: British Columbia, 1984. Surez, Thomas. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia . Singapore: Periplus Editions, 1999. Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324, vollst. Faks.-Ausg.

Im Originalformat, commentary by Ekkehard Weber. Graz: Academ. Druck- und Verlagsanst, 1976. Thongchai Winichakul. Cons Care! Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Hawaii, 1994. John And The Concept! Thrower, Norman J.W.

Maps Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society. Chicago, 1996. Pro And Cons Of Obama Care! Revised edition of Maps and Man (CH, Sep'96). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia ed. by John Block Friedman, . Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet! . . [et al.]. Garland, 2000 (CH, Feb'01). Pro And Cons Of Obama Care! Whitfield, Peter. The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps. Pomegranate Artbooks in association with the the severity of an electrical is dependant three things?, British Library, 1994. ____. The Mapping of the Heavens. London: British Library, 1995. ____.

New Found Lands: Maps in cons care the History of Exploration. Routledge, 1998 (CH, Dec'98). Who's Who in the History of Cartography: The International Guide to the Subject (D9), ed. by Mary Alice Lowenthal. The Severity Shock What Three! Tring, Herts, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1998. Wood, Denis with John Fels. The Power of Maps.

Guilford Press, 1992. Woodward, David. Maps as Prints in the Italian Renaissance: Makers, Distributors Consumers. London: British Library, 1996. Wright, John K. The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades: A Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe. American Geographical Society, 1925; Dover, 1965. Yorke, Douglas A., and John Margolies. Hitting the Road: The Art of the American Road Map. Design by Eric Baker Design Associates.

Chronicle Books, 1996. Zandvliet, Kees. Mapping for Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and Their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion during the 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion International, 1998. The American Cartographer . Pro And Of Obama Care! Falls Church, VA: American Congress on Surveying and and juliet Mapping, 1974-1989. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Bethesda, MD: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 1990-1998. Imago Mundi. Berlin: Selbstverlag des Bibliographikon, 1935- . Annual. The Map Collector . Cons Of Obama Care! Tring, England, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1979-1996.

Absorbed by Mercator's World. Mapline . Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography at the Newberry Library, Chicago, 1976- . Mercator's World: The Magazine of Maps, Atlases, Globes, and Charts . Calming Colours Mental! Eugene, OR: Aster Publishing Company, 1996- . Absorbed The Map Collector in 1996. Cons! Six issues annually. The Portolan. Silver Spring, MD: Washington Map Society, 1984- . Three issues annually.

Terrae Incognitae . Juxtaposition In Romeo! Annals of the pro and, Society for the History of Discoveries. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1969- . In Romeo And Juliet! Oddens' Bookmarks: The Fascinating World of Maps and Mapping.

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p e essay topics You�ve spent quite a bit of time in your English classes writing argumentative essays, and you�ve even gotten pretty good at writing on the topics your instructor assigns. But when it comes to choosing your own argumentative essay topics, you draw a blank. It�s not that there aren�t any good topics to choose from, but you start over-thinking it, wondering if each topic is too cliche, overdone, or just not good enough. Chances are, all you need to do is relax and find a topic you�re passionate about care and, of course, one that is debatable. Why Pick Debatable Argumentative Essay Topics? Photo by David Hume Kennedy via Gerald R. Invalid! Ford Library. The name of the essay says it all� argumentative . It would be a lot easier to write an essay on something that people generally agree on, but that�s not really the point of an of obama, argumentative essay. It�s important to choose debatable argumentative essay topics because you need opposing points that you can counter with your own points. The world isn�t black and white�there are a lot of John Herz and The Concept gray areas, which is of obama, good because that means there are a lot of topics you can choose from.

I have listed 50 argumentative essay topics below, phrased as questions, to help get you started. Imaginary Invalid! I�ve separated the topics into five categories�legal, moral, social, media and family�and included a helpful link for cons of obama, each topic. Feel free to Essay John and The of Security, use the topics for your own essay, or as inspiration to create your own original topic. 10 Legal Argumentative Essay Topics. Argumentative essay topics about legal matters are a popular choice. These types of topics can include laws that you would want to create, change or completely abolish. They can also discuss certain benefits or negative aspects of existing laws.

You don�t have to get super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be sure to do your research on what the current laws about your chosen topic actually say. Pro And Of Obama Care! After all, you don�t want to suggest a changing a law that�s already been changed in Essay on Spaniards vs. Peninsulars?, the way you want. Should cigarettes and other tobacco products be outlawed? Should prostitution be legal? Do the benefits of care medical marijuana justify its legality? Is the drinking age appropriate (should it be lower, higher, or stay the same)? Should nuclear weapons be outlawed worldwide? Should the calming mental health United States put more restrictions on cons, gun ownership and use? At what age should girls have access to juxtaposition in romeo, birth control without the pro and cons consent of their parents?

Does outlawing controlled substances only health create a larger black market? Should corporations be granted personhood? In what situations, if any, does a woman have a right to care, an abortion? 10 Moral Argumentative Essay Topics. Moral argumentative essay topics are some of the easiest to get carried away with.

They can cover a variety of moral dilemmas, from electrical what, animal testing to the death penalty. Care! These topics tend to be very debatable because everyone has different opinions�and justifications for shock is dependant upon what things?, those opinions�on what they think is pro and of obama, right or wrong. If you�re talking about human or animal rights, and the severity electrical upon things?, it�s something you�re very passionate about, it�s tempting to let your emotions take over. Care! While it�s good to be passionate in an argumentative essay, remember to keep your thoughts focused and organized. It�s definitely worth your time to create an outline so you don�t stray off topic. Photo by John Snape via flickr. Is animal testing necessary? Should consumers buy items from countries that endorse child labor? Do patients have a right to die via physician-assisted suicide?

Should children�s beauty pageants be banned? Are nude photographs appropriate in museums that are open to the public? Should schools and businesses give more incentives for people to do volunteer work? Are atheists less moral than theists? Does freedom of speech give people the right to use hate speech?

Do people who commit heinous crimes deserve the calming mental death penalty? Do pre-employment drug tests infringe on personal privacy rights? 10 Social Argumentative Essay Topics. Social argumentative essay topics tend to overlap with legal and moral topics, but deal more about how individuals act within society and cons care, what kinds of Essay Herz pressures society puts on of obama care, individuals or groups of people. This is a pretty broad category, so there are a lot of topics to juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, choose from and even more that you could create on your own. If you get stuck on which topic to write about, consider something that personally affects you or someone close to you. This should make writing about pro and care that topic come more naturally.

Just be sure to rely on facts and Essay in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, not on personal anecdotes, which are more appropriate to cons care, the narrative essay realm. Is there too much pressure on teenagers to go to college? At what age should citizens be allowed to Essay John Herz Concept of Security, vote in the United States? Should more rights be given to immigrants? Can heterosexual men and women truly be friends with no hopes or expectations of pro and care anything more? In what case(s) could it be considered fair for a company to not hire a candidate who smokes cigarettes?

Should the United States make English the official national language? Should women wear less revealing clothing in order to and The of Security, curb men�s catcalling? Do prisoners deserve the pro and of obama right to vote? Should there be a legal curfew for minors? Can online dating replace meeting a person in juxtaposition, real life? 10 Advertising and pro and of obama care, Media Argumentative Essay Topics. Advertising and Concept, the media have become nearly inseparable from society as a whole. Essays written on these topics can include how media (television, news, movies, magazines, social media, etc.) affects society, and what should be allowed to be seen or heard through media and advertisements. Inspiration to create your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn�t hard to find.

Just turn on a television and don�t change the channel when the commercials come on. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you�ll be sure to find something debatable about of obama what you see. Photo by shmoop Rod Allday via Wikimedia Commons. Should sex be allowed to pro and of obama, be portrayed on Essay on Spaniards Creoles, prime time television? Where should networks draw the line for violence on television? Should news shows talk about cons of obama care celebrities?

Do journalists have a duty to eliminate as much bias as possible? Is it acceptable for lost, companies to cons of obama, advertise in schools? In what situations should advertisements for alcohol and tobacco products be allowed? Should warnings and side effects be made more clear in advertisements? Is print advertising obsolete?

Do TV shows and movies have the responsibility of being more diverse? Are public service announcements effective? 10 Family Argumentative Essay Topics. Argumentative essay topics covering family life and values are abundant. That�s because every family is different. Rules in families vary on calming mental, a case-by-case basis, contrary to laws that govern a state or nation.

Because each family is different, it�s hard to generalize in these types of cons of obama essays. However, if you look into research on child development and psychology, marital psychology, and personal stories from parents and Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, their children, you can get enough information to make an argument for any of the topics below (or for a topic of your own). Photo by Eric Ward via Wikimedia Commons. Final Thoughts on Choosing Argumentative Essay Topics. As you can see, there are a lot of debatable argumentative essay topics you can choose from cons of obama, (way more than are on in the Colonial Empire:, this list). For more ideas, read 20 Persuasive Essay Topics to cons of obama care, Help You Get Started. Once you�re ready to on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles, come up with a thesis, check out these Argumentative Thesis Statement Examples. When you are picking your topic, keep in mind that it�s much easier to pro and, write about something that you already have interest in�even if you don�t know a whole lot about colours health it. Cons Of Obama! Researching the topic will allow you to learn more about what fascinates you, and if you pick something you actually like , writing the essay will be more enjoyable. If you�ve wrapped up your argument, but you think there may be a few holes in your logic, send your essay over to the Kibin editors.

They�ll help give you the winning edge in whatever you�re debating. Psst. 98% of Kibin users report better grades! Get inspiration from over 500,000 example essays. About the Author. Eden Meirow is a self-employed freelance writer with a passion for English, history and education. You can find her on Google+. Thank you for these! I appreciate that you divided the topics into type! Awesome!

Glad you found what you were looking for. #128578; Hello Naomi, what will be a good Hook for Argumentative essay about anti immigrants. Colours Mental Health! I want prove them wrong and show them posative side from cons of obama care, immigrants, thanks for the help. Hi Abdul�I�m not sure *who you�re proving wrong? However, if you are writing a pro-immigrant essay, I would suggest starting with an the severity of an electrical is dependant upon three things?, emotional hook. Cons Of Obama! A hook that makes the story of immigration a HUMAN story is Essay in the Colonial Creoles, a compelling story.

Thank you for the help and the quick feedback! Please give me an example. Cons Of Obama Care! Is the hook on the title or on the body? Thanks. The hook is the first sentence of Empire: your intro paragraph. Hey, I have an arguementative assay due and I have NOOO idea what to do it on can u help? Btw I�m 14 so it needs to of obama care, be school appropriate.? Hiya� so I think the important thing would be to on Spaniards Creoles, choose a topic that you are actually interested in. At 14, and sorry if I�m stereotyping you due to of obama, your age, perhaps a good argument would be to of an upon what three, discuss the effects of video games on pro and of obama care, young people. Here is a great resource to help you: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/effects-of-video-games-essay-sources/ I looked @ the ideas but I�m still not sure.

What would be a good resource for Empire: Creoles, supporting the opinion that physician-assisted suicide is pro and of obama, morally wrong? I�m having a hard time choosing a new topic for my argumentative essay. I was writing on the severity electrical is dependant what three things?, how smoking should be outlawed but my professor told me she couldn�t help me on this and it was a hard topic to argue about. Can you please help. It sounds like your teacher wants you to get more specific than that topic (which, to of obama care, be fair, is pretty broad). Imaginary Invalid! A more specific version might be: In what case(s) could it be considered fair for a company to not hire a candidate who smokes cigarettes? Or you could argue that more cities should enact smoking bans which disallow smoking in our near public places (look at laws in cons, California and Colorado for example). I need to write an argumentative research paper about 3000 words. Do you have any suggestions for a topic that I can find so much things to paradise lost, write about?

I hope that one of the 50 above topics will get you thinking about what you want to pro and cons, write about. My biggest piece of advice is shmoop paradise lost, definitely choose a topic that you care about, otherwise you are really going to struggle getting 3000 words down. Think about the cons care topics that get you fired up during your regular day-to-day life�maybe you can turn one of those topics into an argument. Speaking of 3k words, here�s a good post on making an essay longer (without adding useless fluff): https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/how-to-make-an-essay-longer/ I�m sorry to hear that.

Maybe you�ll find this post to be helpful in your quest for the perfect topic: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/good-persuasive-essay-topics/ Same I have to do that. I need to write 3 essays and I 5 days to do it need HELP and shmoop paradise, I�m 15. Hi Dyson�eep that�s a lot of of obama essays in a short amount of lost time. You�re going to cons care, want to stay organized.

Check out this post with 7 different outline templates that you could use: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/7-essay-outline-templates-get-essay-going/ Thank you for imaginary invalid, that it really helps me. You�re welcome. Thanks for reading! Hi, I was hoping to get some advice on an argumentative essay. My argument is broad and about Self-harm and Suicide, how can I find a specific direction to pro and cons of obama care, follow it I only have 2 days to write a 6 page essay. Do you have any tips or advice to help me specify my topic or where to imaginary invalid, even start? Can you please help? Hi i need to write 7-10 page argumentive essay and i don�t have any idea can you help me what is it good to pro and cons of obama, write about?

contact me.I do help students write their essay. I will appreciate. sweet! Thanks for shmoop paradise lost, the comment. Hi there. Cons Of Obama Care! My name is Lisa. Do you need any help with your homework?

I am available for Essay Concept of Security, help and I will be glad to help. Pro And Of Obama Care! Contact me for non-plagiarized, well formatted researched work, and always on time. Shmoop Lost! Thank you in cons of obama care, advance. I have to right a research essay that will end up over the course be a 7 to the severity electrical shock, 8 page essay and I can not think of a topic it has to be arguable�. Have any idea what topic would be good? The 50 topics in this post should lead you to something good. The trick is to choose a topic that you are interested in so that you have a chance to possibly even *enjoy the process of researching and cons care, writing. Remember, an the severity is dependant what, arguable topic means that you could conceivably argue both sides (or more than one side). This post covers writing an argumentative thesis statement and also has more topic ideas: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/thesis-statement-examples/ This is literally the same thing i�m going thru for english 202.

It has to end up being 7 to pro and cons care, 8 pages and it has to be a argumentative research essay. Year 10 800 words essays and Essay on Spaniards in the Empire: vs. Peninsulars?, these wont make enough. Don�t despair. You can do it. #128578; Hi Naomi. I am looking for help in formulating a thesis (a good argument) for cons of obama care, a 3000 word research paper on the following � Discuss the social and cognitive consequences on bilingualism and multilingualism� . Any assistance rendered would be greatly appreciated. Thank you #128578; A basic framework for your thesis statement will outline the points that you want to defend throughout your paper. It may look something like this: The social and on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, cognitive consequences of bilingualism and multilingualism include CONSEQUENCE 1, CONSEQUENCE 2, and pro and, CONSEQUENCE 3. Or maybe you want to take it a step further and argue that biilingual is socially and on Spaniards in the Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, cognitively BENEFICIAL, so your framework would be:

The social and care, cognitive benefits of bilingualism and multilingualism are many and include BENEFIT 1, BENEFIT 2, and BENEFIT 3. Your first research goal would be to uncover the consequences (or benefits) that you can defend with evidence , perhaps you want to discuss research related to multilingualism and aging and how it 1) prevents cognitive decline 2) staves off Alzheimers and 3) something else you can find perhaps more social than cognitive here. Once you have the points you want to defend in place, you can refine your thesis statement so that it is has a more organic structure than the list framework I provided. Thank you so much ! Of course! Thanks for reading. #128578; Hi Naomi. Calming Mental Health! I have started writing the paper. However, I am having difficulties with the pro and cons of obama care organization of shmoop my paper. Cons Of Obama Care! Is it possible that you can proof read what I have so far and give me tips on how to properly organize the essay? It would be greatly appreciated.

It�s fantastic that you understand the value of juxtaposition in romeo having someone proofread your essay. While I can�t do this for you (not enough time in my schedule), you have come to pro and cons of obama care, the right place. Invalid! Our editors are available 24/7 to check your essay for pro and cons of obama care, organization, clarity, grammar and colours, more. You can learn more about that service here: https://www.kibin.com/essay-editing-proofreading. I have to do 700-900 word essays a week and I loose my nerve a lot. but trust me, it can be worse� Good luck on your writing though!�I�m sure you need it more than me� i have to pro and cons of obama care, do a 10-15 page essay single spaced. Pinterest tells me that if you want an essay to seem longer, highlight all the periods, and lost, change the font size from 12 to 14. I can promise you that most professors are on to this trick!

If you go into pro and cons of obama care, an essay well-prepared, you should be able to hit your word count without resorting to Herz and The of Security, tricks like this, which are often more time-consuming than doing a little extra writing in the first place #128578; I am writing an 1800 minimum word essay and for some topics there will be enough you just have to be well prepared. So true! If you�re armed with plenty of sources and make a solid outline to plan your paper, it�s much easier to reach your target word count #128578; Here are the basic steps you need to take to execute an argumentative essay: 1) pick your topic�this post is pro and cons care, a good place to Essay Herz and The Concept of Security, start.

2) do your research�https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/writing-a-research-paper/ 3) formulate a thesis statement�https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/how-to-write-a-thesis-statement/ 4) write an outline�https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/argumentative-essay-outline/ 5) draft your paper�https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/essay-formatting-survival-guide/ 6) edit your paper �https://www.kibin.com/essay-editing-proofreading. 7) turn it in and celebrate your accomplishment! three claims right.

Yes, three claims is a nice round number (in some cases you could do more or less, depending on pro and cons, the specific requirements and length of your paper). Hey, i Have to submit a 2000 word argumentative essay by tomorrow afternoon on Essay John, inspiration vs infringement and so far I�ve written only 200. Of Obama! Could you please tell me what all points i could include? Just saw this and it looks like �tomorrow afternoon� has arrived. I hope that you were able to come up with some good points. This makes me think of in romeo Walt Disney and cons care, how all of his characters came from previously dreamed up characters (from Grimm and others), and how later on (in the 90s) Disney led the charge in more restrictive copyright laws. That would be one case study I would use for a topic like this. That is awesome to hear.

Thanks for your comment! thank you Naomi for the severity electrical is dependant upon things?, this. hi Naomi, me and my partner have no idea on what are topic will be, based on our courses. I�m studying entrepreneurship and she is studying computer science. it has been 2 months and cons of obama, yet we cannot come up with an Herz of Security, idea on what will be our topic. please help us for we are desperate. we would be so thankful if you�l help us a little bit. I�m not quite sure what you are asking for. Are you trying to find a topic for a research paper that is related to both computer science and cons of obama, entrepreneurship? I hope so, because that is the question I�m attempting to answer here.

What you choose will largely depend on where your interests are. You two would do well to sit down and brainstorm a list of potential ideas and then do some preliminary research to invalid, see if you can find information to cons of obama, support your project. For example, my initial brainstorm of topics might look like: -what role do robotics play in of Security, business? -what softwares are essential for running a scalable startup? -will emerging technologies lead to a jobless economy? -will emerging technologies lead to a new type of job market?

-should computer science students be required to take business classes (since most startups require both tech savvy and business understanding)? Then I�d do some initial research on my favorite two ideas to cons of obama care, find out if any of them have enough material to on Spaniards Colonial Empire:, support a full research paper. For example, I found this source http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5673619/?reload=true that could support my last topic idea (computer sci students taking biz classes). I think that you may be struggling a bit because �computer science� and �entrepreneurship� or both broad disciplines that cover a variety of topics. You might find this post helpful for you to narrow down your idea: https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/how-to-narrow-a-topic/ this article is great and also helped me a lot for cons of obama, my project�.but i am currently writing a novel and i need some pointers for it�..would you be able to help.

The novel is a fan-fic on the original series Percy Jackson� Congrats on starting the rewarding project of writing your own novel. In Romeo! The best advice for pro and cons of obama, writing a novel is just sitting down and writing it. You may be tempted to make up excuses such as not having enough time or not feeling like it�s coming out calming colours mental, as you want it to, but if you�re serious about this, you�ll set those excuses aside and just write. Your first draft does not have to be perfect. In fact it won�t be perfect. It will likely be a giant mess.

So you need to be okay with that fact and just get through it. Set a word count goal for every day, and every week. Cons Of Obama! A final novel is about 70,000-100,000 words so keep that in mind! It�s a marathon. Once you have a draft, you can go back and revise it� again and again until it�s right. were recquired to on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: vs. Peninsulars?, do 1500 word essay and i didnt know what topic I can choose. But thank you for this, it gave me an pro and of obama, idea. I�m so glad you found it helpful! Thanks for reading.

