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bibliographic essay [Posted here on fruit company, 31 January 2002, with kind permission of the Essay on Definition of cybercrime, author and CHOICE: current reviews for academic libraries (Middletown, CT: Association of College and fruit, Research Libraries) July/August 2001, Vol. 38, No.11/12, pp. Were Of Prohibition? 1899-1909 ( copyright by the American Library Association )] Author's Note: The following essay was written for Choice, the journal of the American Library Association, and includes books in the English language only. Clearly there are many more excellent works in other languages in the history of cartography, which is company truly an international field. Interested readers should search the on Definition, bibliographies of Imago Mundi for references to these, or consult the bibliographies on the Education pages of the Groupe des Cartothcaires of LIBER. This essay provides an over-view of recent developments in the history of cartography, beginning with general works and resources, followed by the united fruit company an account of the vs substantive equality, age of discoveries, a watershed in the history of maps.

The study then looks back to the precursors of the medieval and classical periods, reviews non-Western maps and the colonial period, and concludes with the technological revolution in mapmaking of the present time. Most works are drawn from the last fifteen years, which have been dominated by the publication of the multivolume The History of Cartography , edited by J. Company? Brian Harley and David Woodward. Maps are now such commonplace objects and geographical forms so standardized in our minds that it is or reasonable force by police hard to imagine a world in which this was not so. For example, we recognize the shape of a familiar landmass like Africa, whether it appears on a map, a coffee mug or on the back of a teenager's partly shaved head. Company? When our standard view is challenged, we are disturbed and angry. Showing the Australian map of the world with south on what, top provokes a roar of the united fruit company outrage from a college history class: Turn it right side up! But there is a history of by police cartography, a history of the development of mapping, and it is not a simple story of forward progress. And there will be a history of future mapping, which may take forms as yet unimagined by us. The field of the history of cartography has been transformed in the past two decades. A map has been traditionally defined by the united fruit geographers as a representation of things in space, a definition that implies a certain level of physical correspondence.

A new definition, according to on Definition, Harley and the united fruit company, Woodward, reads thus: Maps are graphic representations that facilitate a spatial understanding of things, concepts, conditions, processes, or events in the human world. This definition takes one away from seeing maps as objective representations of physical space into considering them as human documents with all their attendant biases and failings. Such artifacts as diagrams of imaginary cosmographies, landscape paintings, and mental maps may now be considered maps. The working out of this definition is seen in its widest form in Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian and Pacific Societies (volume 2, book 3 of History of Cartography ), which discusses the dreaming diagrams of the Australian aborigines, the what were effects of prohibition, cosmographic calendars of the Mayans, and ritual sand paintings of the Navajos. These works are not maps in the traditional sense, but they do incorporate spatial relationships and individual places, often in terms of fruit company spiritual significance. Traditionally, the history of cartography had been dominated by geographers and was viewed as a triumphal march toward the increasingly accurate, measured maps of the present. Such a story culminates in the use of precise tools, aerial surveillance, satellite mapping, and Geographic Information Systems. The maps of the past tended to be discounted as crude and in heaven, clumsy approximations of real space.

Not that these early map historians were slipshod-despite the changes in the orientation of the field, classics, such as books by Raymond Beazley ( The Dawn of Modern Geography ), George Kimble ( Geography in the Middle Ages ), and John Wright ( The Geographical Lore of the the united, Time of the Crusades ), still have much to teach us in the negative effects, their careful examinations of individual maps. As historians of company cartography have moved away from geographical accuracy as the excessive or reasonable by police, chief quality of a map, they examine instead maps in themselves. What was the mapmaker intending to show? Is it possible that measurement was not particularly important and that some other consideration shaped the map in question? Editors Harley and Woodward address these questions in Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (volume 1 of The History of Cartography ), which appeared in 1987 and fruit, pulls together the research of many scholars of the preceding decades. Its effect can hardly be underestimated, judging from the burgeoning research that has followed its publication. Volume 2 is published in three parts: Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and or reasonable, South Asian Societies, Cartography in company, Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies , and the book on traditional non-European societies cited above. Excessive Force? Volume 3, on the united company, the cartography of the European Renaissance, will be issued shortly. Subsequent volumes will take the history up to the present time.

The field of the history of cartography has attracted scholars from a number of state terrorism academic fields. The United Company? Art historians, literary theorists, and political historians have joined geographers in studying and analyzing maps of the past. Art and Cartography , a selection of essays edited by Woodward, is a particularly interesting illustration of the cross-fertilization of uk academic fields. At present there is no comprehensive one-volume history of cartography. The United? Leo Bagrow's classic History of Cartography , enlarged and on Definition of cybercrime, revised by R. A. Skelton in the united fruit company, 1966, was the last attempt, and now the multivolume History of Cartography , cited above, appears to be its replacement. The best brief introduction is by Norman J. W. Thrower, who recently published a new edition of his Maps and Men , having changed the title to Maps Civilization . Thrower, a geographer and cartographer, is most insightful on the modern period, where his mastery of the techniques of mapmaking is supreme.

The book includes a helpful appendix with a glossary of mapping terms. Accounting Scandals Uk? Peter Whitfield's The Image of the World: 20 Centuries of World Maps is the united fruit company less scholarly but has an excellent selection of color illustrations. John Snyder's Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections is a general book about a more specialized subject. Snyder deals with the eternal problem of representing a more or less spherical Earth on a plane surface and describes various solutions that have been found. This is an excellent introduction to an important subject in saw you in heaven, cartography, since the the united, type of projection chosen can radically alter the appearance and meaning of the map. Catherine Delano-Smith and Roger Kain's English Maps: A History serves as a good overview of the field, although its subject is limited to maps made in England or for English use. The authors offer a comprehensive view of mapmaking and map use from the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century, putting maps into their cultural and political context. Formal? For reference there is the useful Cartographical Innovations: An International Handbook of company Mapping Terms to 1900 , edited by Helen Wallis and what the negative effects, Arthur Robinson.

The book is made up of the united fruit a series of brief essays on the terms, each followed by saw you in heaven a bibliography. General categories include types of maps, maps of human occupations and activities, maps of natural phenomena, reference systems and geodetic concepts, symbolism, techniques and media, methods of duplication, and atlases. Individual essay topics include such subjects as satirical maps, wind roses, and longitude. The United? Another good reference book is the regularly updated Who's Who in the History of Cartography , edited by or reasonable force Mary Alice Lowenthal. Primarily a guide to people working in the field, it also includes a useful introductory section, including a general bibliography, a list of important research centers and map collections, and the united company, a list of journals. Since the history of cartography is an international field, one expects many of these sources to saw you in heaven, be in languages other than English.

Top of page. The flagship journal in the field is the venerable Imago Mundi , founded in 1935 and now into its 53rd volume. Published annually, it includes scholarly articles, book reviews, an annual bibliography, and a calendar of events in the field, such as lectures, conferences and exhibits. A list of the contents throughout its history can be found at the Imago Mundi Web site. Among other useful journals is Terrae Incognitae , published by the Society for the History of Discoveries. It emphasizes the discoveries themselves, but many of the articles concern historical maps. The United Fruit? The product of the Smith Center at the Newberry Library in Chicago, Mapline carries brief articles along with news about lecture series and information on the library's collections.

The Washington Map Society publishes The Portolan , which is issued three times a year, and includes longer articles and in heaven, an excellent annual bibliography. Fruit Company? A more popular publication is the bimonthly Mercator's World , which absorbed the were the negative effects of prohibition, journal Map Collector in 1996. It publishes nonacademic (i.e., no footnotes) articles on a wide range of map-related topics, with color illustrations. Though the the united fruit, publication has an impressive board of directors, the articles are not always carefully edited-caveat lector! Mercator's World is directed at collectors as well as scholars and contains information on map auctions and sales, an important inclusion since map collectors play a significant role in the field of the history of cartography. Some are scholars in their own right, and some have generously supported the academic world with lecture series, fellowships, and gifts to map libraries.

The main discussion list on state terrorism, the Internet is MapHist , founded in 1994 and monitored by David Cobb, librarian at Harvard University. Copies of the complete discussions on CD-ROM, with convenient index, are sold periodically. . The list broadcasts announcements of conferences, fellowships, and new books, as well as lively debates on map-related topics. Participants include map dealers, librarians, college and university professors, graduate students, and amateur enthusiasts. The Web has two principal gatekeeper sites that provide links to many other sources. Fruit Company? The first, Map History/History of Cartography, is in heaven established at the Institute of the united Historical Research at the University of London. State Terrorism? This site includes a general introduction to the subject as well as news and the united company, guides to library collections and map dealers. A recently added link directs one to articles and what were the negative effects of prohibition, books posted on the Web. There is also an e-journal, MapForum , which has published ten issues so far. The other site, Top of page. New theoretical approaches to the united fruit, the history of cartography can be found in The History of Cartography , particularly Harley's opening essay in volume 1. Harley is were effects also the author of Maps, Knowledge and Power in The Iconography of Landscape , edited by company Denis Cosgrove and effects of prohibition, Stephen Daniels.

Here he makes clear the way that maps, rather than being objective sources of information, can be used to establish control, a theme now being expanded on by writers in fruit, specialized historical fields. Books by Mark Monmonier ( How to Lie with Maps, Drawing the Line ) apply these ideas with mostly modern examples, written in vs substantive equality, a breezy, popular style. Mappings , edited by Denis Cosgrove, includes a selection of articles across the historical spectrum, mostly incorporating postmodernist theory. Soon to appear in English translation from the University of Chicago Press is company Christian Jacob's L'Empire des Cartes: Approche thorique de la cartographie travers l'histoire [Editor's update, May 2008 - the details are: Christian Jacob, The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in uk, Cartography throughout History . The United? Translated by Tom Conley. Edited by Edward H. Dahl. (University of Chicago Press, 2006)]. Trained as a classicist, Jacob ranges over the entire field of cartography, drawing examples from every period of history. The term mapping is excessive or reasonable force by police sometimes used so broadly by literary scholars in particular that a geographer would hardly recognize his original artifact. The United Fruit? An example is Tom Conley's The Self-Made Map . This work, set in early modern France, does discuss such cartographers as Oronce Fin, but it ranges into the cartographic writing of Rabelais, the arrangement of words on a page in printed texts, and the design of capital letters. An event that did much to establish a new view of map history was an exhibition titled The Power of Maps, by the Smithsonian Institution in 1992-93 and curated by Lucy Fellowes and scandals, Denis Wood.

The exhibition assembled an impressive collection of maps from various cultures and periods-from stick maps of the Marshall Islands and medieval manuscript maps to road maps of North Carolina-and provided a showcase for new techniques of mapping. A memorable display was an animated sequence showing the sea bottom beneath the polar ice sheets. There was no exhibition catalog, but Wood produced a book with the fruit, same title, describing how maps are often confused with reality, when in state terrorism, fact a map's selection of places and the united, symbols transforms reality. State Terrorism? Unfortunately, the book, a rambling personal essay, is poorly illustrated, always a drawback for a book about maps. The postmodernist approach of Wood and others was criticized as an oversimplification by Jeremy Black in the united fruit, Maps and Politics . The crucial event in European map history was the discovery of America and saw you in heaven, the simultaneous exploration of Africa and Asia. European geographers and mapmakers found it necessary to revise their view of the world. In the preceding century, several forces had come together (the rediscovery of Ptolemy's work, the refinement of nautical maps, the the united, improvement of measuring techniques) to give intimations of a more scientific approach to cartography.

Thus, as new lands were discovered, mapmakers were able to fit them quickly into the world picture. This exploratory energy continued into the 20th century, when, for example, the Northwest Passage was finally navigated and mapped. Peter Whitfield's New Found Lands , after a brief account of in heaven ancient and medieval explorers, swings into high gear in the fifteenth century, carrying the story up to the end of the nineteenth century. An interesting insight into the united company the progress of discovery can be found in Lost Islands by Henry Stommel. State Terrorism? He describes the persistence of nonexistent navigational hazards for years and introduces us to the fascinating 1856 catalog Rodgers' Register of Doubtful Dangers. Harley's Maps and the united fruit company, the Columbian Encounter accompanied an exhibition commemorating the year 1492. Harley also produced a video of the same title, which drives home the point that Western maps were a factor in the domination and elimination of Native American cultures, overwhelming Native mapping traditions and on Definition of cybercrime, place-names, and legitimizing conquest. Walter Mignolo makes the same point in The Darker Side of the Renaissance , a book emphasizing the irrational and self-justifying myths that lurked behind the modern and reasonable facade of the Renaissance.

Two chapters specifically discuss the mapping of non-European countries by their colonizers. The invention of printing, which occurred almost at the same time, also had a great effect on maps, which could now be widely distributed with their uniformity maintained. The simultaneous spread of literacy meant that more people were capable of reading maps, and a market for their sale emerged. Five Centuries of Map Printing , edited by fruit company David Woodward, is a technical overview, issued on on Definition of cybercrime, the 500th anniversary of the first printed map. Woodward observes that, while map printing led to company, an explosion in map availabil-ity, the process also limited the mapmaker in such areas as color and the negative of prohibition, pictorial elements. Excellent studies of early printed maps include Rodney W. Shirley's Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps, 1472-1700 , and Tony Campbell's Earliest Printed Maps, 1472-1500 . The first is a cartobibliography of maps of the world, while the latter includes all types of maps. Cartobibliographies are organized with an the united, entry for each map. In Shirley's work, for example, each entry includes the name of the mapmaker (if known), the place and date of publication, the size, the title of the book, a brief description, and a photograph. These are indispensable tools for the researcher. Sea Charts of the Early Explorers , a beautifully illustrated volume by the negative of prohibition Michel Mollat du Jourdin and Monique de la Roncire, begins with the first appearance of nautical charts in the united, the West in the thirteenth century and shows how they were modified up through the seventeenth century. Force By Police? R.A.

Skelton's Explorers' Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery is an the united fruit company, older, but still informative book. Uk? Skelton closely links the various voyages to company, the maps that were used and those that resulted. Essay Of Cybercrime? His notes and observations on the individual maps are always valuable. The European voyages of the sixteenth century led to an explosion in map production, which suddenly became a profitable business rather than a scholarly avocation. Two of the most famous sixteenth-century mapmakers, Abraham Ortelius (d.

1598) and Gerard Mercator (d. 1594), recently celebrated quadricentennials, which gave rise to a spate of conferences and commemorative volumes. Ortelius's work is described in essays written by Marcel van der Broecke and others in Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas . Gerhard Mercator's The Mercator Atlas of Europe , edited by Marcel Watelet, reproduces a copy of this cartographer's atlas discovered in 1967 along with folio sheets from wall maps of Europe (1554), the company, British Isles (1564), and the world (1569). An accompanying text volume provides a group of interpretive essays. This is a beautiful, but rather expensive, book. Unfortunately, the other retrospectives of Mercator's work are not yet available in state terrorism, English translation. The mapmakers of the sixteenth century are cataloged in Robert Karrow's Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 . The United Fruit Company? Karrow takes the eighty-seven cartographers named in a list originally published by Ortelius in 1570, expands their biographies to saw you, include modern scholarship, and illustrates many of the maps. Two thousand maps are cataloged in this useful work. Mercator and Ortelius were both natives of the Netherlands, which dominated cartography in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Kees Zandvliet's Mapping for Money follows the activities of the Dutch, primarily through the East and West India Companies, which wanted accurate maps as tools to help them explore new markets.

An interesting feature of this book is the section on topographical painting and paintings that include maps. The painter Vermeer's works are widely known, but here one can see that he was part of fruit a Dutch tradition that used maps in an iconic as well as practical fashion. In From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism , Chandra Mukerji discusses the map of the early capitalist period as both a consumer good and a capital good, an item for display and an item for business use. An ongoing series by Gnter Schilder, Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica , offers complete coverage to selected maps from this era, with text in or reasonable force, both Dutch and English. The four volumes published so far come in pairs, with a text volume for each volume of beautifully produced facsimile maps and the united company, atlases. Jerry Brotton's Trading Territories emphasizes the commercial motives for exploration and mapping through several case studies, beginning with Portugal. The book opens with an analysis of a tapestry made to commemorate the wedding of Catherine of Austria to Joo III of Portugal in 1525.

The sovereigns are shown with a globe turned to reveal the overseas possessions of Portugal, the king's scepter resting on Lisbon. This book also emphasizes the accounting, role of the Ottoman Turks in the evolution of sixteenth-century maps. Sixteenth-century world maps dealt with the increasing knowledge of the Americas as they were explored. Many books cover this interesting phenomenon, showing how the now-familiar geographical shapes of the Western hemisphere emerged from the fog of the unknown. Worthy of special mention is Philip D. Burden's Mapping of North America , a cartobibliography of maps, 1511-1670.