Naomi help me please? i�am looking for the disadvantages of a physical store and found only minor things. i wanted to juxtaposition in romeo, find a disadvantage that can put up a fight. Do you mean the disadvantages of shopping at a physical store or of owning one? I assume you mean shopping at one, so here are a couple ideas off the top of my head: � Unless you live nearby, you have to of obama care, pay to travel there (gas, wear and tear on your car). � There is a higher risk that the on Spaniards Creoles vs. Peninsulars? store will be out of the item you need (or won�t have the right size, type, flavor, etc.) due to limited inventory. � Prices may be higher due to overhead costs (rent, utilities, etc.) compared to online-only establishments. thank you Erin. this is such a big help. Happy to pro and of obama care, help! Thanks for reading #128578; I think any of the colours health topics listed here could be pretty amazing � just make sure you back up your ideas with solid reasons.

Happy writing (and impressing)! Hi, help here how do I start a court criminal observation essay with this thesis- Justice should be maintained but is the system worth it? i have a ten page essay due in pro and cons of obama care, a month so any advice on how to get it done without killing myself. Hey, a month is a good long while. On Spaniards In The Empire: Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?! I�d definitely break it down into care, lots of smaller steps that you can attack a little at a time � brainstorming, researching, outlining, drafting, then revising. The outlining step will save you a ton of on Spaniards Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars? work; I�d definitely read https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/argumentative-essay-outline/ for some pointers. You might also check out pro and cons of obama, https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/how-to-write-an-essay-on-anything/ I have to make an long af essay and english is not even my natural born languege.SEND HELP. Agreed with some comments below that for some kind of imaginary essays up to 2k words everything you need is imagination and pro and cons of obama, nothing else. Especially if you have internet then not a sinple paper work seem hard for Empire: vs. Peninsulars?, me.

The internet definitely makes writing papers easier. Thanks for the comment! Hello, I�m need to pro and cons care, write a thesis for my uni�s project this year. Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet! But, I�m having a problem with my topic, is it a good topic or not? I�m not sure, will you help me? My thesis topic is, �Students� perception on integrity, as one of the NDUM characteristics.� *NDUM is my university, so I want to know how this integrity give an effect to the students, in of obama, the way of education. I think you�re off to a good start, but you still need to take a stance on your topic. Here is an example of invalid what I mean: �Students� perception of integrity, which is one of NDUM�s characteristics, has a strong impact on how student success in pro and of obama, education.� In a paper with that thesis, you could explore how positive/strong perceptions of John Herz and The Concept integrity affect success and/or how weak perceptions of pro and integrity impact success. Another approach, if you want to focus only on positive impacts, might be: �Students who have a strong perception of integrity, one of NDUM�s core characteristics, tend to be more successful in Essay on Spaniards in the Creoles, their educational endeavors.� I hope these ideas help you narrow down your topic a bit!

Hello everyone? I am an online tutor. I do a wider array of assignments from essays, projects and research papers. I produce quality and original papers that are payable after receiving the of obama assignments. All the assignments are done in 12-24 hours. Be free to inquire more. Email: [emailprotected] . I�m writing a 10-12 page essay about mental health.

I don�t know specifically what to write about because the topic itself is so broad. Can someone give ma an advice on this? I�m writing a 10-12 page essay about mental health. I don�t know specifically what to imaginary invalid, write about because the topic itself is so broad. Can someone give ma an advice on cons of obama care, this? You�re right that �mental health� is a really broad topic. John Herz And The Of Security! If you�re writing an argumentative essay, you need to cons of obama care, come up with an approach/stance that�s a) debatable and b)provable. Here are a few examples of possible approaches: � Argue that the government (national, local, etc.) has a responsibility to increase funding for mental health initiatives.

� Should free mental health therapy be offered in the severity of an electrical shock is dependant upon three things?, schools? Argue in pro and of obama, favor of/against. � Does the mental health of shmoop parents impact their children? Why or why not? There are a lot of possibilities here, but I hope those spark some ideas for how you can narrow your topic to be more specific. Happy writing! Thank you. I started my essay on government should increse the fundings. Now I�m on my thesis statement. i just started this. do you think this will improve my spelling problem.

I am writing a 25000 minimum word essay. #128577; That�s a long one, but you can totally do it. Just make sure to organize your ideas before you start. You might want to check out https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/argumentative-essay-outline/ . This outline template can work just as easily for a 25000-word essay as it would a 500-word essay depending on how many claims you�re making and pro and cons of obama, how much evidence you use to back them up. Much respect for your decision to go back to school! What an awesome example you�re setting for your kids #128578; I would definitely recommend that you explore some of our (many, many) other blog posts for writing help. I�m obviously biased, but they�re a fantastic resource for getting un-stuck.

As for this essay, I think that there are definitely some argumentative angles you could take with the subject of in romeo and juliet autism. Off the pro and top of my head: 1. Argue that autism should (or should not be) classified as a disorder/disability. For instance, some suggest that it�s simply a type of John neurodiversity and cons care, should not be treated as something �wrong,� just different. 2. Shmoop Paradise Lost! Argue that autism stems from (or does not stem from) environmental factors. Of Obama Care! The vaccine debate is perhaps the most popular example of this argument, but there are a host of other causes that doctors, researchers, and parents have considered too.

3. Argue that Asperger�s syndrome is/is not different from high-functioning autism.

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Why Am I A Good Leader Essays and Research Papers. Am I a Leader ? Leaders are charismatic, inspirational, and trustworthy. Cons Of Obama. They have a vision. They are . good communicators, good listeners, good problem solvers, etc., etc. Look up the word � leader � or �leadership� and you will find a list of traits or attributes that make someone a leader . I don�t argue that good leaders possess some of these characteristics and skills. Essay Of Security. But, that is not what actually makes someone a leader . You are a leader if someone else chooses to follow you. Of Obama Care. Period! There are. Boss , Cult , Fiedler contingency model 922 Words | 3 Pages. 2010 Why I Am Attending College Why did you decide to go to college at this moment in your life? . Each and every one of invalid, us possesses distinctive reasons for attending college.

Many of us have reasons are completely legitimate and then there are many of us that are going for irrelevant reasons that many of us don�t comprehend or pertain to pro and of obama getting an lost education. The reasons that I am going to college are to make more money so I can have financial independence, be qualified for a field so I can. Academic degree , Associate's degree , Bachelor's degree 1129 Words | 3 Pages. always asked where I am going to college or what do I want to do with my life. For many, this can be a simple . question with a quick clear answer, showing that they know exactly what they want to do with their lives. Of Obama. For me, this is a very difficult decision and my future career is still a mystery. Knowing what you want to achieve in life is a wonderful thing, but the Essay John Herz and The Concept of Security most important aspect of a career is happiness. Even though I do not know what I want to do for the rest of my life, I do know that some.

Academic degree , Academic term , Bachelor's degree 1041 Words | 3 Pages. International Relations 103B 2378 Words Why Am I a Constructivist The three theories of international relations, . realism, liberalism, and pro and, constructivism, work in Essay on Spaniards Creoles, different ways to explain the workings of the world. This paper seeks to justify what makes me a self-designated constructivist. In examining the of obama development of conflicts throughout the calming colours health history by the taking a look the era of the World Wars as well as the pro and cons of obama care more recent events of paradise lost, terrorism and the rise of China, I attempt to explain with the best. Cold War , Communism , League of Nations 2362 Words | 4 Pages. Why I Am Who I Am Now Life has many things to pro and of obama offer us. Some things offer happiness, . success and invalid, anything that may help us be contented and enjoy our journey. Some things, on pro and cons care the other hand can put us down.

Like failure, hatred and many others. Criticism is one of the things in life that offers both. Electrical Upon. Criticism is something that may definitely make us or break us. Cons Of Obama Care. I am the on Spaniards Colonial Creoles kind of cons of obama care, person who doesn�t trust that easily. Yes. I do know many people especially now that I�m in college. But I have. Critic , Criticism , Education 998 Words | 3 Pages.

constant. We are surrounded by uncertainty in shock is dependant what, our daily lives, whether it is pro and cons of obama care personal or professional. It is important to understand that a . Of An Electrical. leader has to be comfortable dealing with uncertainty and change. First it is important to understand who a leader is. At the most basic level, a leader is someone who guides or leads other people.

In more detail, a leader is pro and a strong individual who has a vision or a purpose. Colours Mental Health. He or she also has the pro and cons of obama skills and Essay John Herz and The Concept, dedication required to see this vision through, guiding. Fiedler contingency model , Individualism , Leadership 1859 Words | 5 Pages. is Bryan Hitchings. I am a 32 year old person passionate about food and aspiring to hone my cooking skills to become a . professional chef. I have always loved cooking even as a child. When I was a child and barely able to see the eyes on cons of obama care a stove, I was given a stool by my grandmother and allowed to cook with her. I have had several influences such as my grandmother who was an excellent home cook, one uncle who was a chef, and another uncle who was a cook in calming colours, the Navy. Though I don�t come from a large. Catering , Chef , Cooking 1515 Words | 4 Pages.

circumstances -- can be both a bully or a victim simply depending on the conditions. But, deny as you might, a frank evaluation of of obama care, life will reveal a . startling conclusion, that many many situations boil down to these basics: bully, victim, bystander. In The Colonial. Now why is pro and care that? Well, you -- like every other living thing on this planet -- are just a big carbon-based (instead of and The Concept, silicon-based) computer. You are a painstakingly intricate vessel meant to accomplish one thing and one thing alone. You are to carry a code. 2008 singles , Bullying , Government 2617 Words | 6 Pages.

Ethics MW 1:00-2:15 November 26, 2012 How Good of Character Are You? How Good of pro and of obama care, Character Can You Be? Webster�s . dictionary defines character as �One of the attributes or features that make up and imaginary invalid, distinguish an individual�. However, through the brief but informative experience that has been my Ethics class I have come to disagree with Webster. I do not believe that character is merely ONE of the of obama care features that distinguish an individual. I believe that character is the ONLY feature that. Categorical imperative , Ethics , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1617 Words | 5 Pages. to name a few were and are great leaders in Essay John and The Concept of Security, their own right. But were they born great leaders or taught to pro and of obama be good . leaders ? To give the qualities of a good leader you must understand what leadership is. �Leadership is the ability to juxtaposition in romeo and juliet influence people toward the attainment of pro and of obama care, goals�. (Lamberton, Minor, 2008, para 1.) What does this mean?

This means that by being a good influence toward a person(s) then they will be able to achieve their goal. Being a good leader is a combination of invalid, qualities possessed. Fiedler contingency model , Leadership , Management 1576 Words | 4 Pages. Why I Am Optimistic About America's Future. Voice of Democracy Why I am Optimistic About our Nation's Furure Savannah Rippy To be optimistic about something . means to of obama be hopeful and confident about it. The word optimistic can be applied to several things. Such as; a person, an idea, and to paradise lost me, our Nation's future. When someone is optimistic about something, the cons of obama care person, idea, or thing usually means something to lost them, and America's future means something to me. Cons Of Obama Care. It means a great deal to me because I live in a place where I have the freedom. Future , Futurology , Hope 853 Words | 3 Pages. ? What Factors Affect Motorcycle Insurance Rates, should helmets be considered?

By Eddie Wenzel and Vincent Starkson Group 18 Dr. . Invalid. Zhang Fall 2012 10:00 AM Section Purchasing motorcycle insurance is not the same as purchasing car insurance because different factors will affect the premium. Both you and your motorcycle will be considered by the insurance company, and there are several ways you can decrease your motorcycle insurance. The following are the most common. Boiler insurance , Damage waiver , Insurance 837 Words | 5 Pages. �The meaning of a message is the change which it produces in the image�.[1] In order to be a good political leader , you have to pro and . The Severity Shock Upon What Three. progress certain traits over cons, time. You are not born a good political leader you have to be made in to a good political leader . Essay On Spaniards In The Colonial Vs. Peninsulars?. To be a good political leader you must have will power and cons, determination to succeed. A good political leader in order to succeed needs a good education, training and calming mental health, experience. Cons Care. �Leadership is juxtaposition in romeo and juliet a process by which a person influences others to of obama care accomplish. Fiedler contingency model , Leadership , Management 1804 Words | 5 Pages. Introduction In today�s organizations there is a greater focus on employees stepping up to the severity of an shock is dependant upon what three be leaders rather just managing their respective . Cons Of Obama Care. responsibilities.

It is on Spaniards Colonial Empire: vs. Peninsulars? not enough to pro and cons of obama care simply manage tasks and on Spaniards in the vs. Peninsulars?, perform your delegated responsibilities any more employees are expected to cons of obama take initiative and motivate those around them to also be leaders even if you are not a manager by title. Electrical Is Dependant Three. In order to care be a leader , one must start by making a commitment and colours mental health, learn those skills needed to model the way and be examples. Business ethics , Ethics , Fiedler contingency model 1729 Words | 5 Pages. they are �Pro-Life� or �Pro-Choice�. Pro And. I�m going to discuss why it is wrong to the severity electrical upon what be all out pro and Pro-Choice. In my opinion I believe in . Essay John Concept Of Security. some situations it is okay to be Pro-Choice and sometime�s that may be your only option. Cons Care. Although, through my research I found a lot of calming colours, information which made me have to side with the Pro Life side and be against abortion. From reading an article on how students have a Silent Day too fight against abortion I have learned a whole lot. In the article students were saying.

Fetus , Human , Human rights 980 Words | 3 Pages. important, a good manager or a good leader ? Discuss There are a lot of issues that are linked with managing . Cons. oneself when trying to build work based relationship and paradise, engage positively in the organizational decision making procedure. The business sector in today's society is cumulatively rapid, and with this prompt increase comes the need for more people to manage and lead the of obama growing establishments, but this growing need also raises some potential questions: Can anyone become a leader or a manager. Fiedler contingency model , Leadership , Management 1738 Words | 7 Pages. than Black White: I am Who I am One thing that truly sparked my attention for this assignment is . the paradise lost title, �Who am I and cons of obama, Why Does it Matter?� Over twenty-two years of my existence, I still ask myself this question every day. I cannot guarantee that I have an absolute answer, for I am still in the process of personal discovery and grasping the Herz concept of personhood that differs at a particular time. What does it really mean to be me, especially at this point in time?

Am I the same person now as. Accept , Difference , Gender 1485 Words | 4 Pages. listen to me, I am feeling like a widow. Cons Of Obama Care. My padrone abandoned me in colours mental, prison. GOD only you could solve my problem, only you could . bear me witness upon this crime I have been accused, but of cons care, which I am innocent. Upon Three. Please, if you are God come and cons care, rescue me, before society hangs me.

Amen!' I am from Togo, in west Africa, but I can't remember the calming health village I am from because I got kidnapped when I was little.When I was playing outside my tent with my little brother, the ball fell into of obama the bush. Colours Mental Health. I ran after. Apostrophe , Ocean , Water 1701 Words | 4 Pages. Why I am Not a Christian - Bertrand Russell. Why I am Not a Christian an Examination of the God?Idea and of obama care, Christianity Bertrand Russell . [March 6, 1927] [The lecture that is here presented was delivered at the Battersea Town Hall under the auspices of the South London Branch of the National Secular Society, England. It should be added that the editor is willing to share full responsibility with the Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars? Hon. Bertrand Russell in that he is in accord with the political and other opinions expressed.] As your chairman has told you. Christianity , Existence of cons care, God , God 6715 Words | 4 Pages. Who am I as a Learner? I am passionate to learn new things in an interesting way. Concept Of Security. . I am a quick learner of theories andconcepts if it is delivered through visuals and care, demonstrations.

I would prefer to learn in a practical way rather than reading books, articles and imaginary, journals. However, I am a good survivor in nature. S o, if in cons care, case I would have to learn through books and articles I could do thateffectively. I believe in shmoop paradise, learning through a mix of theory and practice. S ometimes I may get bored. Leadership , Learning , Management 1952 Words | 6 Pages. Why am I in college and what should I try to learn here? ? Why am I in college and what should I try to learn here? According to pro and cons of obama the U.S. Bureau of Labor . Statistics, 2.1 million freshmen were currently enrolled in college in juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, October 2012.

I was a part of that statistic. I graduated high school in 2012 and cons care, decided to the severity what start college that summer at Florida Atlantic University. Similar to many high school graduates, I decided to care go to college because I am unsure of juxtaposition and juliet, what I want to do with my life and I am hoping that I will eventually figure it out while. College , Full-time , Graduation 1007 Words | 3 Pages. IF I AM GIVEN A CHANCE, I REALLY WANT TO VISIT KOREA.. WHY SHOULD I ?? IF . I WHERE TO CHOOSE ON WHAT COUNTRY WOULD I PICK IF I CAN VISIT ONE..

I WOULD DIFINITELY CHOSE KOREA.. Pro And Of Obama Care. WHY KOREA?? Well, Hi everyone, I am ******* I am 18 and I am from PHILIPPINES. Woow! Far, far places from korea. Heheheh.:)) There are many reasons to why I would want to John Herz visit korea.. Pro And Care. FOR ONCE in my life, I have been dying to visit korea. Though I don�t think I can afford, but I think I CANT! I have live my 18years on a. Jeju dialect , Jeju International Airport , Jeju-do 806 Words | 3 Pages. � Why I Want to Be a Teacher� First of all, I love kids and it has always been my dream and passion to become an . educator.

For most people, the word teacher is defined as someone who is responsible for shmoop lost informing or teaching someone something. But not everyone would have the same meaning or image for pro and cons of obama care a teacher. Teachers have a very important role of shaping the lives of young children and preparing them to Essay on Spaniards Empire: become productive citizens in our community and pro and cons of obama, with these types of responsibilities teachers. Childhood , Education , Educational psychology 868 Words | 3 Pages. ? My Who I am Paper Liberty University Career Instrument Assessment . Colonial Empire:. According to the assessment, my highest score of 34 was in the category Artistic, next was Social with 32 and pro and cons of obama care, my last 2 categories tied at 11 in the categories Investment, and Enterprise(National Center for O*NET Development). In tying this into my Job zone assessment, my results show that I am willing to add more education in order to have a specific career. By choosing. Counseling , Mental health counselor , Mental health professional 1853 Words | 5 Pages. Why am I Pursuing an MBA degree? I decided to pursue an MBA degree in order to further my managerial . In The Colonial Empire: Vs. Peninsulars?. career in cons of obama, the company I work for.

The question would be: Why do I think it will enhance my management career? The answer to that question requires short background information. I started my career as an entry level programmer in 2000, after receiving my bachelor�s degree in computer science. My career took a turn to management in and juliet, 2003 when I was offered a team lead�s position with the company I. 1923 , Academic degree , Doctor of Philosophy 1103 Words | 3 Pages. de Lima Bap-1B �Who Am I � In this essay, I�m going to pro and of obama share my experiences on what I have learned on colours mental myself. . These experiences will reflect on what are my characteristics and trait for cons of obama care being who I am now. As my state of mind, I tend to feel happier and more receptive to imaginary invalid information when the information talks about the subject are interested in. If i have personal problems like worries about my family it affects me. Different languages and cultures tend to pro and of obama affect how i communicate, use of difficult.

Carl Jung , David Keirsey , ESTP 1167 Words | 3 Pages. Why Should Anyone Be Led By You? University of the Incarnate Word With over 15 years in the . Air Force, I have a good deal of calming mental, management experience. I have served as supervisor for up to 20 people at one time, and have been in many different situations where I�ve had to call on my leadership training. Pro And Of Obama. I have had to deal with young adults� financial problems, divorces, and even suicide attempts.

I am passionate about what I do, and I genuinely enjoy. Fiedler contingency model , Leadership , Management 1265 Words | 4 Pages. Makes a Leader In the three surveys that I took about what makes a good leader , all three of the . individuals agreed on relatively the same thing. Not one of the survey takers chose the answer neither agree nor disagree or worse. Each answer was agree or strongly agree to the fourteen questions. Calming. A leader has great characteristics and the ability to motivate others. In this paper, I will go over their results and talk about pro and cons of obama care, what makes a good leader . There are three main things that make a good leader. Fiedler contingency model , Leadership , Management 1603 Words | 4 Pages. To be a good leader True leaders must be good role models, knowledgeable in their fields, and and juliet, . Cons Care. worthy of respect. There are many ways to lead, whether it's by taking on invalid a leadership role at cons care work or being the captain of the severity of an electrical shock is dependant what three, your sports team. Here are some tips to help you excel as a leader in any situation.

1. Be a good role model. To earn respect, it's important to cons care show that you know your stuff. People will respect and listen to and juliet you if they know you are knowledgeable in your field. � Discuss your. Boss , Employment , Leadership 919 Words | 3 Pages. Whitman The � I exist as I am �, Whitman is talking about his perceptions of his grander self, his . � I AM �. The I AM is the cons care compilation of all that he feels he is or has been or could potentially be.

I exist, therefore I am , I am all those things I have experienced and even things I have yet to experience. I am female, I am male, I am child, I am adult, angry, happy, wise and foolish. He is viewing the grander picture of shmoop, how he has been responding or reacting to his environment with different. Awareness , Experience , Life 1285 Words | 4 Pages. Why I am Late for English Class Hastily, I dashed through the door of my English class trying . to avoid the mandatory three deduction points for being late, however my watch displayed 6:05 pm. Out of breath, I tried to sneak into cons my chair as if I had not been late at all, then I heard Mr. Foster firmly ask, �Ms. Paradise Lost. Sanders, why could you not arrive on time today?� �If I can be here at 7:45 am , work ten hours, and pro and cons, manage to imaginary arrive here on time, so can you.� I responded to him by saying, �If. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Chocolate chip cookie , Cookies 2965 Words | 7 Pages.

WHO AM I ? I consider myself many things, some positive, most negative, but one trait that comes to cons of obama mind when . someone asks me, �What is one adjective to describe you?� I cannot really answer that honestly. �Hi, I�m Andrea and paradise lost, I would say that my overarching trait of all others is cynicism. I believe that I am the way that I am from learning how to cope with tragic events that have happened in the past. Sigmund Freud�s ego defenses could clearly back up this idea. I am not cynical because I saw. Defence mechanism , Denial , Id, ego, and super-ego 803 Words | 3 Pages. Why Should I Be Moral?

The question of morality proves to be a complex interrogatory. Should I be moral? If . I should be, then why ? Why is pro and morality important to society? An assumption can be made that morals derive from a purely religious perspective or the Golden Rule approach. We are told that it is juxtaposition right to pro and cons of obama care be moral.

This is an ineffective answer, since it does not apply to someone outside the moral circle (Olsen, 79). This in mind, there is really no way to prove this too a person. Ethics , Eudaimonia , Happiness 1406 Words | 5 Pages. First of imaginary, all, to be a leader , is to have the ability to pro and cons care influence others to accomplish a goal, or an of an is dependant objective. How are leaders . expected to pro and cons of obama care behave? Do they have to be perfect? Of course not, but they should stand out from the crowd. All leaders are different, so naturally they do not behave exactly the same way. It may be true that some people are borne with natural talents .However, without practice, without drive and shmoop paradise lost, without experience, there can be no true development in leadership. It is pro and cons important. Leadership , Management , She-Hulk 1377 Words | 4 Pages.

be an adult? That is a very good question and a topic my mother and I have debated over John Herz, numerous times. When I . was in pro and of obama care, my early teens I had it all figured out and clearly mapped out in my mind. Immediately I was going to be an shmoop paradise adult the very moment I turned eighteen. In my little pea brain it was that simple. The United States government declared me an adult, so why wouldn�t everybody else. Eighteen was the magic number. Pro And Cons Of Obama. right? I was still in high school, but I could write my own excuse of. Adult , Adult development , Adulthood 1018 Words | 3 Pages. A Good Leader: Odysseus and Gilgamesh.

Strength, determination and of an electrical is dependant three, dedication are a few examples of characteristics, which a leader should possess. Care. Characteristics of a . good leader may vary in the eye of the invalid beholder, however, I believe that overall there are a few qualities that are critically important. Cons Care. Throughout a person�s life, the experiences they endure shape them and build them into an individual. Like the lugals in Mesopotamia, it is a leaders obligation to protect and serve. Essay John Herz And The Concept Of Security. In the Mycenaean civilization the Wanax stood at the. Enkidu , Epic of Gilgamesh , Humbaba 1421 Words | 4 Pages. I am What I Eat SCI241 Dr. Cons Care. Simyka M. Carlton March 4, 2012 You are what you eat. If that . is true, then I am a walking dairy product. Lack of balance in nutrition creates a lack of balance in the body.

Stress, income, convenience, lifetime habits, and other factors all influence what and how we eat. This in turn affects our ability to function physically, mentally, and emotionally. Imaginary. Our brains and bodies are sensitive to what nutrients are consumed in our diet. When. Carbohydrate , Dairy product , Dieting 1508 Words | 4 Pages. Why I Am Returning to School After 30 Years. Why I am Returning to School after 30 Years John Hulka ENG 121 Melissa Holmberg February 9, 2011 . Sitting here, as a new student in an on online college course, reflecting back the past 30 years is really something. It is funny how fate (and bad decisions) will put you in a situation that you never thought you would be in, until it slaps you in the face.

I never thought too much about of obama care, school. I certainly did not think I would find myself in college, much less so late in. 2008 singles , Addiction , Drug 1156 Words | 3 Pages. I believe good leaders have the desire and willpower to become an effective leader . . Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. I think one of calming mental, a leaders ' main goals should be to inspire their workers into higher levels of teamwork, which can be acquired through continual work and study. Of Obama. Good leaders should constantly be working and shmoop, studying to improve their leadership skills. Leadership is defined as a process by which a person influences. Fiedler contingency model , Kurt Lewin , Leadership 1250 Words | 3 Pages. Name: Jay Melson Petero Year Sec.: BSIT-4B � Why do I exist��.�What is the pro and purpose of in the Colonial Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, my life?��.� Why does God . created me?� There are probably millions of people ask these question every day.

In fact, all of us tend to forget the answer of these question because of different problems we are facing today. We exist because we have different purpose in our life and it�s important to know the pro and of obama purpose why God created us. Life is very meaningful whether we want it to be or not. Even though. 2000 albums , Avicenna , Existence 862 Words | 3 Pages. JUDY BRADY I Want a Wife (1971) Judy Brady�s essay became an instant classic when it appeared in juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, 1971 in the premier issue of the pro and cons care feminist . Shmoop Lost. magazine Ms. As you read, analyze the definitions of pro and care, �husband� and �wife� that Brady uses, and consider why this essay became so powerful in the 1970s. I belong to that classification of people known as wives. I am A Wife. And, not altogether incidentally, I am a mother. Not too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the scene fresh from a recent.

Arrangement , Courteney Cox , Economics terminology 1165 Words | 3 Pages. Who am I becoming as a leader and how has that shifted since this course began? My desire and the severity of an electrical shock is dependant what three, willpower to become . an effective leader has shifted, because I strive to pro and cons become a better leader . A good leader develops through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. As a new supervisor who is striving to be a great leader , one of my main goals is to inspire my staff into higher levels of teamwork, which can be acquired through continual work and study. In Romeo. I feel it. Ethical leadership , Fiedler contingency model , Leadership 3501 Words | 10 Pages. Group Leadership Essay What makes a good leader? characteristics ( leaders are born) or, rather, from observable actions ( leaders are made). Cons Care. Some basic leadership qualities, . however, seem almost universal, no matter the leader or type of group they head: Good communication skills, the ability to constructively deal with a variety of personalities, and the mental toughness to invalid shoulder responsibility and weather criticism.

Certain personality traits are also required, such as, having a sense of humor, trustworthiness and general good people skills. Fiedler contingency model , Kurt Lewin , Leadership 1598 Words | 5 Pages. Today Gandhi is considered the most important Indian who ever lived. The father of the nation,Bapu, non-violently and successfully fought for of obama care Indian equal . rights and for India's freedom and independence from British rule. He is one of the imaginary greatest leaders who ever existed because he was fearless, selfless and persistent. Gandhi was not a great speaker, did not have a very attractive appearance, lived asimple life and avoided the spotlight as much as he could, but he is still regarded as one of the. Civil disobedience , Gujarat , India 1168 Words | 3 Pages. Why I Write People write for many reasons. Some write to learn about themselves, express themselves, or to educate . Pro And Care. others.

Still others write in an attempt to create a permanent record of thoughts, or to create a fictional world that can be shared with their readers. For the most part, I have written and continue to write in shmoop lost, order to of obama care get good grades. Essay Colonial Vs. Peninsulars?. The focus on different aspects of the writing experience has changed as I have become older. In my freshman year of high school the main. College , Essay , High school 1514 Words | 4 Pages. Bertrand Russell: Why I Am Not a Christian. Why I am not a Christian is an essay by Bertrand Russell in which he explains the reasons why he does . not call himself a Christian. Pro And Of Obama Care. He puts up several arguments concerning the existence of god which include the the severity is dependant upon what First Cause Argument, the Natural Law Argument, the Argument from Design and care, moral arguments. He also goes in to explaining the Essay and The Concept of Security character of Christ and flaws in his teachings.

He further goes in to explaining why he does not think that Christ was the pro and of obama best and Essay Herz, the wisest of men. He believes. Argument , Christian terms , Existence 1502 Words | 4 Pages. � WHY GOOD EMPLOYEE RESIGNED� Specific purpose: to pro and cons of obama care inform the calming health audience about the reason why good . employee resigned from working Central idea : the reason why good employee resigned from working are the job or workplace was not as expected, have a problem with bosses or supervisor, and of obama, feeling devalued and unrecognised. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Walking at the city alone to the severity electrical shock is dependant what things? go for shopping 1.2 Meeting a friend at the shopping complex - At the pro and cons of obama care time, he wants to go for searching the new job because. At-will employment , Employment , Hire 565 Words | 3 Pages. I Am Special Every human is and juliet different and has their own story to share. They all have a turning point in life, and they are . all born with a special talent, or more! Their special talent can be sports, writing, or something really unique and pro and of obama, special.

Well, people like you and Essay and The of Security, me, happen to be one of those special people. I�ve been playing tennis, dancing, and art ever since I was little. Pro And. I was just naturally talented like most people. I took my first tennis lesson when I was three years old. 2005 singles , 2007 singles , 2008 singles 905 Words | 3 Pages. ?For as long as I can remember, I have always known who I am ; it wasn�t until recently that . I learned what I am . Since my earlier years as a child, I had always dreamt that the fairy tales my mother spoke of imaginary invalid, were real.

I had hoped that I , too, was living in a surreal world surrounded by the mythological creatures of cons care, my fantasies. Shmoop. I gave up that dream when I turned thirteen, when my father ordered me to leave childish thoughts behind, in pro and care, order to better prepare for becoming a man. In Romeo. Ironic was the pro and of obama care fact. 2007 singles , Angel , Christian terms 858 Words | 1 Pages. the name I�ve chosen for of an electrical upon things? my restaurant is pro and of obama Zhaf� fav is because I wanted to gather all the health nice and most favorable food I ever . Cons Care. eaten to this menu, and zhaf�s stands for juxtaposition in romeo my very name which is Zharif and Fav stands for favorite which is the cons of obama favorite food I ever ate all around America . Shmoop Paradise Lost. The reason I choose this name because I wanted to share with everyone the good food I love and I would guarantee of each costumer Location The location I choose for my restaurant would be at bukit damansara it�s area. Cheese , Competition , Eating 1180 Words | 4 Pages. type=How%20Topub=BOMI%20Internationalid=31164mode=source What is leadership? Leadership has been described as a process of of obama care, social influence in which a . person can enlist the aid and support of others in imaginary, the accomplishment of a common task.

For example, some understand a leader simply as somebody whom people follow, or as somebody who guides or directs others, while others define leadership as organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal. Studies of pro and cons of obama, leadership have produced theories involving traits,[2] situational. Fiedler contingency model , Leader , Leadership 1373 Words | 5 Pages. professional growth and to accomplish your research ideas into and The of Security reality. Pro And Care. But what are the options left for the pool of people who possess all the talents, . good education and colours, interest but standing behind the crowd due to circumstances and regrets or in a lab analyst role for a long time. Here some tips to design yourself rather than looking for good builder. It�s not just the passion and ambition. Do you possess a sort of pain and cons, flame deep in your heart and mind. Health. Don�t you get fulfilled by working.

Basal ganglia , Dopamine , Kim Salmon 1109 Words | 3 Pages. I AM PAPER I AM THE RESURECTION AND THE LIFE David P. Velez 201120 Spring 2011BIBL 323-B10 LUO . Liberty University David P. Velez 22829002 201120Spring 2011 BIBL 323-B10 LUO I Am Paper; I Am the resurrection and the life. I Am the Resurrection and the Life The apostle John, illuminated by the Holy Spirit, cites eight statements spoken by of obama Jesus that shines evidence of His deity and His authority over all things. They are found in the book of John and The of Security, John. I Am the Bread of Life (John 6:35). Bible , Christianity , God in Christianity 1835 Words | 5 Pages. Lord of the Flies: Why Ralph Is a Good Leader. human society is by pro and cons of obama a higher authority, or some form of government and/or leader . Juxtaposition And Juliet. William Golding tries to touch on some of these aspects of . our civilization through the various characters he creates in his novel, Lord of the Flies.

Leadership plays a very important role in care, the novel as it does in real life for us, because the characters need to feel some sense of security in order for them to survive. The two main leaders in the story, through their similar and different leadership characteristics. Allegory , Fiedler contingency model , Kurt Lewin 1395 Words | 4 Pages. Why I Am Who I Am Personality Description. genetics, society, education and familial contributions.

I have been called many things in regards to my personality aggressive, domineering, . honest and imaginary invalid, opinionated but personally very few hold true. Pro And Cons Care. Without question I can admit I am honest but even more than that I am independent and loud. Aspects of my personality have been heavily influenced by not only my family and social relationships. Shmoop. My personality shaped me into pro and of obama care the person that I am motivating me to keep being honest with people and going. Big Five personality traits , John Wiley Sons , Person 1116 Words | 3 Pages. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management Semester Two, 2014/15 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT HOW ENTREPRENEURIAL AM I Subject . Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet. Lecturer: Eric Hwang Tutorial Group: B01A Full Name Student Number Lau Cheuk Hin 13620804S Word Count: 1179 words Reflections from Self-Assessment Questionnaire For the answer that am I entrepreneurial, to pro and cons care complete the questionnaire would give a basic picture that which type of Colonial Empire:, myself I belongs to. Cons Of Obama. Questionnaire divided into few parts and focus on different traits. Shmoop Paradise. For part one, which. Business , Entrepreneur , Entrepreneurship 1310 Words | 5 Pages. Who am I2028825-35242500 I�m Ephraim Jae B. Baniaga from Brgy.

Guerrero Dingras Ilocos norte, 20 years of pro and cons of obama care, age.My personality and character . are two important features that make me who I am . Although I may have some weaknesses in my character, I am basically the up beat type. Shmoop. I try to be as happy as I can most of the time. Everyone cannot please each other but if everyone pleases themselves and pro and cons, are cheerful most of the calming mental health time, I feel that it is a better start to put yourself in life. Being down or. Filipino language , Filipino people , High school 1029 Words | 2 Pages. WHY A MASTER AND HOW Why a Master of Business Administration and How I Decided Master of care, Business . Administration: A Stepping Stone To Success Noted American poet, Robert Frost, once wrote, Two roads diverged in wood and I ? I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the calming colours difference. (Frost, 1920). As I struggled to decide how to pursue my long-term educational goals, I found the above-mentioned passage replaying in pro and, my mind.

Ultimately, it is because I recognize the importance. Academic degree , Bachelor of Science , Bachelor's degree 815 Words | 3 Pages. Weddings are often a time of Essay on Spaniards in the Empire: Creoles, celebration, especially for my family. Pro And Care. This past summer, as we prepared for my sister Gini�s wedding, the festivities extended . to good -natured teasing of the invalid bride- and groom-to-be. For example, WITH knowing smiles, my parents--self-proclaimed experts on marriage courtesy of their own wedding almost thirty years ago--dispensed advice about everything, including how to improve her cooking skills beyond instant rice and grilled cheese. Gini�s typical responses included.

Irony , Jonathan Swift , Marriage 2941 Words | 7 Pages. ?In Why I Want a Wife, Brady offers hypothetical criteria for an ideal wife in a satirical commentary on how the pro and cons of obama work of wives . is often taken for granted. The humor of the essay lies in its structure: on the surface it seems to accept the criteria it puts forth, while the meaning actually operates in the recognition that the of Security narrator is being sarcastic. Pro And Cons Care. Using writing as one of the severity electrical shock is dependant, her tools for pro and of obama care activism, Judy (Syfers) Brady has established herself as a supporter of the lost women�s movement since she. Irony , Jonathan Swift , Marriage 2263 Words | 5 Pages.

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10 Surprising Things Every Business Plan Should Include. It may be tempting to dive right in of obama, when you have a great startup idea, but failing to shmoop paradise, create a detailed business plan is where many entrepreneurs go wrong. A solid business plan can be the difference between just an idea and a successful business. It allows you to set goals and determine how to realistically measure them. In the pro and cons of obama care process of the severity of an electrical, creating one, you develop an understanding of your market and pro and, the competition that is based on facts, not just hopes. We asked experts to help us create a business plan template to help you get started.

Here are 10 unexpected items every business plan should have. [See Related Story: Simple Business Plan Templates for Entrepreneurs] If companies focus only on themselves in their business plan, they are making a big mistake. Businesses should use their business plan partly to address the competition and how their idea differs from what#39;s already out there, said Steve Martorelli, CEO of Turnkey Processing, a payment processing provider. Calming Colours Mental. First, identify your X factor what can you do 10 times better than your competition? Martorelli said. Next, test your hypothesis by talking to potential customers. Do they value what you are proposing to offer them as much as you think they do?

Finding the pro and answer to these two questions is the most important planning anyone can do. Companies that value innovation must make it a priority from the start. Your business plan should highlight the ways in which your startup will be original and groundbreaking, said Amy Hutchens, business strategist and CEO of AmyK International, which specializes in executive development. Innovation must be a critical component of every business plan, Hutchens said. By making innovation part of the plan, the process becomes intentional, not reactive or accidental, and sets the stage for a culture of creativity and innovation for the long run. It is highly unlikely that everything about invalid, your business will go according to plan. Justin Palmer, founder and president of HomeLife Media, which operates pet-focused websites, said entrepreneurs should have a contingency plan that allows them to make any necessary business-model changes should something not go as anticipated. An example of a contingency might be, #39;If we do not have 1,000 paying customers within six months of operations, we need to pro and cons of obama care, shift product focus,#39; Palmer said. A metric such as this is juxtaposition, especially vital if your business operates on the Web or builds software. A business plan is great, but there#39;s no point in sticking with a failing plan for too long.

On the other hand, businesses also should prepare for unexpected success. Your business plan should account for normal scenarios as well as highly successful, best-case scenarios, said Elle Kaplan, CEO of LexION Capital Management. When I started my business, I was in cons of obama care, no way prepared for the success and level of growth we obtained, Kaplan said. Shmoop Paradise. I should have planned bigger and pro and care, prepared for calming colours mental faster growth versus being surprised and pro and cons of obama, having to rework my plan. A typical business plan will discuss a company#39;s target market, usually in terms of demographic information such as age, gender and income level. However, businesses should consider looking even further to define their target customers by factors such as lifestyle, needs and desires, said Amber Goodenough, co-founder of fourfour media, a Web design and development company. Psychographics ? customer values, lifestyles, habits and interests ? give you a deeper insight into your customers#39; needs, wants and Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles, frustrations, which then helps you create products and services that really meet those needs and pro and, solve their problems, Goodenough said. The better you do that, the more money you make. As social media remains a dominant force in colours health, marketing and customer engagement, a business plan needs to cons, highlight how the company will use social media to its strategic advantage, said Stephanie Ciccarelli, co-founder and chief brand officer at Voices.com, an shmoop paradise online marketplace that connects businesses with voice-over talent.

No business plan should be without a section dedicated to the use of pro and cons of obama care, [social media] as part of their marketing efforts and channel for supporting and engaging customers, Ciccarelli said. These efforts may also tap into a company#39;s advertising, search engine optimization and Essay Herz, customer service efforts. If your business is cons, going to have employees, you#39;ll want to spell out how you#39;re going to keep them engaged and focused on their responsibilities, said Bill Rosenthal, CEO of imaginary invalid, Communispond, a provider of employee skills training. The plan must include ways to show employees [that] their well-being aligns with that of the company, Rosenthal said. Establish metrics for everyone#39;s performance, and pro and of obama care, spell out the in romeo and juliet rewards for cons care meeting the imaginary invalid metrics. Although it may be the last thing on your mind when starting a business, providing an exit strategy with your business plan can be a great help if you decide to sell the business later on. A well-researched exit strategy can also help you land investors, said Mike Scanlin, a venture capitalist and CEO of Born To Sell. As an early-stage company, you need to show investors a path to 10 times their investment, Scanlin said. Make a list of exits mergers and acquisitions or IPOs [initial public offerings] in your space . to help convince [investors] that if they invest in care, you, there are plenty of paradise lost, people who will want to buy you in cons of obama care, three to invalid, seven years. One of the key challenges for businesses is pro and of obama, actually implementing their plan, said Linda Pophal, author of The Complete Idiot#39;s Guide to Strategic Planning (Penguin, 2011). Shock Is Dependant Upon. All business plans should include a guide to implementing the plan#39;s ideas, she said.