A projected second volume will include maps from 1671 to 1700. Seymour I. Schwartz and Ralph E. Ehrenberg's The Mapping of America is less inclusive but covers the entire period from 1500 to the present. This is an the united fruit, excellent general overview. A more specialized work, William P. Cumming's The Southeast in Early Maps , has recently been reissued in a revised edition by excessive force by police Louis DeVorsey. This book, with 450 maps, covers the period from the united fruit discovery to the American Revolution and the area between the northern border of Florida and uk, the southern border of Virginia.

The new edition includes an fruit company, interesting chapter by DeVorsey on Native American maps of the state terrorism, region. Dora Beale Polk's The Island of California: A History of the Myth examines the perennially interesting problem of mapping the California coast. The survival of numerous maps showing California as insular has been a great boon to the map trade. Governments began to use maps as tools not only for foreign conquest and economic exploitation but to establish control at fruit company home and for state terrorism purposes of national defense. Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe , edited by David Buisseret, is the united fruit company a collection of articles dealing with England, France, Spain, Austria, Italy, and Poland. This is the published version of the 1982 Nebenzahl Lectures, held annually at the Newberry Library in Chicago. The essays explore, as the scandals uk, subtitle indicates, the increasing use of maps for political purposes. Josef W. Konvitz's Cartography in France, 1660-1848: Science, Engineering, and Statecraft is a more extensive work on France. The United Fruit? Konvitz traces the state sponsorship of cartography from the state terrorism, administration of Colbert under Louis XIV, through the eighteenth century, when France completed the first national mapping project in Europe, conducted by successive members of the Cassini family.

Konvitz shows how maps began to be used for military purposes, for designing canals and roads, and for economic and social programs. As governments took over the making of maps, the fruit, maps became secret documents, forbidden to fall into the hands of the enemy. Maps had become a weapon in state terrorism, international competition, whether of a military or economic nature. The mapping and commercial career of another French cartographic family is ably described in Mary S. Pedley's Bel et Utile: The Work of Robert de Vaugondy Family of Mapmakers . The maps that preceded the age of discoveries have been treated as curiosities, studied originally for the united fruit their distortion of the world as we now perceive it. Were The Negative Effects Of Prohibition? In the works of Raymond Beazley, George Kimble, and the united fruit company, John Wright (mentioned above), medieval maps were ridiculed for their simplicity and religiosity. More recently, the same maps have been analyzed in their own terms and found to be eloquent expressions of a worldview that might inform our own. Chapters by David Woodward, Paul D.A.

Harvey, and Tony Campbell in volume 1 of The History of Cartography , edited by Harley and Woodward, are a good place to start. Paul Harvey also wrote Medieval Maps and Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map , which are brief, well-illustrated essays that provide a good overview. The new encyclopedia Trade, Travel and saw you in heaven, Exploration in the Middle Ages , edited by J. B. Friedman and the united fruit company, others, includes many map-related entries. What The Negative Effects Of Prohibition? Evelyn Edson's Mapping Time and Space covers the early period to 1300, examining the the united company, way medieval maps are often constructed to saw you, represent time (historical, theological) as well as space. A general work on the subject of measurement is Alfred W. Crosby's The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250-1600 . Crosby considers the development of a devotion to measurement a crucial element in the West's rise to world domination.

Though not writing specifically about maps, he puts technical developments in mapping into a broader context. Local and regional maps were made in the Middle Ages, but surviving examples are rare. In Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille , Daniel Smail laments that the medieval archive of Marseille contains not a single image even remotely like a map. He goes on the united company, to describe, however, the development of a mental (imaginary) cartography that becomes more uniform as the centuries progress. His work is based on the records maintained by notaries who recorded deeds, wills, and other property-related documents. He shows how local identifications of place were originally based on neighborhoods or landmarks but were eventually replaced by the image of the city as a network of streets, leading to excessive force, the standardized street address of modern times. Local maps extant from the Middle Ages are discussed in the relevant chapter by Paul D.A. Harvey in fruit, The History of Cartography , volume 1. The larger medieval world maps are rare, delicate, and difficult to study, even on site. To remedy this problem some are now being reproduced on CD-ROMs.

The Bibliothque Nationale of formal equality France has issued the multilingual Mapamondi: Une carte du monde au XIVe sicle , featuring the Catalan Atlas, a large world map made in Majorca in 1375, reputedly by the united Abraham Cresques. The visuals are good, but the CD-ROM is difficult to accounting scandals, navigate. Essays on fruit, various topics are unattributed, and what the negative effects, there is no index of place-names. It is more suitable for browsing than research, and dedicated students would do well to seek out the company, deluxe book by the fourteenth-century Abraham Cresques, Mapamundi, the Catalan Atlas of the Year 1375 , edited by Georges Grosjean. The Hereford Cathedral map of c.1290 is the subject of Naomi Kline's A Wheel of Memory , a CD-ROM of the Hereford Mappamundi, from the University of Michigan. Rumor has it that the Essay on Definition of cybercrime, Biblioteca Marciana in Venice will soon issue a CD-ROM on their treasure, the Fra Mauro world map of 1450. Jeffrey Burton Russell takes on the united company, one of the most common misconceptions about the Middle Ages: that most people subscribed to the flat earth theory.

His book, Inventing the by police, Flat Earth , proves convincingly that the earth was viewed as a sphere from the 6th century BCE forward. He traces the flat earth idea to Washington Irving's hagiographical treatment of Columbus in 1828, Life and fruit company, Voyages of in heaven Christopher Columbus . Russell's work is an interesting essay on the need of modern Europeans to believe in their technical superiority over other cultures, even their own past. The appearance of the Vinland map, which has produced so much controversy in fruit company, the last 35 years, provided the impetus for some excellent scholarship. This map, found in on Definition, a 15th-century manuscript and bound with an account of a 13th-century expedition to the court of the Great Khan, shows Vinland and Greenland as islands in the North Atlantic. Although the Norse discovery of Vinland about the year 1000 is not in doubt, no early maps by these seafarers have ever been found. The map has been largely rejected by the united company the academic world as a forgery, though it has its determined supporters, particularly at Yale where the the negative of prohibition, map is housed. R.A. Skelton, Thomas E. Marston, and George D. Painter's The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation was published in 1965 and has recently been reissued in a slightly revised edition. Fruit Company? Skelton's lengthy essay on the map and excessive or reasonable, its antecedents is a fine introduction to medieval cartography.

The book contains a good facsimile of the disputed map. With few and fragmentary exceptions, the earliest surviving maps in the West are medieval. Hence there has been great speculation over the nature of the maps that preceded these, the fruit company, maps of Greek and or reasonable, Roman civilization, and to what extent their form and company, content were reflected in medieval maps. Literature provides evidence that such maps existed, but what did they look like? Claude Nicolet, in Space, Geography, and Politics in the Early Roman Empire , has argued that the state terrorism, Roman Empire needed maps in the united company, order to administer its wide-ranging domains.

At issue here are maps of large areas, such as the Agrippa map, a public monument erected in Rome during Augustus's reign. This work is described with tantalizing vagueness by Pliny (in his Natural History , 1469), with little indication of its physical appearance. The widely accepted idea that this monument was a map is challenged by formal vs substantive Kai Brodersen in the united, Terra Cognita , a work so far not translated from the excessive or reasonable force by police, German. He lists the various forms of the the united fruit company, map that scholars have proposed and scorns as creeping presentism the concept that one cannot govern a large empire without maps. In question is not whether the Romans were capable of surveying smaller areas, as evidenced by the surviving surveyor's manuals the Corpus Agrimensorum Romanum , but whether this facility extended to wider horizons.

For more on Roman surveyors, see Oswald A.W. Dilke's The Roman Land Surveyors . The closest thing there is to a survivor of a Roman world map is the Peutinger Table, a large strip or itinerary map covering the known world. There is, in vs substantive, the National Library of Vienna, a twelfth-century copy of a fourth-century copy of a first-century original. The Tabula has been discussed by O.A.W. Dilke in Greek and Roman Maps , but for the united company a set of good color illustrations, one should pore over the volume of plates accompanying Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324 with commentary by Ekkehard Weber. Possibly designed for administrative purposes, the map shows the accounting, Roman roads, thoughtfully marked with baths and granaries where travelers could rest and refuel. The high point of the united scientific cartography in the classical world was the work of Claudius Ptolemy (c.90-160 CE).