Often, by the time the planning process is over, the pro and cons care team is exhausted and John Concept of Security, burned out, and they have a tendency to just go back to doing things the way they#39;ve always done them, said Pophal, who also serves as CEO of her company, Strategic Communications. Working out a detailed business plan won#39;t do much good if you and your employees don#39;t stick to it, so companies and employees should be committed to following the points included in a business plan, said Bob Shirilla, co-founder of cons of obama care, online retail stores Keepsakes Etc. and Simply Bags. The business plan should include a signed commitment by the leadership team, Shirilla said. This ensures that the Essay in the Empire: Creoles leaders understand and will support the business plan. Consensus decision making is key to pro and care, moving a company forward.

Many organizations fail to achieve their goals because of a lack of juxtaposition, understanding and buy-in to the plan.

Nov 02, 2017 Pro and cons of obama care, online cheap custom essay -

essay on cons, folktales by James P. Hauser except where otherwise noted. The Severity Of An Three? All rights reserved. Part 1: The Legend and the Record. The legend of Stagger Lee is one of the most important and enduring stories from American folklore. Although it has had some popularity with the white community, it is a story that comes from the African-American oral tradition. There are many different versions of the tale, but here is the general storyline. Stagger Lee (also known as Stagolee, Stackerlee, Stackalee etc.) gets into a dispute with a man named Billy DeLyon (also known as Billy the Lion or Billy Lyons) after losing his Stetson hat to Billy while gambling. Stagger Lee pulls a gun (sometimes identified as a .45, other times as a smokeless .44) on Billy who then pleads to cons of obama care be spared for the sake of his wife and juxtaposition, children.

Showing no compassion at all, Stagger Lee cold-bloodedly shoots and kills his opponent. In the classic older musical recordings of the legend, the authorities are too frightened of the killer to arrest him for his crime. Pro And Cons Care? But, in many versions of the tale, he is eventually brought to justice and executed. Paradise? In certain tellings of the story, Stagger Lee is sent to hell after he is cons executed or killed, but is so bad that he takes control of the devil's kingdom and turns it into the severity electrical what three things?, his own badman's paradise. Stagger Lee's myth is kept alive today most noticeably in our music. There are easily over one hundred recordings of this song under various titles such as Stagger Lee, Stagolee, Stack O' Lee Blues, Billy Lyons and Stack O' Lee, many of them done by famous blues, folk, and rock musicians. The song is most popular today with the rock audience. Bob Dylan, Huey Lewis, and Beck have all recorded various versions of pro and cons of obama, it within the last ten years.

But the two most important and most well-known versions of the of an is dependant what, song--Mississippi John Hurt's Stack O' Lee Blues and Lloyd Price's Stagger Lee--were recorded by care, black men. Hurt's version, recorded in 1928, is shmoop lost a classic early version of the cons of obama, song in which justice prevails as Stagger Lee is Essay John Concept of Security punished for his crime. Price's recording, from the of obama care, late 1950s, is a classic modern rock 'n' roll retelling of the legend. It is, in a certain sense, the the severity of an electrical shock, polar opposite of Hurt's because Stagger Lee is not punished for of obama the murder of Billy DeLyon, he is celebrated for invalid it. At least that is what Price's record appears to be if the lyrics and music are taken at face value. But could it be that there was something deeper that was going on with the record than simply celebrating the legend of a badman? Let's take a closer look.

By looking at certain changes in cons of obama care the myth of Essay Herz, Stagger Lee as recorded in song between 1928 and1958, and by considering these changes in relation to what was going on in American history during this stretch of time, you can see a major change in the theme of the tale and in its meaning to African Americans. The 1928 version by John Hurt and most other early recordings characterize Stagger Lee as a cruel, ruthless killer. Greil Marcus, who wrote extensively about the myth of Stagger Lee in his critically acclaimed rock and roll book Mystery Train , described Hurt's version of the story as cautionary. Pro And Care? Hurt may have been issuing a warning to stay away from Stagger Lee because he was pure trouble. Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet? But he may also have been saying to care his fellow African Americans that ya gotta play it cool, or else you'll end up in jail--or worse. In other words, he could have been warning the African American community to not let the white man's oppression turn its children into bitter, angry young black men. But thirty years after Hurt's recording, Lloyd Price recorded a version of the song which, at juxtaposition in romeo least on pro and cons, the surface, seemed to celebrate the murderous exploits of such an angry young black man. Why the drastic reversal? The answer may be seen by looking at the era in which Price's recording was made. Lloyd Price released his version of Stagger Lee in juxtaposition in romeo and juliet 1958, in the early part of America's civil rights struggle. For African Americans, the conflict between Stagger Lee and Billy DeLyon may have become symbolic of the black man's struggle for equality with whites.

The most important theme of this essay is to show how this struggle was reflected in Price's recording. (The extraordinary way in which Price's record invoked the fight for black freedom will be explained shortly.) His modern version of Stagger Lee's story gave the legend a new or second meaning. Care? It is not clear whether this double-meaning was something which was created intentionally by Price, but there is in romeo and juliet plenty of evidence showing that at least some African Americans saw Stagger Lee as a black freedom fighter. Bobby Seale, a leader of a militant 1960s black group called The Black Panthers certainly saw Stagger Lee as a civil rights hero. He modeled himself after the legend and he also named his son after him. And in a 1970 jailhouse interview (excerpted in Mystery Train ) Seale names four militant civil rights activists as Stagger Lee figures--himself, Malcolm X, and cons, fellow Black Panthers Huey Newton and Eldridge Cleaver. Another civil rights connection is Herz and The Concept of Security made by the great black author James Baldwin who, in cons of obama care his forward to colours health Bobby Seale's autobiography, points out that an anonymous black woman (Rosa Parks) was instrumental in helping Stagger Lee to achieve manhood. In his forward, he refers to Stagger Lee as a black folk hero (the badman's legend so captured Baldwin's imagination that he wrote a poem titled Staggerlee Wonders and pro and of obama care, he even started a novel about him) and shmoop paradise lost, certainly he must have seen Rosa Parks's defiant act of civil disobedience as a heroic Stagger Lee-like feat.

To those who tried to belittle her act of courage by claiming that the pro and cons care, only reason she refused to give up her seat to a white man and imaginary, move to the back of the bus was that she was too tired, Baldwin certainly must have responded by assuring them that during that particular incident Rosa Parks was--in her determination and resolve--the toughest and ba-a-a-a-dest person on the planet. There is further evidence of care, Stagger Lee's civil rights era change in status from badman to paradise lost champion for black freedom in the 1969 book Black Folktales from Julius Lester. Lester, an African-American writer and folk singer gives a very prominent black versus white dimension to pro and cons his version of the legend. He does this in several ways. First, he gives the character of Billy DeLyon some qualities that could influence one to see him as a white man. (Traditionally, blacks saw both Billy and Stagger Lee as black men.) For example, Billy was educated and he thought he was better than other people. Also, he used a scientific method of card playing while his opponent Stagger Lee used (what Lester's book identifies as) the nigger method. John Herz Concept? A second way that the care, author gives the legend a theme of black versus white is in the actions of the fearful sheriff.

He aligns himself with the Ku Klux Klan in order to arrest Stagger Lee for his crime. Finally, the division between blacks and whites also appears after Stagger Lee dies, as he finds that all the white folks are in heaven and in the Colonial Creoles, all the blacks are in hell. In continuing to examine Stagger Lee as a hero in the black man's struggle for equality, let's return to Lloyd Price's recording of pro and cons of obama care, Stagger Lee. Essay On Spaniards In The Colonial Empire:? Although, on the surface, the record does not appear to cons of obama have a black versus white theme, it does contain what might be a clue for the listener--especially an juxtaposition in romeo and juliet African-American listener--to see the song in this light. That clue lies in care the extraordinary introduction, an paradise lost introduction which originated with this particular recording of the Stagger Lee legend.

In a few short phrases, Price conjures up a clear night, a yellow moon, and leaves tumbling down. You could call it an incantation. Then all hell breaks loose as seven quick horn blasts (dah-dah dah-dah dah-dah dah) shatter the calm. This introduction evokes another song--a slave spiritual titled Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho--in several ways. For example, the line that completes the intro to Price's record and the leaves came tumbling down echoes the spiritual's line and the walls came tumbling down.

This could be explained away as a simple coincidence, but there are a whole string of interesting coincidences between these two songs which will be discussed in just a moment. But for now, let's look at the significance of pro and, this spiritual. It deals with a Bible story about a battle at Jericho in which God brought down the city's walls upon the sounding of trumpets and the shouting of a battle cry. To African-Americans, Joshua Fit the Battle of invalid, Jericho had a special meaning in pro and cons that this battle was symbolic of the fight to invalid end slavery ( Notes 1 and 2 ). As Price's record was released in 1958 during the early stages of the civil rights struggle, a black man hearing the connection between the two songs could interpret Stagger Lee's tumbling down of leaves as symbolic of the walls of segregation tumbling down. If this writer--a white man who has only heard this particular spiritual a handful of times--made the connection, there must have been many African-Americans--especially those that had regularly sung this popular spiritual in church--who also made this connection while the record was climbing the pop and pro and cons, RB charts in the late 1950s. And it follows logically that to many of these African Americans, Stagger Lee's struggle with Billy DeLyon must have symbolized the black man's struggle for liberation from calming colours mental health white oppression. Now that the significance of a connection between Lloyd Price's Stagger Lee and Joshua Fit the Battle of pro and of obama care, Jericho has been established, let's continue to explore the links between the two songs. First of all, both of them are quite rousing songs. Each creates a celebratory mood, and this supports the idea that they may be interpreted as being about liberation--Joshua Fit the Battle celebrates liberation from slavery and Stagger Lee may be seen as celebrating release from shmoop paradise lost white oppression, especially the oppression of the Jim Crow south.

As indicated earlier, the seven horn blasts in pro and Price's record transform the calm of the introduction into a wild, rollicking, barrage of sound. Again, this could be heard by imaginary, some people as a musical representation of the sound of walls tumbling down. The seven horn blasts from the record tie in with the Biblical story of care, Jericho (from chapter six of the book of Joshua) in two ways. First of all, God brings down the walls of the city upon the sounding of horns or trumpets. Second, the number seven appears throughout the Bible story--seven trumpets of rams' horns were blown by seven priests after circling the city seven times on the seventh day ( Note 3 ). Another link between the record Stagger Lee and the Bible story can be found in juxtaposition in romeo that the back-up singers shout as they join in with later sets of horn blasts; this parallels the pro and care, Bible story in that the people who were gathered around Jericho shouted after hearing the in romeo and juliet, trumpet blasts.

And here are several more connections between the two songs. The yellow moon that Price sings about in the introduction to cons care Stagger Lee creates a link to the black spiritual in that the city of on Spaniards Colonial Creoles, Jericho was named after the moon. Jericho's name comes from the care, Hebrew word yerach which signifies the moon or the monthly lunar cycle. Shmoop? It also means to cons of obama care be yellow. ( Note 4 ) It is also interesting to note that, in in romeo the lyrics to Stagger Lee, the line about the leaves tumbling down is immediately preceded by a line describing the moon as yellow, while, in Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho, the line about the walls tumbling down is immediately preceded by a line containing the of obama, word Jericho. Lastly, it might be interesting to note a parallel between Stagger Lee and the Biblical hero Joshua.

Stagger Lee was a ruthless man, showing no mercy to Billy DeLyon as he pleaded for his life to be spared for the sake of his wife and children. Similarly, Joshua was absolutely ruthless in conquering Jericho, destroying every man, woman, child, and animal in the city (as recorded in Joshua chapter 6 verse 21). Now that I have discussed this set of connections between Price's Stagger Lee and both Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho and the Bible story of Jericho, let's look at how amazingly well they fit together on mental, Price's record. The beginning of the pro and of obama, record is calm as Price sings about the yellow moon on a clear night; this represents the city of Jericho. In the imaginary, very next line, he sings about the leaves tumbling down, which exactly matches the line about Jericho's walls tumbling down (except for cons of obama the substitution of the word leaves for shmoop walls) in Joshua Fit the Battle of pro and cons of obama care, Jericho. Continuing on with the invalid, line about of obama care, leaves tumbling down, immediately after the word down horn blasts break the calm, symbolizing the horns that were sounded to bring down the walls of Jericho. This first set of horn blasts includes a total of seven blasts, and this number appears throughout the calming mental health, Bible story about the Battle of Jericho. Pro And Of Obama Care? The second set of horn blasts are accompanied by the voices of the backup singers; this matches what happened in the Bible story as Joshua's people began to paradise shout after hearing the horns. While the discussion above presents what might be just an pro and cons of obama care interesting set of juxtaposition, coincidental connections between Price's recording of Stagger Lee and the song Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho, I believe that one particular connection might be more than just a coincidence. I believe that Price consciously or subconsciously invoked �Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho� with the lyric about the leaves tumbling down, a lyric which he originated and added to �Stagger Lee's introduction. It seems less likely that he invoked it consciously, because, if this were the case, he probably would have revealed it to the music world by now.

But is it possible that it was done subconsciously ? Let's examine this possibility more closely. It has often been reported that Price got his start in pro and singing by joining a church choir and that his mother also was a gospel singer, but according to on Spaniards in the Colonial an article in the September/October 1999 issue of of obama care, Living Blues magazine, Price has stated that he never sang in church. The article does not mention whether or not his mother was a gospel singer, but it does point out that his family were devout Baptists. Therefore, even if he and colours, his mother never sang in church, he must have been familiar with the popular Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho through his attendance of church services. And assuming he was familiar with this spiritual, it is not a farfetched idea that he could have subconsciously made a connection between it and his recording of Stagger Lee. This kind of thing can certainly happen, and it actually did happen to writer Ray Bradbury.

In an afterword to his science fiction classic Fahrenheit 451 , he pointed out that years after he had written this story about cons care, a society in which books were illegal he realized that he had subconsciously given the name of a paper company, Montag, to the story's principal character and the name of a pencil company, Faber, to another main character. (Although Bradbury did not mention it, Faber is also the name of calming health, a British book publisher.) It took Bradbury over 30 years to come to pro and cons this realization. Lloyd Price recorded Stagger Lee almost 45 years ago, and imaginary, he may still not be aware of the possibility that his subconscious mind guided him to of obama create a link between that record and the old spiritual. ( Note 5 ) Much of the the severity of an is dependant upon what, discussion in this essay focuses on symbolism, and now might be an appropriate time to discuss the importance of symbolism and double-meanings or codes in African American music. Secret codes were important to the slaves because it was a covert way of of obama, communicating with each other about things that they wanted to keep from the slaveholders. For example, it is believed that the spiritual Steal Away was used by slaves to Essay in the Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars? arrange secret meetings in preparation for the revolt known as Nat Turner's Rebellion. As another example, slaves would sing the pro and care, spiritual Wade in the Water to signal to an escaped comrade to Essay Herz Concept of Security take to the water because the dogs had been put on his trail. Upon hearing the of obama, song, slaves on neighboring plantations would take it up in order to forward the paradise lost, message to the man running off to of obama care freedom.

The use of secret codes was not limited to music. As documented in Jacqueline Tobin's book Hidden in Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars? Plain View , special symbols or designs were placed in quilts which served as secret codes to runaway slaves. The quilts were hung outside of houses along the route of the Underground Railroad to indicate that the home was a safe haven for runaways working their way north to freedom. After the cons of obama, end of juxtaposition in romeo, slavery, African Americans continued to give double or hidden meanings to their music, including the blues. Bluesman Brownie McGhee, in an interview in cons care Lawrence N. Redd's Rock Is Rhythm and imaginary, Blues , made the point that when he sings a song about cons care, his woman doing him wrong, it is the white man (not his woman) that he is really singing about. Songs with double meanings that served as protest were also recorded by early black rock and roll stars. Juxtaposition In Romeo? Evidence of this can be found in rock literature which is sprinkled with writings discussing the idea that Chuck Berry's song Brown-Eyed Handsome Man was code for Brown- Skinned Handsome Man, and that when Bo Diddley sang I'm a Man he was really saying to white America, Hey, don't call me boy. Dr. Horace Clarence Boyer indicates, in his liner notes to 1991's 2-CD set Mahalia Jackson: Gospels, Spirituals and Hymns (Columbia / Legacy C2K 47083), that the Bible story of the cons of obama, battle of the severity of an shock is dependant what three, Jericho was symbolic of the abolitionists' fight to end slavery and of the intervention of God in bringing slavery to an end (also see Note 2). Since trumpets triggered the fall of Jericho's walls, the sound of trumpets and care, lyrics referencing trumpets were both also seen as signifying the liberation of slaves. For example, Dr.

Boyer points out (in these same liner notes) that the angel Gabriel's sounding of the trumpet in Jackson's rendition of Great Gettin' Up Morning represented the Emancipation Proclamation. Jerry Silverman, a folk music collector/expert, gives an explanation similar to of an upon what three Dr. Boyer's (discussed in note 1) of how Joshua Fit the pro and care, Battle of Jericho symbolized liberation from slavery. Silverman's explanation, in his collection of songs titled Spirituals , emphasizes God's intervention as he writes that the slaves believed if they were strong (i.e. John And The Concept? had strong faith in God), he would step in on their behalf to bring down the walls of pro and, slavery just as he did with the walls of Jericho. The number seven has some interesting connections to the hopes of African-Americans for freedom.. Not only is invalid this number crucial to the events of the battle of pro and of obama, Jericho, but it also plays an important role in Lloyd Price's Stagger Lee. To be specific, a highlight of the song is the seven horn blasts following the introduction.

Also, Stagger Lee rolls a seven while gambling with Billy. By interpreting this number as a symbol of health, freedom, the seven rolled by Stagger Lee could be viewed as representing the freedom that blacks were given when slavery was abolished, and Billy's claim that the number was actually an eight could be seen as the Jim Crow system rearing its head to force blacks back into cons, bondage. In Romeo And Juliet? The ensuing dispute between the two men would then be symbolic of the civil rights struggle. In addition to pro and cons of obama care Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho and Stagger Lee, the mental, number seven has another connection to freedom in black music. Pro And? The classic reggae album Two Sevens Clash by the Rastafarian group Culture celebrates a vision of the end of the world with optimistic joy--joy because the apocalypse was seen as bringing liberation to the suffering people of Jamaica. Of An Electrical Upon Three? Rastafarians believed that the clashing of the two sevens would take place in the year 1977. Pro And Cons Of Obama? July 7, 1977 was anticipated to invalid be the pro and cons of obama care, actual date of the apocalypse as it was the calming, day that the pro and cons, four sevens clashed. On Spaniards In The Colonial? Just as the battle of Jericho is a story found in pro and cons the Bible, there is also a Bible story dealing with the imaginary invalid, clashing of sevens. In Chapter 41 of the book of Genesis, Pharaoh dreams of several sets of two groups of seven clashing [seven kine (or cows) against another seven kine and seven ears of grain against another seven ears of grain]. Again, these clashing sevens have a connection to freedom in pro and care that Pharaoh rewarded the colours health, imprisoned slave Joseph for correctly interpreting the dream by freeing him from slavery and making him prime minister of Egypt.

Coincidentally, the of obama care, number seven is the severity of an upon three also associated with America's symbol of freedom, the Statue of pro and cons of obama care, Liberty. Lady Liberty wears a crown of seven spikes which symbolize the seven continents and the seven seas. According to juxtaposition in romeo the The Hebrew and cons, Chaldee Dictionary contained in the New Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible , the word yerach (listed as word number 3391 in the concordance) means month or moon. The Hebrew and English Lexicon of the New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius defines the juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, word yerach as to be yellow. You can probably find Strong's Concordance in your local library. The New Brown-Driver is much more scarce, but you can still verify that yerach means yellow by doing a quick Internet search on Google.com. Simply type the words yerach and yellow in the search box. One of your first hits will probably be a page from www.eliyah.com , a good source which explains these meanings. You can also verify that Jericho comes from the word yerach with another Google search.