In his Cosmographia he discussed various methods of map projection and equality, gave instructions for making a map based on a grid of latitude and longitude lines. He listed the coordinates of 8,000 places, some of them unfortunately in the united company, error. No maps survive from his day, but the maps were reconstructed in the late medieval period, both in accounting uk, Constantinople, where his work had survived, and in the Latin West to the united fruit company, which it was imported and translated in the early fifteenth century. The work also survived in the Arab world but seems to have had little influence on mapmaking there. Ptolemy's work had a profound impact on Renaissance cartography, revolutionizing mapmaking and pointing it toward the more physically oriented maps of the on Definition, future. A translation of his Geographia , as The Geography , is available with black-and-white reproductions of the maps in an edition by company Edward L. Stevenson. For color reproductions (without the text) there is Ptolemy's Geographia: Tabulae, Claudii Ptolomaei (Cosmography: Maps from scandals Ptolemy's Geography) with an the united fruit, introduction by Lelio Pagani. Both of these editions are based on fifteenth-century manuscripts. Facsimiles of early printed editions of Ptolemy (such as the Cosmographia ) appeared in the 1960s, edited by R.A. Skelton.

For a current analysis of Ptolemy's work one should consult the chapter by O.A.W. Dilke in volume 1 of The History of Cartography , edited by Harley and Woodward. Cartography became a hobby of Renaissance statesmen and artists, such as Leonardo da Vinci. The rulers of Italian and German cities were particularly interested in pictorial maps of their own cities. Between 1572 and 1618 a collection of 530 city maps was published in Cologne by George Braun and Frans Hogenberg. A selection of these maps is nicely reprinted by John Goss in George Braun's City Maps of Europe: 16th Century Town Plans from Braun Hogenberg . The British Library's The City in Maps: Urban Mapping to 1900 , by James Elliott, offers a more general overview of city maps, including those of Braun and Hogenberg.

One spectacular product of Renaissance cartography is the gallery of maps in accounting scandals uk, the Vatican, designed by Egnazio Danti in 1580. Forty maps of Italy, cities as well as regions, are arranged in geographical order as though the fruit, central corridor were the Appenine mountain range. Scenes of saints and what, miracles on the ceiling are also geographically arranged, leading one to the rather medieval conclusion that Italy is the New Holy Land. Lucio Gambi ably describes these murals in The Gallery of Maps in the Vatican , which is illuminated by luscious photographs. David Woodward takes a different approach in Maps as Prints in the Italian Renaissance: Makers, Distributors Consumers . He is the united company interested not only in how maps were made but in scandals, who sold them and who bought them and why. The maps of the non-Western world are the subject of the books making up volume 2 of The History of Cartography , edited by Harley and company, Woodward.

The Western mapping tradition, with its emphasis on measurement, rapidly came to dominate the vs substantive equality, cultural dialogue over the representation of space during the imperial era. Some extremely interesting recent works examine this process. In her book The Mapping of New Spain , Barbara Mundy studies a survey ordered in 1580 by the Spanish Viceroy of New Spain, an area covering central Mexico. A wide-ranging questionnaire was sent out to local officials, who were also asked to provide maps of their territory. The resulting maps vary widely in form, symbolism, and content, some following a Westernized mapping style and others clearly the product of a preexisting Aztec tradition. Mundy's analysis is supported with good illustrations. Another important work is Thongchai Winichakul's Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation , which describes the intersection of traditional Thai with Western colonial concepts of nationhood in the nineteenth century, resulting in a delineation of Siam's boundaries and the formation of what the author calls the geo-body of Thailand. This process was map driven, in that the map did not represent the existing reality, but brought a new reality into being.

The traditional idea of Siam was based on a hierarchy of rulers rather than a delimited territory. The kingdom was focused on the center with vaguely determined edges. Company? Pushed by border disputes with France and England, the saw you, monarchy took the mapping initiative. In the process of redefining Siam, the victims were the the united fruit company, small semiautonomous border states with shifting and multiple allegiances. This book provides excellent and unusual insight into the role of maps in the interaction between Western and non-Western governments in the colonial era in of cybercrime, Southeast Asia. Better illustrations, in color, of the the united, Thai maps can be found in Thomas Surez's Early Mapping of Southeast Asia . In Heaven? Although European maps are the primary focus of Surez's book, there is company a brief introductory section on native Asian maps. The beautifully illustrated China in in heaven, Ancient and Modern Maps , edited by Yan Ping and others, covers 2,000 years of map history in the united fruit company, a cartobibliographic format. Richard J. Smith's Chinese Maps: Images of All under Heaven is produced in a very small format and the illustrations are almost impossible to excessive, see, but the the united company, text is extremely interesting. Smith's text and Yan's pictures are a good introduction to the field, more fully covered in The History of Essay Cartography , volume 2, book 2.

Matthew H. Company? Edney's Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843 deals with imperialist issues from the European side. The main subject of his book is the immense project of mapping the Indian subcontinent, carried out by British overlords. Control was definitely the state terrorism, issue here, but, as Edney points out, there was much disorganization and bureaucratic confusion. He also puts the mapping project in the context of the Enlightenment, with its positivist approach to the united fruit company, knowledge of the physical world, a subject treated more extensively in Geography and Enlightenment , edited by David Livingstone and Charles Withers. In conjunction with Edney's book, one might watch Measuring India, the were the negative effects, eighth segment in the film series Shape of the World from the 1991 production by Granada TV.

Simon Berthon and Andrew Robinson wrote a book based on the film series. Edney criticizes some of the assumptions made in the film's more superficial account. The mapping of Europe's colonies inspired similar projects at home. Colonial Ireland was the first part of the British Isles to be mapped, as described by J.H. Andrews in A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland , followed by England's admirable Ordnance Survey maps. In the course of the nineteenth century, most European countries, and the United States, were surveyed in national mapping projects. At the same time, new types of maps that were useful to reforming governments were emerging.

Thematic maps, first developed to show physical (and potentially profitable) phenomena such as mineral deposits, were adapted to the united company, display social and economic themes. Maps became an effective way to saw you in heaven, present the data gathered by census takers. Arthur H. Robinson's Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography is the rather pedestrian title of a most interesting and readable book. The United Company? The author argues that the development of thematic mapping in the early nineteenth century was a revolution in the history of cartography comparable to Essay, the rediscovery of Ptolemy in the fifteenth century. One of the most sensational of the thematic maps John Snow described is Robinson's 1855 map of company London, marking sites of deaths from cholera. Thanks to Snow's graphic presentation, it became clear that a huge disproportion of fatal illnesses occurred within a few city blocks near the Broad Street pump.

This work led directly not only to uk, the closing of the offending pump but also to the understanding of the role of contaminated water in spreading the disease. Since the company, nineteenth century, the subject matter for thematic maps has continued to expand. Such maps are used to illustrate the geographical distribution of excessive force by police various phenomena, such as religions, languages, employment, plant species, earthquakes, and zoning regulations. By the eighteenth century, new surveying techniques made it possible to the united company, produce accurate relief maps for the first time, showing the excessive or reasonable by police, earth's surface in company, three dimensions. A dispute arose over the most effective way of presenting this information, whether with some type of shading (intuitively comprehensive) or by the use of contour lines (more accurate). P.D.A. Harvey's The History of Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures and Surveys presents developments from state terrorism early pictorial maps through the various technical changes. Besides the company, expected coverage of European maps, he includes examples from formal equality Mexico, India, China, and Japan. Infinite Perspectives , a recent book by brothers Brian M. Ambroziak and Jeffrey R. Fruit? Ambroziak, offers a brief history of topographical mapping, but the authors are most anxious to promote their 3-D method (glasses included).

It is not surprising to find that much of the progress in topographical mapping took place in the challenging terrain of Switzerland. The 19th Century: Education and Literacy. The expansion of public education in the nineteenth century and the consequent increase in formal, literacy led to the united fruit, greater familiarity with and use of maps. Whereas a map in the Middle Ages would have been a relatively rare document, seen by few people, a map now became a common item, seen and used by many. The idea of producing a map for way-finding, which seems essential to our modern idea of maps, was a rather late development.

Although there are examples of itinerary maps before the sixteenth century, they seem to have functioned as records of journeys already taken or possibly as planning documents. Scandals Uk? The invention of printing, however, was soon followed by the production of small, folding maps that could be carried in one's saddlebag, and eventually one's glove compartment. In 1996, the Nebenzahl Lectures at the Newberry Library featured Maps on fruit, the Move, and a book of the lectures, offered by James Akerman, is slated to appear in Essay on Definition of cybercrime, the coming year. A brief but informative article, Twentieth-Century Highway Maps, by Thomas Schlereth, can be found in the united fruit company, From Sea Charts to Satellite Images , edited by David Buisseret. Douglas A. Yorke and John Margolies's Hitting the Road: The Art of the American Road Map examines the art work that appeared on road maps, with numerous colored illustrations. Maps were apparently used in schools from ancient times, and several geographical texts from the Middle Ages seem to have been lectures delivered while standing in on Definition of cybercrime, front of a map. Jeremy Black's Maps and History deals in part with school atlases, which were frequently the conveyors of nationalistic bias. Maps in bibles appeared in quantity after the Protestant Reformation, again facilitated by the invention of printing. These woodcut maps educated their readers on the subject of the travels of Paul, the disposition of the ancient kingdoms of Israel, and the possible location of the Garden of fruit company Eden.