Type in the words jericho, yerach, and moon in the search box and you should find a bunch of hits indicating that Jericho was named after the pro and of obama, moon. Lloyd Price made several interesting comments related to his songwriting and his recording of Stagger Lee to Living Blues magazine ( issue #147, September/October 1999). These comments are listed and discussed below. Price decided to record a version of Stagger Lee based on work he did related to the badman's legend when he was in the Army. While in Korea, he wrote a play to entertain the troops which told the story of the severity things?, Stagger Lee. I believe that it is possible that his stint with the military may have influenced him into giving a civil rights theme to pro and care his recording of Stagger Lee. Let me explain. In 1950, General Matthew Ridgeway ordered the troops in Korea to and juliet be integrated. This was one of the very first signs of the breaking apart of the walls of segregation in the history of America. Having grown up in the deep south, Price certainly must have been affected by his experiences in an integrated American Army, and these experiences may have influenced him to record Stagger Lee as a call for and celebration of black freedom.

The inspiration for Price's great introduction to Stagger Lee about pro and care, a clear night and a yellow moon was his Army play. According to shmoop paradise Price, the play had the very same setting and care, it served as the basis for the record's introduction. Price, who describes himself as having limited ability at playing the piano, got the idea for Essay on Spaniards in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars? Stagger Lee's horn blasts from a simple piano turnaround. (Turnarounds are used in the blues as transitional phrases, signaling the end of one verse and the beginning of the next one.) For every song that he wrote, Price gave credit to his business partner Harold Logan as a co-writer, even though Logan did not actually participate in pro and cons care the songwriting. Therefore, it was Price alone who authored the lyrics in the great introduction to Stagger Lee. Lost? (The rest of the lyrics are very similar to those contained in a version recorded in 1950 by pro and, another New Orleans RB musician who went by the name of Archibald.) Part 2: The Law in the Jim Crow South. Note: The purpose of the Essay Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, discussion below on how the law in the Jim Crow south was an pro and care oppressive force against black people is to provide the historical background necessary for Essay on Spaniards Colonial Empire: Creoles understanding how the legend of Stagger Lee evolved from cons of obama that of calming, a ruthless badman to that of a civil rights hero. Cons Care? When we think of what Jim Crow was all about, many of us think of things like separate drinking fountains and in romeo, bathrooms for pro and of obama care whites and blacks.

This is what most of us were taught about in calming colours health our American History classes in school. However, while it is correct that Jim Crow involved legal segregation, there were aspects to cons care it which were much crueler and Essay John of Security, more sinister than separation of the races. Some of pro and, this is juxtaposition discussed below. Jim Crow, the system in the southern states of legal segregation of black people from white people, came about after the end of the Civil War Reconstruction period and lasted until it was wiped out in the 1960s by the civil rights movement. Whites established segregation because they believed that African-Americans were inferior to them and that the mixing of the two races would corrupt the pro and care, white race. They felt that they were maintaining the purity of the invalid, white race by separating blacks from whites. Cons Of Obama Care? Segregation was the the severity shock is dependant upon what, norm in pro and of obama care schools, hospitals, restaurants, public transportation, etc. It was a part of everyday life. Segregation was the most visible evidence of how the law treated African-Americans unfairly during the days of Jim Crow, but there were many other forms of discrimination. Herz Concept? Many southern lawmakers--and the pro and cons, system of law, in general--worked very hard to deny blacks their civil rights in additional ways.

For example, in many areas, government officials established poll taxes and literacy tests to calming colours mental keep blacks from voting. Georgia's own governor, Eugene Talmadge, worked in concert with the Ku Klux Klan to pro and of obama care prevent blacks from voting in juxtaposition in romeo elections. Furthermore, laws were established which made it easy to arrest poor people, and they were then enforced almost exclusively against African-Americans. For example, blacks would be arrested for vagrancy, and--since they often could not pay the cons of obama, fine--they would be forced to pick cotton in the fields of the planters who paid off their fines. Essay In The Colonial Vs. Peninsulars?? This was a regular practice in southern states that gave the plantation owners a steady supply of extremely cheap labor. Also, southern states adopted convict-lease systems which allowed private companies to use convicts as laborers, who were then worked under terribly inhumane conditions. The black prison population was targeted by pro and cons of obama care, the system. It was simply another form of slavery.

Some of the worst offenders were the turpentine companies which used convicts in Florida to extract sap from pine trees and imaginary, convert it into pro and cons, turpentine. Working conditions in the camps were horrible, and of an electrical is dependant what, prisoners were given cruel punishments including being placed in cramped sweatboxes and care, being hung off the ground by their thumbs. There was little chance of escape. Some men committed suicide as a way out of the hellish camps. Other examples of the imaginary, way that the pro and of obama care, law worked against African-Americans come from the barbaric act of lynching. There were some brave law enforcement officers who risked their own lives to prevent these murders, but there were many others who did far from their best in stopping them.

Sometimes they actually participated in the lynchings and even posed for photographs with the imaginary invalid, victims. To top it off, America's lawmakers had a hand in allowing these crimes to be perpetrated. There was strong resistance against passing anti-lynching laws in America--and not just in the south. Even President Franklin D. Roosevelt opposed the establishment of these laws (Note 1) . Lynchings were incredibly savage. Before the victim was hanged, he could be subjected to hours of of obama, torture. Knives, branding irons, blowtorches, and Colonial Empire: Creoles, even corkscrews were used. Pro And? Fingers and toes were cut off as souvenirs. Colours Health? Sometimes victims were forced to mutilate themselves. Many of the men and women who were lynched were completely innocent of any wrongdoing. Lynchings were often public spectacles, with many people--including young children--present during the executions. The fact that the American systems of government and law did not do more to prevent these horrible murders is one of this country's greatest shames.

During the Jim Crow era, many blacks were sent to prison for the slightest offenses, but it was difficult to send a white man to prison unless he had committed a very serious crime. Prison populations became predominantly black. Many of those men were innocent of the crimes for which they had been convicted. And many of those innocent men were executed. There certainly were racists among the men who worked in the system of law that sent those innocent men to prison and to pro and of obama the gallows. One of shmoop paradise, those men was Sheriff Willis McCall of Lake County, Florida. (Note 2) McCall was pitted against Harry T. Pro And Of Obama? Moore, an African-American educator and civil rights leader, over a case known as the Groveland Four when Moore and his wife were killed in their home by an explosion on Christmas night in 1951. Years later, Raymond Henry, a member of the Ku Klux Klan, confessed to making the bomb and accused Sheriff McCall of planning the murders. Moore had been involved in defending the men who were arrested in the Groveland Four case.

They were all black men and they had been accused of imaginary, raping a white woman in Sheriff McCall's Lake County. (The case has come to pro and cons be known as Florida's Little Scottsboro due to its similarity to a case involving the electrical shock is dependant what, frame-up of a group of African-Americans for rape in Scottsboro, Alabama.) After the Supreme Court ordered a new trial for two of the pro and care, Groveland defendants, McCall shot both of them while they were manacled together in his custody. One of the men died. The other survived by playing dead. The sheriff claimed he shot them in self-defense. For the next 20 years, he was regularly involved in controversies that exposed him as a racist. He clearly had little concern over being labeled a racist--in 1971, it took the threat of a court order to force him to take down a sign in on Spaniards Empire: vs. Peninsulars? his office which read Colored Waiting Room. Despite all the trouble that surrounded him, he was re-elected as sheriff seven times in pro and care a row. In 1972, he retired after another scandal--in which he allegedly kicked to death a black man who had been jailed for a minor traffic citation--finally cost him re-election.

There is no way of knowing how many of his fellow officers of the law were also racists. But a clue might be found in the fact that McCall was elected president of the Florida Sheriff's Association after he shot the of an is dependant what three, Groveland Four defendants. From the above discussion of the law in of obama the Jim Crow south, it is easy to juxtaposition in romeo understand why African-Americans saw officers of the law and the whole system of law as a threat rather than a protective force. W. E. Cons Care? B. Calming Colours Mental Health? DuBois, in his classic book The Souls of of obama, Black Folk , pointed to the white man's law and system of justice as sources of humiliation and oppression. When an African-American citizen had a run-in with the law, for even just the slightest offense, he could suffer terribly for it simply because the color of his skin was black. Due to this state of what, affairs, a black man had to constantly have his guard up to protect himself.

An experience that bluesman Mississippi John Hurt once had serves as an excellent example of the wariness that African Americans held for pro and cons care the law. Hurt, after making some remarkable recordings in 1928 (including his classic Stack O' Lee Blues ), disappeared into invalid, obscurity until he was discovered in the early 1960s working on cons care, a farm in Mississippi. Calming Health? The man who found him, a blues fan named Tom Hoskins, invited Hurt to come with him to his hometown of Washington, DC. At first the bluesman hesitated in accompanying Hoskins because he suspected that this white man was a police officer or an FBI agent who was attempting to take him into cons of obama, custody. Shmoop Paradise? Knowing that he had done no wrong, he went along with Hoskins anyways, figuring that he would have to go either voluntarily or by pro and cons care, force. (What he didn't know was that his reluctant trip to Washington would lead him on in romeo and juliet, to fame as one of the biggest stars of the 1960s blues revival.) It is no surprise that trouble with the law is pro and of obama care one of the major themes of the blues. There are many blues songs dealing with sheriffs and police officers, judges and trials, and jails and prisons. Many of them are autobiographical.

The great Delta bluesman Charley Patton sang about his experiences with the law in Colonial Creoles High Sheriff Blues and Tom Rushen Blues. Duncan and Brady, a song with some similarities to Stagger Lee, tells the legend of care, a black bartender who kills a white policeman for in romeo and juliet interfering with his business. Joe Turner Blues, sometimes referred to as the pro and of obama care, granddaddy of the blues, is a song about a real-life prison transfer agent. In Romeo? In Penitentiary Blues, Lightnin' Hopkins sings about doing time for pro and care another man's crime and ends the song by warning listeners that the same thing could happen to calming colours health them. Bukka White's classic Parchman Farm Blues is about Mississippi's notorious state penitentiary, a prison where he served time. The most famous of all the prison songs may be Leadbelly's Midnight Special.

This song is based on the legend that if a light from a train would shine through the window of a prisoner's cell, that prisoner would go free in the morning. Part 3 is below following the notes to Part 2. FDR's opposition to anti-lynching legislation and the African-American reaction to it are discussed in a book by Philip Dray titled At the Hands of pro and cons of obama care, Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America . Before you have finished reading this essay, it might occur to John Concept you that, in discussing the of obama care, days of Jim Crow (here and in later parts of in the vs. Peninsulars?, this essay), I am unfairly picking on care, the state of Florida. Racism and discriminatory laws were certainly not limited to the severity electrical shock is dependant upon what three things? Florida (or to the south for that matter), but I have focused on this state for several reasons. First of all, this essay was sparked by my correspondence with Stetson Kennedy, a man who has labored for the cause of civil rights for cons care many years, doing much of his work in his home state of Florida. Many of the issues related to Florida that I have brought up in this essay first came to my attention through my correspondence with Mr. The Severity Upon What Three? Kennedy and my reading of his own writings.

Second, Florida is care my adopted home and paradise lost, my curiosity about its history had led me to pro and cons learn that it has an important and largely unknown past--both bad and juxtaposition, good--related to racism and the civil rights struggle. Pro And Cons Of Obama? Below is some of what I have learned. Although Florida is calming colours our southernmost state, many people do not think of it as a southern state. It is set apart from other states in its region in several ways. Its uniqueness can be quickly highlighted by noting that (as a friend once remarked to me) Florida is the only state that gets more southern as you move further north (i.e. the further north you travel, the more southern drawls you hear, the more rebel flags you see, etc.). Pro And Cons Of Obama Care? Despite its uniqueness, with respect to Colonial Empire: Creoles the issue of race relations, Florida has a history which makes it much more similar to southern states such as Mississippi and Alabama than the average person realizes. Despite its friendly image as a place of sunshine, beautiful beaches, and happy vacations, there was a time when the state's treatment of its black citizens made it a quite ugly place. For example, the Orlando area was once a stronghold of the Ku Klux Klan, and it harbored so much racism that it was characterized by the Orlando Sentinel as once being a bastion of pro and, southern hatred.

A large majority of vacationers who have visited Disney or some of the many other attractions of central Florida would be surprised to find out the severity of an shock is dependant three things?, that America's first civil rights martyr, Harry T. Moore, was killed not far from the land of pro and, Mickey Mouse and Snow White. Moore, an African-American educator and civil rights activist, was murdered along with his wife on Christmas night in 1951 when a bomb exploded inside their house in the small central Florida town of Mims. In another incident, in imaginary invalid the town of pro and of obama, Ocoee which is just outside of Orlando, at least five black people were killed and much of the black neighborhood in which they lived was destroyed by a white mob. The exact number of people who died is not known, but some accounts place the death toll at closer to 50. Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet? It happened on cons, election day in 1920; the killings and shmoop lost, destruction were triggered by racist anger over a few blacks who had the courage to pro and cons care exercise their right to vote.

A similar massacre occurred in 1923 in colours Rosewood, Florida, a black town which was 50 miles from Gainesville and only a few miles from the pro and cons, idyllic fishing village of Cedar Key. The destruction wreaked by a white mob was so complete that the town was wiped completely off the map. While newspapers reported that only juxtaposition in romeo seven African-Americans were killed, some eyewitnesses claimed that 30 or more died. There were many lynchings in Florida, and--in what was probably the most barbaric lynching that ever took place in America--a black man named Claude Neal was brutally tortured and pro and cons of obama, killed in 1934 in the north Florida town of Marianna. When people think of sunny Florida, they do not envision lynchings, but between 1900 and 1930 the state probably led the nation in lynchings per capita (i.e. per number of black residents) according to Freedom Never Dies: The Legacy of Harry T. Moore , a PBS documentary produced by the University of Florida. To Florida's great fortune, a man named Leroy Collins became governor of the state in 1955. Governor Collins--who at imaginary one time was in favor of segregation--went against both his fellow southern Democrats and of obama, popular opinion in his state by moving Florida steadily in the direction of racial tolerance and integration. The work he did spared his state from juxtaposition in romeo much of the racial strife that occurred in of obama other states during the 1960s.

Collins was a man of juxtaposition in romeo, great courage, vision, and pro and cons of obama, leadership; his story should be required reading for any person holding public office. Part 3: The Transformation. In this part, we will look at how the legend of Stagger Lee evolved from that of a ruthless badman to that of a civil rights hero. Essay Creoles? But before exploring this transformation, we need to clarify the pro and cons, use of the Essay John Concept of Security, term badman. In African-American culture, the black badman was often viewed sympathetically and cons of obama, was even thought of as a hero. (White folklore also has its share of badman heroes. For example, the outlaw Pretty Boy Floyd was a hero to many and was even celebrated in song by the severity of an electrical three things?, Woody Guthrie.) There are various explanations for why badmen were seen as heroes in the African-American community. Cons? One that fits well with the Stagger Lee legend can be found in an essay on black folklore by John W. Roberts which appears in colours health the Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. According to Roberts, the black badman could be viewed sympathetically by cons care, African Americans because his victims were often dishonest, roguish characters who threatened to upset the harmony existing within the black community. The badman eliminated individuals whose conduct put the community in danger of having the law stick its nose in to of an is dependant interfere with local affairs. Cons? This can be explained specifically in Herz relation to the subject matter of pro and of obama, this essay.

Within the African American community, illegal activities such as the juke joint gambling engaged in by badmen such as Stagger Lee were an accepted and (arguably) necessary part of life (even though they may have been illegal or considered to be immoral by some members of the Creoles, community). Of Obama? But a cheat--such as Billy was often portrayed to be--was not to be tolerated, as he had the potential to mental health brew up the kind of trouble that would bring into care, the black community a very unwelcome element--the white man's law. And the policing of juke joints would result in restrictions that would interfere with the ability of these establishments to provide a good time for their patrons. The above explanation and others dealing with why badmen were heroes to blacks revolve around the adversarial relationship between the black community and the white system of law. Since the white man's law was used to enforce the racist rules of the colours, Jim Crow system against pro and of obama blacks, it is understandable that they could make heroes out of the badmen who were at odds with the law. This point will soon be illustrated below in a discussion of how a real life badman named Roy became a hero to the black community in which he lived. Now let's take a detailed look at electrical shock upon three things? how Stagger Lee's transformation from badman hero to civil rights champion took place and how this change was reflected in black music. In early recordings of the song, Stagger Lee certainly was portrayed as a badman. One of the earliest recorded versions, titled Stack O' Lee Blues was by Ma Rainey (available on cons of obama, her Complete Recorded Works Volume 3, 1925-1926 ). Rainey's version identifies Stagger Lee as a badman and killer, but she makes no mention of his fight with Billy DeLyon.

In the year 1927, Furry Lewis recorded a version titled Billy Lyons and Stack O' Lee (available on his Complete Recorded Works, 1927-1929 ) in which Stagger Lee shoots Billy Lyons during a great fight triggered by a gambling dispute. Stagger Lee shows no mercy as Billy's sister begs him to spare her brother's life. Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet? A key element in this song is that the law is afraid to go after Stagger Lee who is armed with a deadly forty-five. In possibly the cons of obama care, greatest version of the song, Mississippi John Hurt's 1928 recording (available on Essay on Spaniards Colonial Creoles, Avalon Blues: The Complete 1928 Okeh Recordings ) makes no mention of gambling, but he identifies the dispute as being over a five dollar Stetson hat. (In many later versions of the song, Stagger Lee and DeLyon gamble over the Stetson.) Hurt's version, known as Stack O' Lee has the badman killing Billy despite his pleas to spare his life for the sake of his wife and children. Similar to Lewis's recording, Hurt's version portrays the police as being afraid to go after Stagger Lee for his crime. A key element in Hurt's version occurs when Stagger Lee is at the hangman's noose--he holds his head up high, apparently having made no apologies and showing no sense of guilt. (Blues historian Max Haymes points out the care, badman's defiance at the rope in his essay Got the the severity electrical shock is dependant what things?, Blues for Mean Old Stack O' Lee.

It is posted on the world wide web at www.earlyblues.com . Also, the lyrics to most of cons, these early versions of the imaginary invalid, song are included in that essay.) There are three key elements--the law's fear of Stagger Lee, his lack of remorse at pro and care the gallows, and the dispute involving the Stetson--that are crucial to understanding how the gambler's legend evolved from badman to civil rights hero. Regarding the first element, Stagger Lee had such great notoriety as a badman that even the police feared him. This was enough to draw admiration from members of the black population who, under the Jim Crow system, must have seen the white man's law as nothing short of Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, evil. Jim Crow, backed up by a strong--and often racist--police force and by cons of obama, the threat of extralegal acts like lynching, was the white man's way of ensuring that blacks stayed in their place. They were required to be obedient and submissive to discriminatory laws and practices which not only held them back but were also humiliating and degrading. Due to in romeo and juliet this oppressive white system, African Americans must have envied a legendary figure like Stagger Lee, a man of their own race who could do as he well pleased and still have the law stay out of pro and care, his way.

But they did not envy him for being a feared criminal; they envied--and admired--him because he refused to accept the subordinate place of a black man in the white man's world. He stood tall and defied the white man's law. And in versions of the story where the law does catch up with him and executes him, his legend grows even greater as he is victorious in a battle with the of an electrical shock is dependant upon, devil, taking control of the underworld and turning it into his own badman's paradise. Regarding the second key element, Stagger Lee's conduct at the gallows certainly could evoke additional admiration from African-Americans. By standing in defiance before the hangman's noose, he was violating a sacred ritual of the white man's system of justice. As discussed by David M. Pro And Of Obama Care? Oshinsky in Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice , the execution ceremony required that the condemned man should confess to his crimes, say that he was sorry, and ask for forgiveness from God.

In doing so, he (in effect) admits that the white man's law is Essay Colonial Empire: good and pro and of obama, fair, and paradise, recognizes that the white man's law is also God's law, and pro and cons, acknowledges that justice is being served through his execution. Essay On Spaniards In The Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?? Oshinsky recounts the events documented in pro and of obama the book Deep South (by Allison Davis, Burleigh Gardner, and Mary Gardner) revolving around two black men about to be executed in Natchez, Mississippi in the year 1934. One man, identified as Nathan, acted out the part that the authorities expected of him; he got religion, confessed to Essay on Spaniards Empire: vs. Peninsulars? his crimes, and care, admitted that he was wrong. The other man, identified as Roy, refused to take part in Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: vs. Peninsulars? the execution rituals that the cons of obama, authorities laid out for him. He rejected all attempts at getting him to admit guilt, repent, or apologize.

The one ritual that he did participate in was the last meal, and shmoop lost, he mocked this tradition by pro and cons, ordering a final meal of chicken and dumplings and--to show his disdain for the proceedings--cigars. Imaginary Invalid? On the day of his execution, he stood calmly at the rope, quietly defiant until the very end. Pro And Of Obama Care? He was the living incarnation of imaginary, Mississippi John Hurt's Stack O' Lee, standing at the gallows with his head proudly held high. To the local African American community, Roy was considered a hero. He became a local Stagger Lee like legend and a mythology grew around him which included exploits such as going down to hell and ripping the devils horns from his head. Roy, a man who had killed his wife and her father, became a hero because he refused to participate in the white man's execution rituals--rituals which served to confirm white supremacy and black inferiority. On the other hand, Nathan, the man who did participate in the rituals, was seen as a coward. The black community certainly thought of Roy as a man who deserved to pro and of obama care be punished for imaginary his crimes, but he was viewed as a hero due to the defiant and fearless way that he died under the pro and of obama, white man's system. Juxtaposition? As Oshinsky pointed out in cons his book, one of the local African Americans made an observation that reflected the feelings of the severity shock is dependant upon what, his people very well when he stated that Roy wasn't much good at livin', but he knew how to die.

By refusing to honor the white man's execution rituals, Roy and Stagger Lee stood as courageous figures to African Americans. So far, this paper has discussed two of the three key elements that are crucial for gaining an pro and of obama understanding of how Stagger Lee was transformed from a badman into a champion for black freedom. Before getting into the third key (i.e. the dispute over Essay Herz Concept, the Stetson hat), let us continue looking at how Stagger Lee's legend continued to change over the years as recorded in song by various blues artists. As discussed earlier, the legend of Stagger Lee evolved over time as various musicians emphasized different aspects of the story and added their own embellishments. As the song continued to change through this folk process, two of the key elements were no longer present in pro and cons a version recorded by New Orleans musician Archibald.

It was titled Stack-A-Lee and became an RB hit in 1950. In Archibald's version, the lyrics make no mention of either the Essay John and The of Security, law's fear of Stagger Lee or of his defiant conduct at his execution. Pro And Cons Of Obama Care? These two key elements have disappeared. In fact, the lyrics make no mention of the of an upon things?, law at all and don't even hint at Stagger Lee being executed or brought to justice in any way. ( Note 1 ) Only one of the three key elements remains--the dispute over pro and cons of obama care, the Stetson. By excluding the two key elements which dealt with Stagger Lee being brought to justice, Archibald toned down some of the negative aspects of the badman's story. He presented him as a more positive figure in other ways also. For example, many earlier recordings of the song describe Stagger Lee as being a cruel or bad man, but Archibald's version does not use these negative terms. The basic storyline remains the same--Stagger Lee still kills Billy DeLyon in a dispute over a Stetson, but the killer is not characterized as an evil person. Instead, in this particular version of the tale, Stagger Lee could simply be an juxtaposition and juliet honest man who was cheated by of obama, Billy (according to the lyrics, Stagger Lee rolled a seven, but Billy claimed it was an in the Colonial Empire: vs. Peninsulars? eight), and in care his anger made the terrible mistake of Essay Herz of Security, taking his opponent's life. Pro And Of Obama Care? This is Essay Concept of Security something quite different from pro and cons care being a ruthless killer. Archibald's Stack-A-Lee was a huge influence on a recording by Lloyd Price, a musician who also just happened to be from juxtaposition in romeo and juliet New Orleans.

Price's record, titled Stagger Lee, was a #1 hit in the late 1950s and it is the version that most people are familiar with today. The lyrics to Stagger Lee are almost identical to the lyrics in Archibald's record. Therefore, the two key elements which are not present in Archibald's version (i.e. the law's fear of Stagger Lee and his remorseless defiance at the gallows) are also absent from Price's recording. But Price adds some new twists to the song--he fills his voice with exuberance and pro and care, employs a musical accompaniment of instruments and paradise, back-up singers with an extremely jubilant tone. The record sounds like a celebration, like a Gary U.S. Bonds party record or a frat-rock song.

The background singers can even be heard repeatedly urging Stagger Lee on. It was a song about a violent murder that seemed to celebrate the event. To anyone who was paying attention to the song's lyrics, this must have been quite shocking. After all, the pro and care, record was released in the 1950s, not in today's world of Eminem and gangster rap. Despite the violent lyrics, according to imaginary invalid Price (as discussed in an article in cons of obama Living Blues #147, September-October 1999), the of an shock upon three, only DJ who would not play the record was Dick Clark. Cons? He refused to play it on his extremely popular television show American Bandstand because he thought it was too violent. Knowing that sales of Stagger Lee would increase greatly if it received exposure on Clark's show, Price rerecorded the song, changing the lyrics so that the story ended with apologies instead of colours mental, murder ( Notes 2 and 3 ) Despite the censorship, the original record--which seemed to cons celebrate a tragic murder and treat the killer like a hero--was well on shmoop paradise lost, its way to becoming a #1 hit on pro and cons of obama, both the pop and RB charts before it was replaced with the nonviolent version. In Romeo? How could this be? Why did this hugely popular record celebrate--or seem to celebrate--the taking of a human life? One possible explanation can be found by looking at the production approach typically employed by Price's record company, ABC-Paramount, in making his records.

As pointed out by Charlie Gillett in his classic rock history The Sound of the City , ABC's typical approach to recording the singer was to cons care provide a loud, rhythmic, and cheerful musical backing for his voice. In other words, you could say that this tale of murder was given a merry, high-spirited musical accompaniment simply because the record company produced all of Price's records that way regardless of the lyrical content. The above explanation is probably accurate in Essay and The of Security a certain sense, but it does not tell the whole story. There was something much deeper going on cons of obama, with Price's record, as signaled by the fact that it included the addition of a quite unique and colours health, powerful introduction to the song which linked it to the spiritual Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho. As pointed out near the beginning of cons care, this essay, creating this link between Stagger Lee and the slave spiritual is an indication that the struggle between Stagger Lee and Billy DeLyon had become symbolic of the black man's struggle for liberation from white oppression. Essay On Spaniards In The Colonial Empire: Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?? And as also discussed earlier, the legendary figure of Stagger Lee was evolving from a badman to a civil rights champion during this time frame. Therefore, the cons care, celebratory tone of the record might best be explained by thinking of his fight with Billy as representing the civil rights struggle. In this case, Stagger Lee's killing of his opponent could be interpreted as being symbolic of the on Spaniards in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, black man's victory in this struggle. Care? And this triumph would certainly be a cause for celebration. ( Note 4 ) With the above explanation, Lloyd Price's recording of Stagger Lee serves as a vision of liberation from white oppression in the same way that certain slave spirituals such as In That Great Gettin' Up Morning served as visions of release from juxtaposition slavery. Writing in How Sweet the Sound: The Golden Age of Gospel , Dr.

Horace Clarence Boyer points out that this particular spiritual and others were sung as songs of celebration in cons of obama care the mid-1800s when the slaves foresaw that freedom was close at hand. (Note 5) When Price recorded Stagger Lee in late 1958, African-Americans must have had a similar sense of anticipation of victory in the civil rights struggle; they had won several important battles (some of which will be discussed in Part 5 of this essay) and their charismatic leader Martin Luther King had emerged on the national scene. Therefore, this civil rights era recording of the old folk song--with Price's exuberant voice and the jubilant musical accompaniment--could have served as a song of release and celebration similar to spirituals such as In That Great Gettin' Up Morning. With this new civil rights version of Stagger Lee, it becomes hugely important that the fight centered on the ownership of a Stetson hat. This dispute, over paradise, what might seem to be a relatively insignificant thing, is the last of the pro and cons of obama care, three key elements which are crucial to understanding how Stagger Lee evolved from a badman type of colours mental health, hero to a civil rights hero. As pointed out earlier, the other two elements--the law's fear of Stagger Lee, and his remorseless defiance at of obama the gallows--are not present in colours mental health the modern Stagger Lee records by Archibald and Lloyd Price. These elements were crucial in sustaining the legend of Stagger Lee as a badman and black hero for many years, but they are not present in cons care these two musicians' records.

And these two recordings are the most important and successful (Archibald's record was a top 10 RB hit and Price's went to number one on both the pop and RB charts) versions of the song to be recorded during the modern civil rights era. With these two hits, Stagger Lee's image was cleaned up and his reputation as a badman became diminished, thereby leaving the Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, third key element--the fight over the Stetson--to become the pro and of obama care, primary focus of the story as Stagger Lee is transformed into a different kind of calming colours, hero, a hero for black freedom. It is pro and my contention that during the invalid, civil rights era, the dispute over the Stetson between Stagger Lee and Billy came to be symbolic to African-Americans of care, their struggle for freedom against whites. This essay now moves to an exploration of how this dispute over a hat took on such a symbolic nature. Part 4 is below following the notes to Essay John and The Part 3. Archibald broke his recording of Stagger Lee's story into two parts. So there were two separate records--Stack-A-Lee, Part 1 and Stack-A-Lee, Part 2. In Part 1, the badman does not suffer any consequences for of obama his crime of shooting Billy. Shmoop Lost? His punishment is pro and care relegated to Part 2, wherein he is shot and killed by invalid, the police and is sent to hell. Part 1 is the version which became a top 10 RB hit. Therefore, most of the of obama, audience only heard Part 1 and missed the end of the story in which Stagger Lee pays the price for murdering Billy.

Greil Marcus, in his book Mystery Train , provides different details on invalid, what happened. Marcus writes that Dick Clark asked Price to change the lyrics to eliminate the violence before singing the care, song on juxtaposition in romeo and juliet, his American Bandstand TV program. Price complied by changing the song so that it ended with apologies instead of murder. Marcus also writes that Price rerecorded the song with the new lyrics. Dick Clark may have thought that Lloyd Price's Stagger Lee contained lyrics which were too violent for his rock and roll audience, but those lyrics were faithful to the folk music roots of the song. American folk music has a long tradition of songs with lyrics that portray violence (as discussed by David Hershey-Webb in an article in the April 21, 1993 issue of The Recorder titled Number One with a Bullet).

One of the pro and cons care, best known examples of this is the classic murder ballad Frankie and Albert (also known as Frankie and Johnny). Invalid? And Stagger Lee is not the only folk song to mythologize an outlaw; other songs include Jesse James and Woody Guthrie's Pretty Boy Floyd. There is even an old folk song titled Knoxville Girl which makes the violent imagery of Stagger Lee seem like a silly nursery rhyme. It tells the cons of obama care, story of shmoop paradise, a boy who kills his girlfriend for pro and cons of obama care not being true to him. The most graphic lyrics to the song are below. I picked a stick up off the. And I knocked that fair girl. She fell down on her bended.

For mercy she did cry. Oh Willie, dear, don't kill me. I'm unprepared to the severity electrical shock is dependant upon what three die. I only beat her more. Until the ground around me. With her blood did flow. I took her by her golden. And dragged her 'round and. Then threw her into pro and cons care, the river.

That flows through Knoxville. The Louvin Brothers, one of the greatest groups in the history of country music, had a minor hit in of an shock is dependant three 1959 with their version of Knoxville Girl. It was the first song that they ever sang together. By interpreting the song to be about the black struggle for pro and cons freedom, Stagger Lee's refusal to Essay and The of Security spare Billy's life for care the sake of his wife and children can be seen as serving to bring out the fact that many black families were mercilessly broken apart by the severity electrical shock is dependant, slavery, and by the sending of many innocent black men and women to prison, and by pro and, the lynching of many innocent black men and women. Dr. Horace Clarence Boyer, in his liner notes to the 1991 2-CD set Mahalia Jackson: Gospels, Spirituals Hymns , provides a detailed explanation of calming colours mental health, how In That Great Gettin' Up Morning was a song of anticipatory celebration of the day when the slaves would be set free. Part 4: The Stetson Hat. Author's Note on the Stetson hat as a positive versus negative symbol:

When I wrote the essay below concerning the Stetson hat, I was convinced that the Stetson must have at one time been a symbol of cons, white authority to African-Americans. I believed this because the hat was worn by many southern sheriffs and prison guards during the days of Jim Crow. Since the shmoop lost, law was the primary instrument by which Jim Crow was kept in place, logic told me that the southern sheriff's trademark Stetson must have been a quite negative symbol to America's black population. One thing that kept bothering me though was the pro and, fact that the hats have actually been worn by imaginary invalid, some African-Americans. In particular, I was aware that blues and soul musicians such as Otis Rush, Solomon Burke, and Clarence Gatemouth Brown regularly wore Stetsons. After finishing the essay, I continued to research the Stetson and soon it became quite clear to me that, although the hat certainly was a powerful symbol to pro and of obama care blacks, it was actually a positive rather than a negative symbol. There were two sources which helped me to discover this: Louis Armstrong's book Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans and Cecil Brown's doctoral dissertation Stagolee: From Shack Bully to Culture Hero . Armstrong relates in his book that, during his early days in New Orleans, Stetsons were coveted by African-Americans and they often purchased them by making periodic payments. Brown points out the symbolic nature of the hat by stating that it represented the black man's manhood. As a symbol of African-American manhood, the Stetson was ultimately a symbol of freedom (as explained in my essay Stagger Lee: From Mythic Blues Ballad to Ultimate Rock 'n' Roll Record. Taking into account the idea that the hat could actually be a positive symbol, I wonder whether perhaps it had a dual symbolic nature which represented both freedom (a positive) and white authority (a negative).

In other words, it might be a case of two different sides of the same coin--on one side, the hat may have been a symbol of Jim Crow-era white authority, and on the other, a symbol of the freedom won by the severity of an electrical shock upon what, defeating Jim Crow. Of Obama? If this is the case, then it may be that African-Americans wore the hat as a proud reminder that they were able to survive and triumph over many years of racist oppression. Although I may have been incorrect about the Stetson being a negative symbol of racist white authority, this does not invalidate the point I was trying to Essay in the Empire: Creoles make in pro and cons of obama care writing the essay. The essay argues that many African-Americans who listened to Lloyd Price's civil rights-era recording of Stagger Lee may have interpreted it as being about their ongoing struggle for freedom due to the fact that the fight between Billy and shmoop paradise, Stagger Lee centered on care, a symbol of racist white authority--the Stetson hat. This argument still holds together with the corrected understanding that the Stetson was actually a symbol of freedom itself. I plan to revise the essay to reflect the findings discussed above.

Until then, I will continue to investigate the significance of the hat and its meaning as it relates to the Stagger Lee legend. One area I plan on pursuing is whether the Stetson actually does have a dual, i.e. positive/negative, symbolic role. Juxtaposition In Romeo And Juliet? If so, this should not be a surprise because the transforming of a negative into a positive is not an pro and of obama uncommon thing for African-Americans. Wally Amos (also known as Famous Amos) is a good example of this. Imaginary Invalid? His favorite saying goes something like when life gives you lemons, make lemonade. This philosophy is quite fitting in that it comes from a member of the African-American people, a people which has had to adapt to racist adversity and overcome great obstacles in order to survive. In Mississippi John Hurt's Stack O' Lee Blues, he laments that Billy was murdered over cons care, a $5 Stetson hat.

Bob Dylan's extraordinary version of the song, based on an obscure 1927 recording by Frank Hutchison titled Stackalee, echoes that sentiment as, in the severity electrical what things? a wailing voice, he repeatedly lays the blame for all the trouble on that John B. Stetson hat. But his recording specifically identifies the hatmaker's full name, as if to say that there is more to the story, that the cause was something more than just the hat itself. What Dylan might be saying is that the trouble was all about the of obama, same thing that the Stetson hat is all about. Let me explain what I mean by this. The Stetson is a powerful symbol which has strong elements of conflict and John Herz Concept of Security, violence ingrained deeply in cons care its history. For example, it was sometimes referred to as a war bonnet. The Severity Is Dependant What Three Things?? And among collectors of western memorabilia, an old Stetson with a bullet hole in it is a very special item to have in one's collection. According to Lewis Nordyke's article Boss of the cons of obama, Plains: The Story Behind the Stetson (collected in The Cowboy Reader , an anthology edited by Lon Tinkle and Allen Maxwell), the Stetson was known as a hat that could take a dozen bullet holes and still not unravel. The Stetson can represent good on the one hand and evil on the other. A classic example of this comes from the cowboy movie cliche of the good guys wearing the what three, white hats and the bad guys wearing the black. As a symbol of the pro and care, cowboy, it is also a symbol of the white man's violent struggle with the American Indian.

It is a symbol of the lawman, but, as Stetson Kennedy has pointed out to me, it is also a symbol of the shmoop paradise lost, lawman against the badman. This translates, for African-Americans, into a symbol of the lawman against Stagger Lee, and of the lawman against the black man as will soon be discussed in detail below. By recognizing the Stetson's great symbolic nature, we can see that the fight between Billy DeLyon and Stagger Lee was about pro and of obama care, much more than a $5 Stetson. It represented something of much greater significance than a simple hat--it signified the shmoop paradise, battle between good and evil, between lawman and pro and cons care, badman, and between black and white. In the Essay on Spaniards in the Colonial Creoles, southern states, the Stetson was almost as much a symbol of the law as a police officer's badge.

To African-Americans, this type of care, hat--when perched on top of a lawman's head--must have been a potent symbol of the injustices that they were forced to endure under a racist system of law. Southern sheriffs, prison guards, and other officers of law enforcement were the primary instrument by Essay in the Empire:, which the pro and, Jim Crow system was kept in of an electrical shock three place, and the Stetson hat was a typical part of the southern lawman's uniform. By killing the man in the fight over the Stetson, Stagger Lee symbolically defeated the people and the system that oppressed him and the African-American people for so many years. To explore what has just been put forth more fully, let's take a closer look at two things: (1) Stagger Lee's opponent, Billy DeLyon and (2) the Stetson hat. Of Obama? Lloyd Price's and juxtaposition in romeo, Archibald's recordings do not explicitly identify Billy as an officer of the law, but the song's storyline of a dispute over a Stetson certainly must have influenced African-Americans into seeing him as a white lawman. Pro And Cons? The law and the men who enforced it were a constant threat to blacks. Even the most docile harmless law-abiding black men had to constantly be on in romeo and juliet, guard against acting in a way that the law saw as a provocation. Pro And Cons Care? Simply standing up for one's rights could mean having to deal with the things?, man and doing time in jail. Since the law was such a threat to blacks, and the Stetson was a symbol of the law, many blacks must have seen the dispute over the hat as representing the black man's struggle with the white man's system of cons of obama care, law.

And since blacks identified with Stagger Lee, they would have cast Billy DeLyon with the role of a white policeman. In fact, in Herz and The Concept an essay titled Got the Blues for pro and cons of obama Mean Old Stack O' Lee, Max Haymes points out that Billy is portrayed as a policeman in an early recording about invalid, Stagger Lee from 1927 by two men known as The Downhome Boys. (See www.earlyblues.com for Haymes's essay. Also see Note 1 .) Therein, he also points out that the care, fifth stanza of the song seems to protest the common practice of arresting innocently idle blacks for vagrancy, a discriminatory practice which I discussed earlier in this essay.) It would be fair to say that the role of the police officer is Essay Empire: Creoles so vital to the Stagger Lee legend that--in versions which make no specific mention of the lawman--he and Billy have become combined into a single person. (Note 2) Now, let's move the focus away from Billy and take a closer look at the Stetson hat itself. When people write about the legend of Stagger Lee, they rarely fail to mention the Stetson--probably because they sense that it is very important, even crucial, to the story.

But these writers also rarely offer any explanation as to pro and care the significance of the hat to the story. Two individuals who have put forth such explanations are Max Haymes and Cecil Brown. Haymes discusses the Stetson (in the essay referenced above) in terms of colours, its magical or mojo-like qualities. Pro And? And Brown wrote about the importance of the hat, mainly on a psychological (Freudian) basis, as part of his dissertation titled Stagolee: From Shack Bully to Essay Herz Culture Hero . I will go in a different direction in my essay, focusing on the Stetson in connection with the history of race relations between African-American and of obama, white people. But before we get into specifics about the Stetson, let's look at the symbolic nature of hats in general. They often serve as symbols of authority as in a king's crown or in the special hats worn by Essay John and The Concept, military and police officers. Traditionally, in of obama the presence of a king or another individual holding a post of authority, a man of lower station was expected to remove his hat. By baring his head, he in effect became shorter thereby showing subordination to his superior.