An illustrated catalog of these early maps can be found in Catherine Delano-Smith and Elizabeth Morley Ingram's Maps in Bibles, 1500-1600 . Walter Ristow's American Maps and excessive or reasonable by police, Mapmakers: Commercial Cartography in the 19th Century surveys the business of the united company making and selling maps. Printed maps were first made abroad to be sold in America, but eventually the United States had its own map-printing industry. Before the establishment of the or reasonable force, US Geological survey in 1879, most American mapmaking was in private hands. Rand McNally, founded in 1856, long dominated the field, and fruit, the firm receives a detailed history in Ristow's book. Formal Vs Substantive Equality? The map as an icon, sometimes more or less informative, now appears everywhere: in the united company, books, newspapers, on television, in state terrorism, advertisements. The distortions that frequently mark these productions are described by Mark Monmonier in How to Lie with Maps and Maps with the News: The Development of American Journalistic Cartography . Nigel Holmes's Pictorial Maps includes a number of excellent color illustrations of such maps. This interesting book not only company, traces the history of cartography but gives many examples of state terrorism maps in jokes, books, tourist literature, and postcards. The text is brief, but the pictures are well chosen. J.B. The United? Post's An Atlas of Fantasy features maps meant to be works of fiction, from the map in Thomas More's Utopia to more modern imagined landscapes, many of them book illustrations.

Peter Gould and Rodney White's Mental Maps discusses how maps of excessive or reasonable force by police real places are shaped by ideas and experiences, which affect distance, detail, and company, direction. The authors give a dramatic example of a map drawn by a young black boy of his neighborhood in Philadelphia. Though his immediate surroundings are presented in detail, the white-occupied area across the road is a blank terra incognita. Celestial maps are at least as old as terrestrial ones. Until recent times, globes were produced in pairs: one celestial, adorned with drawings of the constellations, and one terrestrial. An example is the uk, enormous Coronelli globes made in the seventeenth century for Louis XIV. Smaller versions of these globes are on permanent display in the Library of Congress. The United Fruit Company? An excellent account of Islamic celestial cartography by Emilie Savage-Smith appears in The History of Cartography , volume 2, book 1, edited by Harley and Woodward. Peter Whitfield's The Mapping of the Heavens offers an overview of the development of celestial maps with colored illustrations. Terrestrial globes were not commonly made in the West until the of prohibition, sixteenth century, but they soon became a staple of both the philosopher's study and the schoolroom. The globe clearly solved the knotty problem of company map projection, but its expense and what were effects, general cumbersomeness limited its use.

A good general book on the topic is Elly Dekker and Peter van der Krogt's Globes from the Western World . There seems to be no single book on the development of fruit mapping techniques from the impressionistic views of the Middle Ages to the introduction of latitude and longitude in the fifteenth century and the invention of triangulation for use in surveying in the sixteenth century. Longitude has recently attracted attention thanks to Dava Sobel's best-selling book Longitude on the drama of John Harrison and Essay on Definition of cybercrime, his lifelong quest for a clock that would keep perfect time at the united company sea. Sobel's enhanced version of this book, The Illustrated Longitude , is coauthored by William Andrewes. The intelligent captions-and pictures-add a great deal to the work. Andrewes is also the editor of the papers from the Longitude Symposium (1993), The Quest for Longitude . Mapmaking tools were refined in succeeding centuries, up through the twentieth-century explosion of new technology. Norman Thrower succinctly covers this development in saw you in heaven, Maps Civilization . He states that the introduction of aerial photography (first balloons, then airplanes) produced dramatic changes in mapping, enabling mapmakers to extend their vision to fruit, remote, inaccessible areas of the world. In the second half of the twentieth century, satellite photography came to supplement photographs taken from airplanes. Satellites are now of even greater importance in providing reliable coordinates for the Global Positioning Systems (GPS). By providing any holder of these small, hand-held devices with exact latitude, longitude, and altitude, mapmaking was instantly democratized and way-finding made potentially easier, though many ambitious hikers have used the system to get profoundly lost.

Thomas M. Lillesand and Ralph W. Kiefer's Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation describes these developments. Essay Of Cybercrime? The drawing of maps has been revolutionized by company the use of computers. Indeed, the leading journal in the field, The American Cartographer , has changed its name to Cartography and Geographic Information Systems . Using the appropriate software, the mapmaker can change projection, scale, or text, and print the equality, results with ease. For the the united company, possibilities of in heaven such a system one may consult the latest edition of a textbook such as Ed Madej's Cartographic Design Using ArcView GIS . The opening chapter describes the rapid advances in computer cartography in the last decade but warns, You can make maps rapidly with the software, which means that you can also produce a lot of bad maps quickly. Company? An overview of GIS can be found in Geographical Information Systems , edited by Paul A. Were Effects? Longley et al.

This two-volume compendium is made up of chapters contributed by different experts. At the present, mapmaking is going in two diametrically opposed directions: the increasing, even finicky, accuracy of physical maps, and the quirky, cartoon-like maps that accompany advertising, journalism, and other popular media. The map is now such a familiar image that it is company hard to imagine a time when most people had never seen one. The daily weather map is an scandals uk, example of the widespread modern use of maps, whether one sees the colored version in the newspapers with its cryptic array of signs or the animated version on television with its simulated swirling air masses. It is easy to see why most histories of cartography end in 1900 or even earlier, as the explosion of new technologies, new uses for maps, and their universality in contemporary culture raise numerous questions, difficult to resolve. By studying the maps of the past, one is led to reflect on the united, how each period and culture has drawn maps to suit itself, and then our obsession with physical accuracy is the negative effects of prohibition placed in its proper perspective. Abraham Ortelius and the First Atlas: Essays Commemorating the the united, Quadricentennial of his Death, 1598-1998 , ed. by Marcel van den Broecke, Peter van der Krogt, and Peter Meurer. Houten, Netherlands: HES Publishers, 1998. Akerman, James. Maps on formal vs substantive, the Move.

Newberry Library (forthcoming). Ambroziak, Brian M., and Jeffrey R. Ambroziak. The United? Infinite Perspectives: Two Thousand Years of force Three-Dimensional Mapmaking . The United Fruit? Princeton Architectural Press, 1999 (CH, Apr'00). Andrews, J.H. A Paper Landscape: The Ordnance Survey in Nineteenth-Century Ireland . State Terrorism? Oxford, 1975. Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays, ed. by David Woodward. Chicago, 1987. Bagrow, Leo. The United Fruit Company? History of Cartography . Rev. and enl. by R.A. Skelton. Harvard, 1966.

Beazley, C. Raymond. Formal Equality? The Dawn of Modern Geography. P. Smith, 1949. Original ed., London, 1901. 3v. Berthon, Simon, and Andrew Robinson. The Shape of the World: The Mapping and Discovery of the Earth . Rand McNally, 1991.

The Shape of the World video produced by Granada TV (CH, Jun'91). Black, Jeremy. Maps and History: Constructing Images of the Past . Yale, 1997 (CH, Nov'97). ____. Maps and Politics. Chicago, 1997 (CH, Jul'97).

Braun, Georg. The City Maps of Europe: 16th Century Town Plans from Braun Hogenberg , John Goss. Rand McNally, 1992. The United? British Library. The City in Maps: Urban Mapping to 1900 , [by] James Elliott. London: British Library, 1987. Brodersen, Kai. State Terrorism? Terra Cognita: Studien zur rmischen Raumerfassung . Hildesheim: G.Olms, 1995. Fruit Company? London: Reaktion Books, 1997. Brotton, Jerry. Trading Territories: Mapping the Early Modern World.

Cornell, 1998 (CH, Sep'98). Burden, Philip D. The Mapping of North America: A List of Printed Maps, 1511-1670. Rickmansworth, Herts.: Raleigh Publishers, 1996. State Terrorism? Campbell, Tony. The Earliest Printed Maps, 1472-1500 . California, 1987 (CH, Oct'88).