In the past, hats were symbolic of social class, with members of different classes wearing different types of hats. A well-known example of a hat designating one's social status is the top hat which was commonly worn by upper class men during the nineteenth century. Hats also represent transformation, as in the crowning of a king. Anyone who has attended a high school or college graduation ceremony is familiar with the symbolic transformation made by moving the tassel from one side to the other on Essay, top of pro and cons, a graduate's mortarboard. (Note 3) The Stetson is a large and impressive hat that could make a man appear much taller and give him a certain air of authority. Shmoop Paradise? It is a symbol of law and pro and care, order to Essay Herz Concept of Security Americans because it is part of the uniform of pro and of obama, many law enforcement agencies. But to certain groups, the Stetson can be a very negative symbol. In One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest , a book filled with symbolism, there is a key scene when a mean-spirited white character wears a Stetson. The novel's author, Ken Kesey, used the hat as a symbol of the white man's oppression of the American Indian (Note 4) . In the imaginary, world of pro and of obama, African-Americans, the shock is dependant what three, Stetson must have also been a symbol of pro and care, white oppression because it was commonly worn by southern men of the law including sheriffs, prison guards, and judges. Not all southern lawmen were racists (some of them risked their own lives to save black men from John and The lynch mobs), but many of the pro and cons of obama care, uniformed officers of the law in the south were enthusiastic enforcers of the Jim Crow system. The folklorist Alan Lomax, near the and juliet, beginning of his book The Land Where the care, Blues Began , tells of his encounters with two Mississippi sheriffs who displayed racist attitudes that surely were common among southern lawmen.

One of the sheriffs, whom Lomax described as wearing his Stetson like a crown, expressed shock over the idea that Lomax would shake hands with a black man or use the term Mister in mental health addressing him. Possibly the most notorious and powerful of all the southern sheriffs was Willis McCall, the racist Lake County, Florida sheriff who shot the Groveland Four defendants. McCall, with his Stetson capping his hulking six foot one inch 240-pound frame, was a personification of the evils of the of obama care, Jim Crow system. A Stetson was the John, trademark of another well-known lawman, Bud Russell. Russell's name was legendary in the jails and prisons of the south. As the chief transfer agent for care the Texas prison system, he is said to have traveled millions of miles, most of them spent transporting prisoners from local jails to Texas state prisons. His work had him traveling throughout the south and through many northern states also. It is imaginary invalid estimated that he had 115,000 men in his custody during his forty year career and only one of them was ever able to escape.

A large percentage of these prisoners were African-Americans. Russell treated these black men more humanely than the average officer of the cons, law, but his exceptional efficiency at getting his job done make him a figure of dread among the imaginary, black prison population. He transported groups of prisoners long-chained together by pro and cons of obama care, the neck in a specially built wagon known as Black Betty. When a man in a jail cell awaiting transfer to a Texas state prison heard the rattling of chains coming towards him from down the hall, he knew it was Bud Russell and that any chance at escape had been lost. The Severity Shock What Three? But there were other ways of pro and, identifying Russell; in and juliet Alan Lomax's book The Land Where the Blues Began , he quotes from pro and cons care a song the electrical shock is dependant upon three things?, prisoners sang about pro and cons of obama, Russell (probably from a version of the calming health, classic song The Midnight Special). Yonder comes Bud Russell. How do you know? I know by his big hat. And his forty-four. The big hat was Russell's trademark grey Stetson (Note 5) . This was not the only song about Russell. The great Texas bluesman Lightnin' Hopkins wrote and recorded a song called Bud Russell Blues and also mentions him in another recording titled Penitentiary Blues.

As you might suspect, Hopkins was from pro and cons care Texas and he served time in prison. Russell was such a legend that the term Uncle Bud became synonymous with prison transfer agents in invalid general (Long-Chain Charlie was another slang term for pro and these agents). When Uncle Bud delivered a group of prisoners to the penitentiary, they were taken into the custody of guards who despised convicts, especially black convicts. In the 1967 Paul Newman movie titled Cool Hand Luke , Hollywood brought us the chilling image of the cold cruel prison guard (Note 6) . The guard who stood out the most in the movie was known as the walking boss or the man with no eyes. He had a particularly menacing appearance which was emphasized by his black Stetson hat and reflective shades (Note 7) . Although the guards treated the convicts with brutality, this celluloid version of prison life fell far short of of Security, depicting the horrible conditions that many prisoners, and blacks in particular, endured in the south's prison system. A very graphic, factual account of pro and, a convict's experiences in a state penitentiary can be found in Albert Sample's book Racehoss: Big Emma's Boy (Note 8) . In this book, Sample--a real-life inconceivably tough Stagger Lee figure himself--tells of his years in a Texas prison where guards constantly brutalized black prisoners and even killed them without any fear of being held accountable.

One such guard was nicknamed Boss Killer Band because he allegedly murdered a whole band of black convicts--a total of 14 men--in a single day. In Lomax's The Land Where the Blues Began , he likens the Essay John Herz and The of Security, southern prisons he visited to Nazi concentration camps. He describes the extreme racism of the guards in these prisons and in one particular description of them he points out their Stetson hats. For the many blacks who served time in prisons, the Stetson must have been associated with some of the most brutal aspects of white oppression. In writing this paper, I gathered information from the pro and of obama care, writings of Stetson Kennedy and corresponded with him regarding the the severity of an shock is dependant what three, Stetson hat. As Mr. Kennedy has been a dedicated worker for civil rights for many years, and he is also a relative of the man who created the Stetson, he certainly has a sensitivity to the meaning of this hat to African-Americans. He told me the following story which is an pro and cons of obama care excellent illustration of Essay John and The, how this simple hat could be a powerful symbol to blacks living in the Jim Crow south. In the 1940s, many African-Americans worked in the migrant camps of south Florida in the fertile fields just south of Lake Okeechobee. On Saturday nights, the local sheriff would make his rounds by visiting the many juke joints frequented by these migrants.

These jukes were rough places where knife fights were common, but the sheriff came up with a unique way of reducing the number of cutting scrapes He would go to the establishment with the worst reputation and throw his Stetson out on the dance floor. He would leave it lying there as a symbol of his authority, and depart from the juke to continue on with his night's work. Pro And Of Obama? The hat was such a powerful symbol that the couples would be extremely careful to not disturb it as they moved around the dance floor. After making all the other stops on his rounds, the imaginary, sheriff would drive back to the juke where he had left his hat. Upon arriving, he would go to retrieve the Stetson, finding it lying undisturbed in the exact spot on the floor where he had left it. (Note 9) Based on the above discussion of the Stetson, it should be clear that this type of hat was a very powerful and negative symbol to members of the black community. It was a symbol of the law, and the law was no friend to African-Americans. In their fight for equality, they often found that standing in their way was a lawman wearing a Stetson hat. And since the fight between Stagger Lee and Billy DeLyon centered on a Stetson, many African-Americans who listened to Lloyd Price's civil rights era recording of Stagger Lee may have interpreted it as being about their ongoing struggle for freedom. Pro And Cons Of Obama Care? With Stagger Lee's triumph over Billy, the recording served as a vision of victory in the civil rights struggle, a victory which--after many, many years of slavery and oppression--could finally be imagined as within reach.

From this perspective, the jubilant tone of calming, Price's recording makes perfect sense--it was a victory celebration. My discussion of the pro and, Stetson would not be complete without pointing out that this hat could also be a positive symbol to African-Americans. In Stagolee: From Shack Bully to Culture Hero , Cecil Brown explained that, during the late nineteenth century, black men--including Lee Shelton, the man upon which the Stagger Lee legend is at imaginary invalid least partially based--wore Stetsons as symbols of their manhood or newly won masculinity. In effect, wearing a Stetson was a way of showing that you were no longer a slave, but a free man. Looking at the Stetson from this perspective, the fight between Stagger Lee and cons care, Billy could be interpreted as the black race's battle for freedom, with the hat serving as a prize symbolic of that freedom. Other examples of black men wearing Stetson hats can be found in the world of the blues. Bluesman Big Bill Broonzy describes black musicians wearing ten-dollar Stetson hats in his autobiography Big Bill Blues . A number of famous bluesmen have worn a Stetson as a trademark including Clarence Gatemouth Brown and Otis Rush. And the juxtaposition in romeo, great rock and roll songwriter Otis Blackwell, a black man who grew up in New York with a love for cowboy movies and Tex Ritter cowboy songs, regularly wore a Stetson. So the Stetson could be a positive or negative symbol with the determining factor being whose head the hat was perched upon.

Part 5 is pro and cons below following the notes to Part 4. Duncan and Brady is an old song which is the severity of an shock is dependant upon what things? specifically about a black man going up against a white policeman. Of Obama Care? It was in Essay Herz Concept of Security Leadbelly's repertoire and it tells the pro and, story of a black bartender named Duncan who kills a white policeman named Brady in retaliation for harassment of the bar's customers. John W. Roberts, in chapter 5 of his book From Trickster to Badman, presents an excellent discussion of the black badman versus the white law officer. See especially pages 196 and 197. There once was a time in America (not more than 50 years ago) when a man who left his home without a hat on his head was considered to be improperly dressed. Although hats are a much less important part of fashion today, they can still be quite powerful symbols. For example, when Hollywood's George Lucas originally explained his idea for the movie Raiders of the Lost Ark to calming colours mental health Steven Spielberg, the hat that the character Indiana Jones would wear was one of the major factors which captured Spielberg's imagination. Here is how Spielberg explained it: When he [Lucas] mentioned that it would be like the of obama care, old serials and that the guy would wear a soft fedora and carry a bullwhip, I was completely hooked. (Quoted from George Lucas: The Creative Impulse by Charles Champlin.) (end of Note 3)

The scene occurs in chapter 24 when Chief Bromden tells a story to McMurphy about Herz and The, a time when he was a boy and several white men visited the reservation. The location of the prison is not identified in the movie, but the pro and cons of obama, novel upon which it is based sets the story in Essay in the Empire: the state of cons care, Florida. The book Cool Hand Luke was written by Don Pearce, a man who actually did time on a central Florida chain gang. In Pearce's book, all the guards wore cowboy hats, but, in the movie, the Walking Boss was the only guard to wear a Stetson. The story of Albert Racehoss Sample's life is truly amazing. He spent 17 years incarcerated in the Texas prison system, doing most of his time in a unit called Retrieve, a place that was known as the shmoop paradise lost, burnin' hell. During that time, he became a man so ba-a-a-ad that he made Stagger Lee's legendary badness seem tame in comparison. He was a man of mixed race, both black and white.

He was a small man, but he was so tough and callous that even the biggest and meanest cons would not dare tangle with him. Sample was punished on a regular basis for his rebellion against authority and cons care, his refusal to accept the dehumanizing treatment to which prisoners were subjected. But the punishment had no effect on him because he was so hardened by his life's experiences that he could endure incredible amounts of the severity shock is dependant upon what things?, pain and torture. The guards would punish him by hanging him up off the pro and, ground with handcuffs, suspending him until his feet were just barely off the colours mental, ground. Cons Care? This torture was so painful that it was referred to as being effective at imaginary invalid making the cons of obama care, deaf hear and the blind see.

The warden tried to break Sample's spirit by in romeo, leaving him hanging like this for hours. Of Obama Care? Then, he would approach Sample and ask him how he was doing. Sample's response was that he was doin' just fine Cap'n. In The Colonial Empire: Creoles Vs. Peninsulars?? Then the warden would ask him when you want me to let you down from there?. Sample would respond by saying whenever you get ready, Cap'n. This was the cons, pattern for what was repeated over and over again, with the warden hoping to catch Sample in a moment of weakness in which he would cry out for mercy. But Sample refused to calming mental health give in. It was his way of striking back and protesting against the way he was treated. They probably would have killed him if it wasn't for the fact that he was such a valuable laborer on pro and cons of obama, the prison farm.

In his capacity for work, he was a true superhuman--a real life equal to the legendary John Henry. Essay On Spaniards In The Colonial? The guards certainly must have also feared what would have happened if they had tried to care kill him and failed. Juxtaposition And Juliet? Even the notorious murderer Boss Killer Band was apparently too frightened of Sample to cons care try to kill him, as evidenced by an incident in which he explained to imaginary invalid the prisoner why he hadn't yet killed his yellow ass. After he was released from prison, Sample earned a college degree and became a prison reformer, earning many prestigious awards for his work. He wrote his life story in Racehoss: Big Emma's Boy . A powerful movie documentary about him titled Racehoss was released in 2001. In relating this story to me, Stetson Kennedy explained that he was not sure of where he had come across it, but he believed that its source was his friend, the Florida writer Theodore Pratt. Cons? (Pratt, who wrote extensively about Florida in books and Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, articles of fiction and non-fiction, died in 1969.) The way Mr. Kennedy remembered it, the story was contained in a work by Pratt titled Curb Girl . I can find no evidence of anything written by Pratt with that title, but I did learn that there is a Ronald Reagan movie titled Juke Girl which was based upon a story that Pratt provided to NAME of movie studio (This is documented in pro and cons care letters that Pratt wrote to shmoop lost Kennedy . The letters are part of pro and cons, a collection of Pratt's personal papers which are archived in Florida Atlantic University's library.) Juke Girl contains no scene which resembles the story of the sheriff tossing his Stetson on the juke joint floor.

A screenplay for the movie which was included in Pratt's papers did not contain the Essay Colonial Empire: Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, scene either. Still, it is possible that the pro and of obama care, story was included in the material Pratt provided to the studio and was simply never incorporated into the screenplay. Despite my failure to find the story among Pratt's writings, I believe that he actually was Kennedy's source, mainly because Pratt wrote an article for the Saturday Evening Post titled Land of the Jook (published in imaginary invalid the April 26, 1941 issue). The article exposed the poor living conditions endured by the black migrant farm workers in the Glades area of Palm Beach County. In this article, Pratt also wrote about of obama, his visits to the local juke joints frequented by the migrants. It is my guess that during one of these visits he must have encountered or learned about the Stetson-throwing sheriff.

Possibly Pratt did not write about the invalid, sheriff in his Post article because he wanted to cons of obama include it in the story that he eventually submitted to Warner Brothers. Assuming that Pratt was the source for the Stetson-throwing sheriff story, it probably would have been based on fact because Pratt was a real stickler for authenticity in his novels and invalid, other fictional work. The research notes contained in his personal papers provide clear evidence of his efforts to give authenticity to his portrayals of Florida life and history. And in regards to pro and cons of obama his research for Jook Girl , I found a letter from Pratt to Kennedy (dated September 24, 1941) in which he states that Warner Brothers have a bellyful of 'Glades jook stuff in my story which I gathered in the 'Glades. Part 5: Black Power and the Romanticized Stagger Lee. Earlier in imaginary invalid this essay, I showed that by looking at recordings which were made between the 1920s and 1950s, you can observe a major change in the myth of cons, Stagger Lee. In the earlier recordings, Stagger Lee was portrayed as a cold ruthless killer, but Archibald's 1950 record is a major departure from the past as his version tones down a number of the negative aspects of the badman's legend. Finally, we saw that Lloyd Price's celebratory version of Stagger Lee in the late 1950s reflected the fact that the badman had evolved into in the Empire: Creoles, a champion for black rights. Now we will take a look at black history and relate it to Stagger Lee's legend in order to gain an understanding of how this major transformation may have come about. In doing this, we will see that the legend's evolution seems to have mirrored major social and political changes. Let's examine these changes by taking a look at the world of the black man in 1928, and pro and cons of obama care, then jumping three decades ahead to imaginary invalid 1958 to see how that world had changed.

When Mississippi John Hurt recorded his classic 1928 version of the Stagger Lee legend, blacks were living under the Jim Crow system, a system which demanded that they be absolutely submissive to the white race. In commenting on this system in his book Why We Can't Wait , Martin Luther King pointed out that any African-American who did not defer to whites and pro and of obama care, who instead showed a spark of manhood, was likely to be threatened by the police, thrown in jail, and/or beaten. This is why blacks admired a figure like Stagger Lee. He had no fear of the law, he stood up to and defied the white man's system. But he was not a real hero who could bring about real change. Health? Instead, he was a destroyer, a nihilist with supreme power, a man who blacks could envision as being able to totally obliterate the pro and cons, white man's world. Essay John Herz Of Security? The popularity of pro and cons of obama, his legend among African-Americans was probably a reflection of the fact that, after so many years of enslavement and oppression, there was simply no hope for change in their world. Is Dependant Upon Things?? As Lawrence Levine pointed out, the American black man's only hope was for the white man's world to be wiped out so that a better one could be built in care its place.

And Stagger Lee, the imaginary invalid, ultimate badman, the pro and cons care, man who defeated the devil and took over hell, was the in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, man who could do it. If we jump ahead now to the time of Lloyd Price's 1958 recording of cons of obama care, Stagger Lee, we see that during that thirty year leap some major changes occurred which resulted in a different and better world for African-Americans. Essay Vs. Peninsulars?? For example, in 1937, Joe Louis became the world heavyweight boxing champion, making him an absolutely huge hero to blacks. Many African-Americans (including Malcolm X, who was so inspired by Louis that he stepped into pro and cons of obama, the ring himself) saw Louis as a symbol of the black man defeating the white man and his racist system. Another advance was made in 1950 with the integration of calming colours mental, all troops fighting in the Korean War. And in of obama 1954, in a case known as Brown vs. the Board of lost, Education of Topeka, Kansas, the pro and cons of obama care, U.S. Supreme Court unanimously overturned an earlier decision from over 50 years ago that had allowed school segregation. This was followed, in 1955, by paradise, the event that turned the fight for civil rights into a powerful force--the arrest of pro and cons of obama care, Rosa Parks in Alabama for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. Also in 1955, blacks were breaking down barriers in the music world as Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and the severity electrical shock things?, Fats Domino all brought rock and roll to white America with their first hits on the pop charts.

Another landmark was reached when Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1957 which was the first major piece of civil rights legislation passed in over 80 years. Pro And Cons? Later in 1957, another victory was won when federal troops were used to guard black students in calming mental health order to bring about the pro and of obama, court-ordered integration of a high school in Little Rock, Arkansas. With all of these advances, hope may have no longer seemed like a dirty four-letter word to African-Americans. They could see that change was possible and that freedom was within reach. This major shift was echoed by the transformation of Stagger Lee. Calming Colours Mental? Reflecting the changing times and attitudes, he was converted from a totally destructive force into an agent for social change.

With this newly found hope, the black badman became a symbolic hero in the fight for civil rights. Pro And Care? His ba-a-a-a-dness made him the ultimate warrior in juxtaposition the fight for pro and cons care freedom. John Of Security? Therefore, after a string of encouraging civil rights victories during the care, fifties, many black people must have heard Lloyd Price's hit record Stagger Lee--as it began its climb up the charts in late 1958--as a song of hope about their fight for freedom. Viewing the record in this way, the celebratory tone of the Essay on Spaniards Creoles, music can be heard as the sound of rejoicing over pro and cons of obama, the battles won so far and over the final victory envisioned for the future. Evidence of Stagger Lee's new role as a civil rights hero can be found in the writings and statements of African-American writers and of an electrical upon what three things?, activists such as James Baldwin and pro and care, Bobby Seale. For example, Stagger Lee's transformation was pointed out by calming mental, Baldwin in his foreword to Seale's autobiography. Therein, he suggests that the defiant act of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks allowed the figure of of obama care, Stagger Lee to achieve his manhood. Empire: Creoles? What he was saying was that the legend had matured, that Stagger Lee had, in cons effect, grown up by redirecting himself to a social and political agenda. This is what happened with Malcolm X. After discovering the teachings of Essay and The Concept of Security, Elijah Muhammed, he underwent a transformation from a hustler and hoodlum to a civil rights and religious leader for the Muslim group the Nation of Islam.

This major redirection in Malcolm X was referred to by Seale during a 1970 jailhouse interview (excerpted in Greil Marcus's Mystery Train ) in which he commented on the legend of Stagger Lee and its inspiration and meaning to pro and cons him. He said that he saw Stagger Lee in himself and in the lives led by Malcolm X and of an shock is dependant what three things?, his fellow Black Panther leaders Huey Newton and Eldridge Cleaver. Pro And Cons Of Obama? These men all went through transformations similar to Stagger Lee. And, looking back in time, it is clear that (as Marcus has stated) the mental, Black Power movement was inspired to some degree by the legend of cons, Stagger Lee. In saying that he saw Stagger Lee in imaginary himself and in other militant black leaders, Bobby Seale was romanticizing the legendary outlaw. Seale's views reveal a major switch from the past in the way that badmen were treated in the black folk tradition. Traditionally, the black badman was not a romanticized figure. Men such as Stagger Lee were not seen as good or innocent, and they were not given any socially redeeming qualities. Lawrence Levine discusses this subject in some detail in his book Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought From Slavery to Freedom . Therein, he contrasts black folklore's unromanticized badman with white folklore's noble outlaw or social bandit. Levine points out pro and cons, that white badmen such as Robin Hood or Pretty Boy Floyd (whose exploits were celebrated in juxtaposition in romeo and juliet song by Woody Guthrie) were seen as benefactors to and heroes of the poor and oppressed. He theorizes that white folklore's good badmen are generated during times of pro and cons, great social change or upheaval out of the desire for a return to the order of the past.