Cartographical Innovations: An International Handbook of Mapping Terms to 1900 , ed. by the united company _Helen M. Wallis and Arthur H. Robinson. Tring, Herts, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1987. China in Ancient and Modern Maps , Yan Ping et al. Formal Vs Substantive Equality? London: Sotheby's, 1998. Conley, Tom. The Self-Made Map: Cartographic Writing in the united, Early Modern France. Minnesota, 1996 (CH, May'97). Scandals? Cresques, Abraham. Mapamundi, the Catalan Atlas of the Year 1375 , ed. and fruit, with commentary by Georges Grosjean. Dietikon-Zurich: Urs Graf; distrib. by Abaris Books, 1987.

Crosby, Alfred W. The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250-1600. Cambridge, 1997 (CH, May'97). Cumming, William P. The Southeast in Early Maps. 3rd ed. Rev. and enl. by Louis DeVorsey. North Carolina, 1998.

Orig. ed., 1958. Dekker, Elly, and Peter van der Krogt. Globes from the saw you in heaven, Western World . Zwemmer, 1993. Delano-Smith, Catherine, and Elizabeth M. Ingram. Maps in Bibles, 1500-1600: An Illustrated Catalogue.

Libraririe Droz, 1991. Delano-Smith, Catherine, and Roger J.P. Kain. English Maps: A History . British Library, 1999. Dilke, O.A.W. Greek and Roman Maps. Cornell, 1985. ____.

The Roman Land Surveyors: An Introduction to the Agrimensores. Fruit Company? Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1971. Edney, Matthew H. Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843. Chicago, 1997 (CH, Dec'97). Edson, Evelyn. Mapping Time and Space: How Medieval Mapmakers Viewed Their World . London: British Library, 1997.

Five Centuries of Map Printing, ed. by David Woodward. Chicago, 1975. Scandals Uk? Nebenzahl lectures of 1972. From Sea Charts to company, Satellite Images: Interpreting North American History through Maps , ed. by David Buisseret; introd. by J.B. Harley. Chicago, 1990 (CH, Jun'91). Gambi, Lucio. The Gallery of Maps in the Vatican , tr. by Paul Tucker. George Braziller, 1997. Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Applications, and Management , ed. by Paul A. Longley et al.

2nd ed. Wiley, 1999. Geography and Enlightenment , ed. by David N. Vs Substantive Equality? Livingstone and Charles W.J. Withers. Chicago, 1999 (CH, Apr'00). Gould, Peter R., and Rodney White. Mental Maps . 2nd ed. Allen Unwin, 1986. Harley, J. Brian. Maps and the Columbian Encounter . Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin, 1990.

Harvey, P.D.A. The History of the united fruit Topographical Maps: Symbols, Pictures and Surveys . Thames Hudson, 1980. ____. Mappa Mundi: The Hereford World Map. Toronto, 1996 (CH, Dec'96). ____. Medieval Maps . Toronto, 1991. The History of Cartography , ed. by J. Brian Harley and excessive force by police, David Woodward. The United Company? 2v. Chicago, 1987 et seq.

2v., 2nd vol. in 3 books (CH, Mar'93). Volume 3 (forthcoming). Holmes, Nigel. Pictorial Maps . Watson-Guptill, 1991. The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design, and Use of Past Environments , ed. by Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels. Cambridge, 1988.

Irving, Washington. A History of the Essay of cybercrime, Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus . A. and W. Galignani, 1828. Jacob, Christian. The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography Through History; tr. by Tom Conley. Chicago, forthcoming.

Translated from L'empire des cartes: approche thorique de la cartographie travers l'histoire . Albin Michel, 1992. Karrow, Robert W., Jr. Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century and the united, Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 . Speculum Orbis Press, 1993. Kimble, George H.T. Geography in the Middle Ages . London: Methuen, 1938. Kline, Naomi Reed. A Wheel of Memory: The Hereford Cathedral Map. CD-ROM. Michigan, 2000. Konvitz, Josef W. Cartography in Essay on Definition of cybercrime, France, 1660-1848: Science, Engineering, and Statecraft . Chicago, 1987.

Lillesand, Thomas M., and the united fruit, Ralph W. Kiefer. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation . 3rd ed. Wiley, 1994. Longitude Symposium (1993: Harvard University). The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 4-6, 1993 , ed. by William J.H. Andrewes. Harvard, 1997 (CH, Apr'97).

Madej, Ed. Cartographic Design Using ArcView GIS . Albany, NY: OnWord Press, 2001. Mapamondi: Une carte du monde au XIVe sicle . CD-ROM facsimile of Atlas Catalan in formal, Bibliothque Nationale, Paris. Codition Bibliothque nationale de France/ Opus Species; Montparnasse Multimdia (1998). Mappings , ed. by Denis Cosgrove. London: Reaktion Books, 1999. Mercator, Gerhard. Company? The Mercator Atlas of Europe: Facsimile of the Maps by Gerardus Mercator Contained in the Atlas of Europe, circa 1570-1572 , ed. by Marcel Watelet. 2v.

Walking Tree, 1998. Accounting Scandals Uk? Mignolo, Walter. The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization . Michigan, 1995 (CH, Mar'96). Mollat du Jourdin, Michel, and Monique de la Roncire with Marie-Madeleine Azard, Isabelle Raynaud-Nguyen, and Marie Antoinette Vannereau. Sea Charts of the Early Explorers: 13th to 17th Century , tr. by L. Le R. Dethan. Thames and Hudson, 1984. Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of fruit Cartography as a Tool of Essay of cybercrime Government in Early Modern Europe , ed. by the united company David Buisseret. The Kenneth Nebenzahl, Jr. Lectures on the History of Cartography.

Chicago, 1992. Monmonier, Mark. Drawing the excessive or reasonable by police, Line: Tales of Maps and the united, Cartocontroversy . Henry Holt, 1995. ___. How to Lie with Maps . The Negative Of Prohibition? Chicago, 1996. ___. Maps with the News: The Development of American Journalistic Cartography. Chicago, 1989 (CH, Feb'90). Mukerji, Chandra. From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism . Columbia, 1983 (CH, May'84).

Mundy, Barbara E. The Mapping of company New Spain: Indigenous Cartography and were of prohibition, the Maps of the Relaciones Geogrficas . Chicago, 1996 (CH, Apr'97). Nicolet, Claude. Space, Geography, and fruit company, Politics in the Early Roman Empire. Uk? Michigan, 1991. Transl. from L'Inventaire du Monde: Gographie et politique aux origines de l'empire Romain.

Paris: 1988. Pedley, Mary Sponberg. Fruit? Bel et Utile: The Work of vs substantive equality Robert de Vaugondy Family of Mapmakers . Tring, Herts, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1992. Polk, Dora Beale. The Island of the united California: A History of the Myth Nebraska, 1996.

Post, J.W. An Atlas of state terrorism Fantasy . Mirage Press, 1973. Ptolemy. Cosmographia. Bologna, 1477, introd. by R.A. Skelton. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1964. ____. The United Fruit Company? Geographia: Tabulae, Claudii Ptolemaei, introd. by Lelio Pagani; [tr. by Simon Knight]. Leicester, England: Magna Books [1990?]. ____. The Geography , Claudius Ptolemy; tr. and uk, ed. by the united fruit Edward Luther Stevenson.

New York Public Library, 1932. Reissued by Dover, 1991. Ristow, Walter W. American Maps and state terrorism, Mapmakers: Commercial Cartography in the 19th Century . Wayne State, 1985. Robinson, Arthur H. Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography . Chicago, 1982. The United Fruit Company? Russell, Jeffrey Burton. Inventing the Flat Earth: Columbus and Essay on Definition of cybercrime, Modern Historians . Praeger, 1997. Schilder, Gnter.

Monumenta Cartographica Neerlandica . Company? 4v., 1 each text and atlas. Aalphen aan den Rijn: Canaletto, 1986-92. Schwartz, Seymour I., and Ralph E. Ehrenberg. The Mapping of accounting America . Abrams, 1980. Shirley, Rodney W. The Mapping of the World: Early Printed World Maps, 1472-1700. London: Holland Press, 1983. Skelton, R.A.

Explorers' Maps: Chapters in the Cartographic Record of Geographical Discovery. Praeger, 1958. Fruit Company? Skelton, R.A., Thomas E. Marston, and George D. Painter. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. Yale University Library, 1965. Smail, Daniel Lord. Imaginary Cartographies: Possession and Identity in Late Medieval Marseille . Cornell, 2000. Smith, Richard J. Chinese Maps: Images of All under Heaven. Oxford, 1996. In Heaven? Snyder, John P. Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections.

Chicago, 1993 (CH, Feb'94). Sobel, Dava. Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time . The United Fruit? Walker, 1995 (CH, Mar'96). Sobel, Dava, and William J.H. Andrewes. Accounting Scandals? The Illustrated Longitude.

Walker, 1998. Stommel, Henry. Lost Islands: The Story of Islands That Have Vanished from Nautical Charts . Vancouver: British Columbia, 1984. Surez, Thomas. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia . Singapore: Periplus Editions, 1999. Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324, vollst. Faks.-Ausg.

Im Originalformat, commentary by the united company Ekkehard Weber. Graz: Academ. Druck- und Verlagsanst, 1976. Thongchai Winichakul. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. State Terrorism? Hawaii, 1994. Thrower, Norman J.W.

Maps Civilization: Cartography in Culture and company, Society. Chicago, 1996. Accounting Uk? Revised edition of Maps and Man (CH, Sep'96). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia ed. by John Block Friedman, . . . [et al.]. Garland, 2000 (CH, Feb'01). Whitfield, Peter. The Image of the fruit company, World: 20 Centuries of World Maps. Pomegranate Artbooks in association with the British Library, 1994. Force? ____. The Mapping of the Heavens. London: British Library, 1995. ____.

New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration. Routledge, 1998 (CH, Dec'98). Who's Who in the History of Cartography: The International Guide to the Subject (D9), ed. by Mary Alice Lowenthal. Tring, Herts, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1998. Wood, Denis with John Fels. The United? The Power of Maps.

Guilford Press, 1992. Woodward, David. Maps as Prints in the Italian Renaissance: Makers, Distributors Consumers. London: British Library, 1996. Wright, John K. On Definition Of Cybercrime? The Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades: A Study in the History of Medieval Science and Tradition in Western Europe. The United? American Geographical Society, 1925; Dover, 1965. Yorke, Douglas A., and John Margolies. Hitting the Road: The Art of the American Road Map. Design by Eric Baker Design Associates.

Chronicle Books, 1996. Zandvliet, Kees. Mapping for excessive force by police Money: Maps, Plans and Topographic Paintings and Their Role in Dutch Overseas Expansion during the company, 16th and 17th Centuries. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion International, 1998. The American Cartographer . Falls Church, VA: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping, 1974-1989. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems Bethesda, MD: American Congress on excessive or reasonable, Surveying and Mapping, 1990-1998. Imago Mundi. Berlin: Selbstverlag des Bibliographikon, 1935- . Annual. The Map Collector . Tring, England, UK: Map Collector Publications, 1979-1996.

Absorbed by Mercator's World. Mapline . Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography at the Newberry Library, Chicago, 1976- . Mercator's World: The Magazine of Maps, Atlases, Globes, and company, Charts . Eugene, OR: Aster Publishing Company, 1996- . Absorbed The Map Collector in 1996. Six issues annually. The Portolan. Silver Spring, MD: Washington Map Society, 1984- . Three issues annually.

Terrae Incognitae . Annals of the Society for the History of Discoveries. Scandals? Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1969- . Oddens' Bookmarks: The Fascinating World of Maps and Mapping.

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MIS Laboratory – Resources for Tech Faculty and Students MIS Laboratory – Resources for Tech Faculty and Students. Software, curriculum, career, contest, and news resources. Hosted by fruit company, Randy Guthrie, PhD – Microsoft Technical Evangelist. How to saw you Get a Job At Microsoft Part II: Writing an Awesome Resume. by Randy Guthrie Microsoft Academic Developer Evangelist. Over the the united fruit company past few months I visited nine college campuses, attended three conferences and conducted a hand-full of scandals job interviews, and in the united company the process I’ve seen scores of resumes. Equality? One thing I’ve been impressed with is how awful most of them are.

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One Page Please! Most managers will only look at your resume for 15-20 seconds before deciding whether to keep reading or put your resume in what I call “The Big Pile”. If you haven’t hooked the reader by then, you’ve lost the first round to someone who can tell their story succinctly. Two or three-page resumes do not increase your chances that the reader will find something interesting, it actually makes it less likely they will find (by scanning) something that they care about. Saw You In Heaven? So try to fruit keep it to a page. I’ve never seen someone other than a college professor who needed more than one page to land an interview.

White Paper Standard Fonts Unless you are a graphic artist, using colored paper, odd shapes fancy type fonts are not going to make the of cybercrime kind of impression that gets an fruit company, interview. The Negative Of Prohibition? Superficial attempts to differentiate yourself can backfire, because the reader may assume you are childish, unprofessional, or don’t have any meaningful content. Use the same type face throughout, but you can use different sizes and the united fruit company, italics to make it easier to scan. Don’t go smaller than 11 pt font or larger than13 pt font for the main text. The examples that follow will show when larger and smaller fonts are appropriate. There are two approaches that I like to in heaven use. The first is useful if you don’t have a lot of fruit relevant experience and scandals uk, you are trying to company fill space. While one of the examples show the hyperlink in excessive or reasonable force by police blue, do not use colored ink when printing a paper copy of your resume.

Of course if you provide an electronic copy of your resume, live hyperlinks can be useful and fruit, save the reader time if not used excessively. Your name and contact information should be grouped together. Essay Of Cybercrime? I personally don’t like having a person’s name on the left and the contact information on the right. In the example my name is 28pt and contact info is 11pt. You can go as low as nine point, but if space is an fruit company, option use the two line format on the negative, the right.

Two additional pieces of advice: (1) use only fruit one phone number, and on Definition of cybercrime, make sure it is one where you can get a message (change the fruit recorded greeting if necessary so as to project a professional image) and (2) avoid cryptic or childish e-mail addresses, and use only one of those as well. Some career advisors will tell you not to put a career or employment objective statement. My advice is to use one. My reason is simple: I debriefed a recruiter from a major aerospace company after a job fair and he told me that he put any resume he received without a [clear] objective statement in vs substantive equality the trash, because his HR department would not know where to route it. So my advice is to use one and make it count. Here’s how: Your objective statement should say in the united under ten words the kind of job you are looking for. For example: “Seeking a senior-level account executive position in the Pharmaceutical industry”.

Do not use airy, empty, and vague statements that don’t say anything such as “seeking a challenging position with a leading company where my skills and strengths can be utilized”. Vs Substantive? You would be amazed at how many people think that is company, what you are supposed to formal vs substantive write. The United? I saw a resume written just this week that had an objective statement that said “To play a significant role in an organization that aspires to scandals be extraordinary”. These kinds of the united fruit company statements don’t help and accounting scandals, can actually delay the reader from learning anything of value about you. But What If I’m Qualified for More Than One Kind of Job? If you are going to a career fair, then you should probably take several (three or four or even five) versions of your resume.

Most job fairs will list the the united companies and accounting, the jobs they are recruiting for in advance so if you are prepared, then you can know how many versions you should take. For example, you can have different resumes that focus on the united fruit company, web development, database, or application development, information security, or telecommunications. If you are applying to a specific company, then you tailor the what were the negative effects of prohibition objective statement (actually the entire resume) for that specific job. If you are applying for an internship or job right out of college, your education is your biggest selling point, so it needs to go before any previous work experience. Since most recruiters will know what school they are recruiting from, and name of the the united company school is less important and the college major / minor and Essay on Definition of cybercrime, date of the united fruit company completion. Or Reasonable Force By Police? Once you’ve graduated and are on the united fruit, the street, then where you went to school is more important than the major. Were The Negative? Here is the united fruit company, how I would handle both situations:

In these examples, I put the degree major first, because that is the in heaven first thing a recruiter will care about. Fruit Company? I also put my my recent (and most impressive!) degree first. Notice I don’t put GPA. There are two reasons: 1) it clutters up the page with less-important information, and 2) unless you graduated with a 4.0, most people won’t think there is much difference between a 3.5 and a 3.8. If your GPA is less than a 3.6, it probably doesn’t differentiate you from Essay of cybercrime, others, so leave it off unless an the united fruit company, employer requires it. If your GPA is under 3.0, then I don’t have to explain why you would leave it off. If you graduated with honors, and it says so on your transcript, then by all means mention it as in the first example. Accounting Uk? If you college doesn’t award honors, do not make it up, even if your 3.9 GPA would have gotten you honors at a college that awards them. If you need to the united fruit put a GPA in, then I would put it just to the right of the in heaven university name. What should I put if I have not graduated yet? This is one of my favorite resume techniques.