He then concludes that the reason black folklore lacks good black outlaws is imaginary invalid that the African-American community held no desire for things to return to pro and care as they were in the past. The Severity Of An Is Dependant Upon What? Considering the inhumane conditions that they had lived under for pro and of obama so many years, there obviously was nothing to be nostalgic about. In making his argument, Levine brings out the total hopelessness of the black experience in imaginary America. But, with the cons care, advances made through the civil rights movement, many of the black men of Bobby Seale's generation finally did have some real hope for a better life. John Concept? There was even hope for those who had become disillusioned with the civil rights movement--those who saw that its achievements had little effect on pro and cons of obama, the social problems of on Spaniards Colonial Empire: Creoles, black America such as poverty and unemployment--and who then turned, in search of a remedy, to cons the Black Power movement. Even this more radical element had hope for change because the in romeo, racial turmoil of the 1960s received worldwide attention. Cons Of Obama Care? The ugliness of America's race problem was being exposed to shmoop the world through television news coverage which showed powerful images of the suffering endured by African-Americans and their struggle for equality.

Much of the world looked at the plight of black America with sympathy, and this must have been encouraging to African-Americans. This hope for change is what may have led to the romanticization of the black badman and to Seale's speaking of Stagger Lee as a hero. Seale said that there were millions of care, Stagger Lees in lost the black community. He held such a deep identification with the legend that he named his son Stagolee. In his jailhouse interview, he explained that he gave his son this name because that's what his name is as if to say that Stagger Lee is who we all are in of obama care the black community. The Meaning of the Stagger Lee Legend.

I want to finish up this section by lost, exploring the meaning of the Stagger Lee legend. The black writer and folk tale collector Zora Neale Hurston has stated that every African-American folk tale has had a point to make. All of them have had something to teach black Americans about themselves and the world they lived in. So what was the pro and of obama care, point or meaning of the calming health, story of Stagger Lee? What did it teach?

James Baldwin would probably answer these questions with one word: survival. Baldwin thought that survival was a main ingredient which African-Americans put into their folk tales (Note 1). And the story of pro and of obama care, Stagger Lee can certainly be understood as carrying a message of survival--Stagger Lee was killed by the white man as punishment for the killing of Billy, but he triumphed in the end as he defeated the devil and turned hell into his own version of the severity of an is dependant what things?, paradise. Pro And Care? This story offered hope for survival to black men who knew that they could suffer, at the hands of whites, a fate similar to Stagger Lee's--whether it would be by execution, by lynching, or by shmoop paradise, having their lives slowly sucked out of them bit by bit in any number of ways. And there may have been a second way that the of obama, legend of Stagger Lee dealt with survival. It may have made the point that directly challenging the Essay Herz Concept, white man's authority would pose a threat to the black man's survival.

After all, if a man as powerful and bad as Stagger Lee lost his life by placing himself at odds with the white man's authority, the average black man would not stand a chance challenging the white man. Therefore, the message of the folk tale may have been that blacks would have to bide their time before they could directly challenge their white oppressors. They would have to work indirectly to improve their lot, and use their wits to survive until they could take a chance at defying the white man's discriminatory laws. And this is exactly what African-Americans did. A great example of this can be seen in the life of the of obama, black writer Richard Wright who, while he was a young man, used trickery to get his hands on books which he wanted to read. Living in an area where blacks were not permitted to borrow books from the local library, he would go to imaginary the library and pretend that he was on an errand to pro and pick up the and The of Security, books for a white man. Wright would borrow the library card of a white co-worker and write a note to the librarian which he signed with the name of the owner of the card. The note would contain a list of books and request that they be given to this nigger boy. He would assume a look upon his face which conveyed to the white librarian that he was totally uninterested in the books. This ruse worked like a charm as the library regularly provided Wright with the books he desired. (Note 2) Note 1: This is discussed by pro and care, Maya Angelou in her book A Song Flung Up to Heaven . Shock Is Dependant Upon What Things?? According to pro and of obama care Angelou, Baldwin also believed that African-Americans put survival into their poems, songs, dances, clothing, cooking and humor.

Note 2: This story appears in the severity of an electrical what Wright's The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch. Part 6: The Ultimate Rock 'n' Roll Record. The greatest pop music was music of liberation: Bob Marley, Bob Dylan, Elvis Presley, James Brown, Public Enemy, The Clash, The Sex Pistols. Those were pop groups that liberated an enormous amount of people to of obama be who they are. --Bruce Springsteen on Nightline/UpClose. (ABC News) July 30, 2002. Lloyd Price's recording of in romeo and juliet, Stagger Lee may very well be the ultimate rock and roll record. What follows is my argument for pro and cons why I make this claim. My reasoning is based upon a theme-oriented approach of classifying rock, blues, and jazz and showing how they are related to each other. This approach was developed by a writer named Herb Bowie and is presented in his web book titled Reason to Rock which can be accessed at www.reasontorock.com . Bowie's methodology is to look at the overriding theme of each type of music and show how they are connected to each other based on their different themes.

I will explain this approach, and then, I will use its ideas to shmoop make my argument for why Price's Stagger Lee is the ultimate rock record. Bowie explains that the pro and cons care, theme of the blues is oppression. To be more specific, it is the white race's oppression of the black race. He points out that this can be seen in both the lyrics and the rigid song structure of the blues. In presenting my own argument, I will focus on Empire: vs. Peninsulars?, the subject matter of the lyrics. When a black man sings the pro and cons care, blues, he is not singing about being in a personal state of sadness or depression. Instead, in singing about imaginary, his experiences with pain and cons of obama care, suffering and frustration and anger, he is singing for all African-Americans about the realities of the conditions that they all face as members of the black race. Shmoop Paradise? The subject matter of the blues is the pro and, day to day problems of the black man living under a constant state of white oppression. For example, a particular blues song may be about not being able to pay the rent--but what is it that is juxtaposition in romeo really at the root of the problem of not having the money to make the payment?

Brownie McGhee has pointed out, in Lawrence Redd's Rock Is Rhythm and Blues , that whiskey, women, and money may be the things he sings about in his blues, but a song of complaint about his woman doing him wrong is pro and cons actually a complaint about the white man doing him wrong. Therefore, in a very elemental way, the blues is protest music--protest against oppression. Electrical Is Dependant Upon Three Things?? Stagger Lee embodies the blues theme of oppression (Note 1) and it certainly is a protest song. The main reason Stagger Lee was such a legendary figure among blacks is pro and cons that he was free. His badness was important because it allowed him to be a free man, to not have to answer to calming anyone including the white man's law. Pro And Cons? Singing--or being entertained by--a song of protest like Stagger Lee was one of the few ways that African-Americans could fight back against Jim Crow. At the opposite end of the musical spectrum from the blues, we find jazz. Herb Bowie points out that the theme of Essay in the Empire: vs. Peninsulars?, this type of music is freedom. Jazz focuses upon improvisation which is practically synonymous with musical freedom. Pro And Cons Of Obama? A standard jazz technique is to play a popular song and then improvise variations to the melody line.

In the calming health, 1950s, avant-garde players such as Ornette Coleman took the idea of of obama care, musical freedom to the extreme, creating music which is known as free jazz. Bowie identifies the major theme of rock music to be liberation, positioning it between the blues and jazz. He points out that the blues and jazz deal with fixed states--oppression and freedom--which are opposites of in romeo, each other, while rock and roll expresses the transition between these states, moving from oppression to freedom. Therefore, rock and roll deals with the act of liberation, of being set free from bondage. One of rock's all-time greats, Bruce Springsteen, would surely agree that rock and roll's main theme is liberation. He has commented about his own life in a way that has made it clear that rock music was his means of escape, his way out, his liberating force. Pro And Cons? Many critics have interpreted his car songs as being about juxtaposition and juliet, escape, and cons of obama, Springsteen once pointed out that the juxtaposition and juliet, guitar was his key to cons the highway.

In inducting Bob Dylan into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, he pointed out that the music of Elvis freed people's bodies and Dylan's freed people's minds. Clearly, Springsteen sees rock and roll as a liberating force. Using the Essay Concept, theme-oriented approach discussed above as the basis for my argument, I will now go on to explain why I believe that Lloyd Price's recording of Stagger Lee is the ultimate rock and cons of obama, roll record. But first, let's take a look at this record's credentials. Juxtaposition In Romeo? It was released in late 1958, and, in pro and cons care early 1959, it went all the way to number one on in romeo, both the RB and the pop charts.

Not only that, but it was the first record made in a rock and pro and cons care, roll style by a black man, woman, or group that went all the way to number 1 on shmoop paradise lost, the pop charts. At that time, the pop charts were still dominated by pro and cons of obama care, white musicians. Records from Little Richard, Fats Domino, and Chuck Berry had all broken into pop's top 10 in juxtaposition and juliet 1955, but Price's Stagger Lee was the first black rock and pro and cons care, roll record to go all the way to number 1. (A few hits by black musicians, such as Sam Cooke's You Send Me and several records by The Platters became number one pop hits before Stagger Lee, but they could not really be classified as rock and roll.) So Stagger Lee was a real breakthrough for black rock and roll. This is important, but it is not what actually makes this recording the ultimate rock record. So what does make Lloyd Price's Stagger Lee the ultimate rock and roll record? It is the imaginary invalid, ultimate rock record because it is the most fitting and greatest expression of rock's theme of liberation. Pro And Of Obama? Let me explain what's behind this statement.

Rock and roll expresses the theme of liberation in many ways. Calming Mental Health? For example, Alice Cooper's School's Out celebrates freedom from school, Bruce Springsteen's Thunder Road deals with escape from a life with no prospects and cons, little hope, and many, many rock songs--such as Blue Monday by Fats Domino, Working for the Man by calming, Roy Orbison, and Working for a Living by Huey Lewis--stem from the desire to pro and care be set free from the burden of work. But, the ultimate expression of rock's theme of liberation--considering the fact that rock and roll developed from the blues--would have to juxtaposition deal with the subject of liberation from some form of oppression. Yet there are several different ways that liberation can take place for those who are oppressed or enslaved or imprisoned. Pro And? For example, some benevolent force could set an enslaved or oppressed people free, as Lincoln did when he abolished slavery or as one country might liberate another from juxtaposition domination by a foreign power. This, in a way, parallels the type of liberation that Springsteen spoke about pro and cons care, when he said that Elvis freed our bodies and Dylan freed our minds.

Another type of liberation occurs through escape, as when a prisoner escapes from the bonds that hold him. Again, this parallels Springsteen's comments about in romeo and juliet, how rock and roll provided him with a means of escape from a life that he did not care for. A third type of liberation occurs when a person who is being oppressed faces his oppressor, engages him in battle, and defeats him. This third type is the most direct, dramatic, and powerful form of liberation, making it the most fitting form for this music that we call rock and roll. Now, let me recap and get even more specific in defining what would be the ultimate rock and pro and of obama, roll record. Since rock and roll developed from the blues, and since the theme of the blues is the oppression of the black race by the white race, and since the theme of rock is Essay on Spaniards Colonial liberation, the ultimate expression of rock and roll would be a record in which the oppressed black race liberates itself by doing battle with and pro and, defeating its white oppressors. If you agree with what has been discussed throughout this essay, you would have to conclude that Lloyd Price's Stagger Lee is that record.

But let's say that you do not buy into my theories about the in romeo, Stetson hat or about the link created between Stagger Lee and Joshua Fit the Battle of Jericho. By looking at things from pro and care a different perspective, I can still make a solid argument for Price's Stagger Lee being a song about the liberation of the severity shock things?, African-Americans from white oppression, thereby making it the ultimate rock and pro and cons care, roll record. Paradise? Let me explain this other perspective. By taking Stagger Lee--a song which reflects and stems from the of obama care, oppression of the black race by the white race--out of its blues tradition and recording it as a rock and roll song, Lloyd Price changed its theme from oppression to liberation. This transformation was brought about by Price, regardless of what his intentions were and colours mental health, what was going on in his conscious or subconscious mind.

A song which was so deeply rooted in the tragedy and inhumanity of slavery and Jim Crow, and which was recorded in such a jubilant, rocking and exhilarating tone, could no longer be a blues or a song of oppression. It could only cons be one thing-- rock and roll. And, as rock and roll, it announced an amazing turn of events--victory! Without a doubt, Lloyd Price's recording of Stagger Lee is the ultimate rock and roll record. Stagger Lee is not really a blues song, it's a ballad. But it is part of the blues tradition and was sung by shock is dependant upon things?, many bluesmen and also by songsters who were deeply influenced by the blues such as Mississippi John Hurt.

Part 7: The Return of the cons of obama care, Badman: Stagger Lee in juxtaposition the 21st Century. According to the late Joseph Campbell, a man who was one of America's greatest authorities on mythology, modern science and technology have greatly reduced the importance of myths in people's lives. But if he was alive today, he might agree that the myth of Stagger Lee is an of obama exception. Stagger Lee's legend has not only survived the on Spaniards in the, modern world, but may have actually grown in importance. Pro And Of Obama? Today, we find the figure of calming mental, Stagger Lee in our books, in of obama care our movies, and in our music. He may have a different name now, such as the black writer Walter Mosley's character Mouse, but there is no mistaking who he is based on his violent actions and bad-ass I answer to nobody attitude (Note 1) The world has become a harder, much more dangerous and more violent place to live in, and, in this kind of environment, Stagger Lee's legendary ba-a-a-dness makes him very, very relevant. After all, a man who can beat the Essay John Herz and The, devil at his own game, take control of hell and turn it into his own version of paradise is not just the ultimate badman, he is also the ultimate survivor (Note 2) . Stagger Lee's importance in today's world is the subject of the pro and cons, rest of this essay, but let me backtrack a little bit, for now.

It was not long after Lloyd Price had his late fifties hit with Stagger Lee that black rock and roll musicians faded from Essay John Herz of Security popularity and cons care, were replaced by artists who made soul music. During the shmoop lost, sixties, black singers and vocal groups such as Aretha Franklin and The Temptations shared domination of the pop charts with white pop and rock groups like The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. Black music in the seventies was dominated by dance and party music--disco and care, funk. The legendary black outlaw Stagger Lee had all but disappeared from Essay John and The of Security black music during this decade. But that was about to be changed by pro and cons, a new form of music known as rap. Rap had some characteristics which it shared with rock and roll.

Like rock, it was direct, dramatic, and powerful. ( Run D.M.C. even created rap's first pop top 10 hit when it teamed up with Aerosmith's Steven Tyler and Joe Perry in a remake of Walk This Way.) In 1985, a Los Angeles rapper named Toddy Tee had a local hit with a record titled Batteram which dealt with tactics used by the LAPD in its war on drugs. It was a hint of what was to come. In the late 1980s, a group named N.W.A. (a polite abbreviation for Niggaz With Attitude) put gangster rap on Essay John Herz, the map. Their breakthrough album, 1988's Straight Outta Compton , was a celebration of the criminal lifestyle (Note 3) . It was an album full of rage depicting mountains of violence with plenty of hell-raising and hedonism thrown in for good measure. Stagger Lee was back.

And he was bigger and ba-a-a-a-der than ever. He had new street names like Ice Cube, Dr. Dre, and a moniker that most resembles his original--Eazy-E. But even though his name had changed, there was no mistaking that this was Stagger Lee. It was made crystal clear by pro and of obama, the title of one song from the album--F--k tha Police.

By the Essay Colonial Creoles, early nineties, gangster rap was the dominant form of rap. But there were also rap groups, such as Boogie Down Productions, who pointed out the consequences of gangster violence. These groups preached about and cons, created music about being more socially responsible. They tried to educate and raise the political consciousness of their listeners. But they also had a tough, aggressive Stagger Lee attitude, as evidenced by the name of one of the best of these groups--Public Enemy--and by Essay John, the titles of two of their albums-- It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back and Fear of a Black Planet . Rap music signaled that black America still had a long way to go, especially in pro and escaping from the ghetto. Essay On Spaniards Colonial Empire: Creoles? And, of course, that meant that white America still had a long way to go to. Cons Care? The civil rights victories of the 1950s and 1960s did not bring relief to the people living lives of desperation in the worst parts of the big city. The ghettos just kept getting worse. The cards were still stacked against inner city African-Americans, and--still to a large degree in at lost least some cities, if not all--so was the American system of pro and care, justice and law enforcement.

Out of frustration and anger, Public Enemy recorded the song 911 Is a Joke and west coast rapper Ice-T wrote the song Cop Killer in which he fantasized about dusting off some policemen. Ice-T's song sent police groups into an uproar, resulting in the record being banned. Cop Killer had a chilling message, but people with open minds can understand how a song like that could be written out of anger, especially considering that Ice-T was from Los Angeles, a city whose police force included Mark Fuhrman and the officers who perpetrated the in the Creoles vs. Peninsulars?, Rodney King beating. As rap was emerging during the 1980s, proponents of the Reagan-era backlash against civil rights claimed that all that was necessary for black people to improve on their lot in life was for them to pull themselves up by their bootstraps. But in his book The Ice Opinion , Ice-T gives a different point of cons, view, the viewpoint of invalid, someone who has actually lived the ghetto life. He explains how kids living in cons of obama care the ghetto are so easily swept up into a life of crime. In particular, he points out how in his Los Angeles neighborhood, he saw the police department and system of law literally forcing kids into the wrong side of the invalid, legal system. It is probably impossible for a white person to understand just how big a trap the ghetto is, but Ice-T's book is a real eye-opener. It makes it clear that for a kid to have a chance of surviving and escaping from the ghetto's world of pro and cons of obama, violence, drugs, and crime, he would have to shmoop paradise be strong, gifted, and very, very, very lucky. And that still would only pro and cons of obama give him an outside chance.

Survival is the name of the game in the ghetto. Getting out is not about pulling yourself up by your bootstraps; it's about walking through the fires of and juliet, hell and managing somehow not to be consumed by the flames. It means doing battle with the pro and cons care, devil and somehow coming out on top. That is on Spaniards in the Empire: Creoles why Stagger Lee is back. Because he is the only one who is ba-a-a-a-d enough to do it. And as we begin the 21st century, it sure enough looks like he's going be around for a long time. Mouse, a character found in Mosley's Easy Rawlins mystery series, is an pro and outstanding modern day incarnation of Stagger Lee. In the movie based on Mosley's book Devil in a Blue Dress (starring Denzel Washington as Easy Rawlins), Don Cheadle gives a particularly chilling performance as Mouse.

Hollywood has brought us other images of Stagger Lee relatively recently including a memorable scene in Spike Lee's Malcolm X . It takes place in Malcolm's younger days. Decked out in a colorful zoot suit, he and another man accidentally bump into each other in the severity of an electrical is dependant what a night club. The man insults Malcolm and then takes Malcolm's wide-brimmed hat from his head and tosses it on the floor. Malcolm responds by care, breaking a bottle over the man's head knocking him to the floor. In Stagolee: From Shack Bully to Culture Hero , Cecil Brown points out that Spike Lee may have shot this scene with the myth of Stagger Lee in mind. And Juliet? (Incidentally, if you take Spike Lee's given name, Shelton Lee, and pro and, reverse the imaginary, positions of the first and last names, you get the name Lee Shelton. And Lee Shelton just happens to be the name of the man known as Stag Lee who killed William Lyons in St. Louis and of obama care, who may be the Essay on Spaniards in the Empire:, historical figure who inspired the Stagger Lee legend.) In addition to Stagger Lee, the stories of many other African-American folk figures contain the theme of survival. An example is the character Shine, a black man who, because of his skin color, does not get a seat on the sinking Titanic's lifeboats. To save himself, he jumps into the icy water and swims to safety. Pro And Of Obama? James Baldwin once told his friend Maya Angelou that the reason that the black race survived slavery was that they put surviving into their poems and songs and folk tales.

A forerunner of gangster rap was rude-boy music, a music from in the Colonial Empire: Creoles Jamaica which was popular during the mid-1960s. It included records which either glorified or condemned the violent criminal lifestyle of the ghetto youth of the island. The rudies idolized rough, tough, and violent outlaws as can be seen in song titles such as I'm the care, Toughest, Tougher than Tough, and Johnny Too Bad. The rude-boy records were the Jamaican version of the Stagger Lee badman theme.