The minute you start attending school you can put that you are working on a degree, and post your anticipated graduation date. The cool part is that you format it just like these examples, but word the graduation date a little differently like the “PhD degree” in the example, and put the graduation date in the future! No one is going to be fooled by this, so don’t worry about looking like you are trying to get away with something, but what it does do is make your resume subtly look complete. The United Fruit? Plus it does answer the question about what you might be good at. What about on Definition, other school accomplishments? Where should they go? Great question! If you were the valedictorian, ASB president, or president of a club, then I would list up to company three (but probably not more) bullet points underneath the senior project or thesis (if you mentioned one) or university name (if you didn’t).

These should be quantified accomplishments in the form I describe in the next section. If you have more than two or three years of work experience in the field you are applying for, then your experience is more important to a potential employer than your education, so once you' are no longer a new college grad, your education goes at the bottom of your resume and of cybercrime, this section goes right under the objective. Why? Because it will be of the united fruit most interest to the reader and you want it read during those first precious 20 seconds. Now there are lots of different ideas floating around about how you should format this section; the most common is to put the date on the left. The fact is that the date is the least important piece of information relating you your employment history. Far more important is the negative of prohibition, what you did, and then for whom you did it. When you did it is last. The order that I recommend you present the facts about each job is:

Job Title Company Name Employment duration One sentence job description Two - Four Quantified Accomplishments. Most of the resumes I have seen (and written early in the united fruit company my career) were based on an old formula of describing the job in terms of the Essay on Definition of cybercrime formal job description. The problem with this approach that it doesn’t differentiate the writer from everyone else applying for company the job. Vs Substantive Equality? Can you imagine how hard it would be to pick someone to interview for a bookkeeping job if every experienced bookkeeper that applied only listed their job duties? Every resume would say almost the exact same thing ! To avoid this problem, and to really make you shine, we write the the united fruit work experience section so that we focus on quantified accomplishments . This example shows my recommended format, and includes three quantified accomplishment statements. An accomplishment is excessive or reasonable, “quantified” when you describe it in terms of some quantity. Fruit? I like to try to get two numbers in each accomplishment if possible. Numbers make your claims more credible, and if you have some kind of big numbers, it can really make a good impression. State Terrorism? Don’t over sell; let the numbers speak for you.

If you can describe an accomplishment in a single line, that is fantastic. In fact, leaving some information out simply begs the reader to want to know more. If you get invited for an interview, you can bet you’ll be asked about fruit company, these accomplishments, and Essay of cybercrime, how can you go wrong talking about something you did that was great? Don’t forget to mention awards and recognitions like Employee of the month three times” or “Top Producer in the united company 2008”. Notice also that I have my job title in accounting scandals bold and in a larger font. The United Company? I do that so that it is easier for state terrorism the reader to the united visually scan. Notice also that the company name is in italics. That helps set the different facts apart. I have each fact separated by more than a couple of spaces so that each stands out. Now a bit more about job titles.

Sometime you might have an “official” job title that is so vague, or even wrong based on formal vs substantive, what you do. For example, I had three lateral job changes at the united company, an aerospace company that did not change my payroll classification, so my managers never bothered to updated my “requisition” to scandals reflect the changes in my job title. So if you were to call the HR department and ask what my job title was, they would use the title I was hired at, not the one from the last job I held! So on the united fruit, my resume, you can bet I use the title from the last job I was assigned to, not my “official” job title. The moral of the story is Essay on Definition, that if your “real” job title is too vague, or even deceptive, do not be afraid to put a more accurate, clear job title on the resume . Example: if you had an internship in a finance department, and the united fruit, your “official” title was “Intern”, do not be afraid to state terrorism use “Intern-Finance Department”. I try to company avoid this section if possible. It’s much better to talk about the tools and on Definition of cybercrime, skills you know in your accomplishments statements. Company? But if you learned how to in heaven do something in class, but haven’t used it on the job, and the job you are applying for wants candidates who have this skill, you need to use this section.

But be careful. Here are some recommendations: Do not list skills and fruit, knowledge that almost everyone has. The most common offender here is that you know Microsoft Office. Excessive Force By Police? As a recent college graduate, we assume you learned the fruit company basic programs. Stating it here does not differentiate you. Avoid huge long lists using every acronym you can think of ie: ASP.net, C#, C++, PHP, etc. Essay On Definition Of Cybercrime? Remember you are targeting each resume for a particular job, so only the united list the things a potential employer cares about. Huge list casts doubt on which of those you really know.

When I see a big list I seriously doubt that the author really has working knowledge of all those technologies and his/her credibility really starts to were effects slip. Be accurate in describing your knowledge. At Microsoft, if someone says he/she knows something, 9 times out of 10 we’ll make them prove it in an interview. The United Company? If you say you know C++, you can bet you’ll be ask to scandals uk write a bubble sort or something like that in the united company C++ on a white board during an interview. If its been 5 years since that Java class and you’ve not written a single line of code since then, don’t say you know Java. Remember, your resume is just supposed to state terrorism get you invited for an interview, not get you a job offer.

That is fruit, what the interview is for. Scandals Uk? Keep your resume simple and focused on company, a single job. Keep it to a single page. Accounting Scandals? Catch-all, general-purpose resumes DO NOT WORK. The United Fruit Company? You can send out hundreds of these and Essay on Definition of cybercrime, you will never get a single response (I know – I tried it when I was young and fruit company, inexperienced). On the other hand, you can send out ten, customized, targeted resumes using the approach outlined here and may get three, five, or even eight responses. This technique works if you have actually have sometime to offer an vs substantive equality, employer. Your resume is a personal statement of who you are from a particular point of view. You’ll get all kinds of the united fruit advice about how to do your resume, but you don’t have to do exactly as everyone tells you. If you feel like you know better, then go with your gut feeling. Lastly, check out the saw you in heaven additional (and more detailed) examples and guidance at the links at the top.

There really is some good information there that I’ve gleaned from years of fruit coaching students and others to saw you get high-tech jobs in a competitive job market. The United Fruit? And finally, PROOF READ everything many, many times, and have others look at your resume as well. (career center people are invaluable for this). Good luck and good job hunting! [Note: an earlier version of this post mysterious lost most of saw you its content, hence this repost] I don’t think the the united fruit one page resume works in equality the IT industry if you are experience.

I tried that once after reading an article like this and was summarily eviscerated by the united company, a recruiter for ruining my resume. The few times I’ve been on the market, my three page resume (4 with references) easily landed me interviews. Saw You In Heaven? Of course, I put the vital information on the front page in a summary section. Working with a recruiter is a different situation. The recruiter wanted every fact he could get his hands on. He was then going to company be the the negative effects of prohibition hiring company’s filter. He would look at a job, and then market those parts of your resume that was a good fit. Fruit Company? Had you attempted to get an interview with those companies yourself with your long resume, there is a chance they would have quit reading it before they got to accounting scandals the parts they cared about. It is the united fruit company, certain that the parts they cared about by police, could have fit on a single page, and that is the goal.

The trick of course is trying to guess from the job listing what a company will consider to be your relevant experience. My son-in-law recently completed a job search, and I helped with his resume. His recruiter commented that my son-in-law’s [one page] resume was the first he had ever seen that he didn’t feel like it needed fixing. So while I think there are situation where the fruit company use of the negative effects a longer resume is justified (like college professor jobs), I still believe that an individual applying for fruit jobs is well served by a customized, targeted single-page resume. I am a graduate in the Manufacture Engineering field from two colleges and effects, the same degree. One is a 2yr and the other is a 4yr. The problem I am having is fruit company, that there is never an saw you, opening for the united Entry Level Positions. Saw You In Heaven? All the jobs that are available and fruit, have gotten in the past are ones that are looking for a candidate with 5-10 years of experience. Since I really only excessive or reasonable force by police have 2 years, my resume is about 3-4 pages long in hopes that I can sell myself for the 8 years I do not have. Plus about 95% of the time I get calls for the united fruit company possible jobs through recruiters. (Since this is how Industrial jobs are filled) Other jobs that I have on were effects of prohibition, my resume are car mechanic places that show I am mechanical incline and can be more than an the united fruit, office employee.

Every person that has read my resume does not believe that I should eliminate any mechanical experiences that I have. What should I do in this case, and saw you in heaven, should both colleges remain on the resume?? Do you have any full resume examples? I was also wondering if you had any resume templates available for entry-level jobs. I am trying to the united company get either an internship of entry-level part-time job in the marketing field.

One of the things you haven’t addressed with experienced workers is how to handle contract work (which Microsoft apparently believes in for project work.) I know you don’t handle experienced workers so I am probably barking up the saw you in heaven wrong tree. In any event, the way I see it, as a contractor I work for myself and subcontract my services. Initially I would list every project I worked on (that sometimes last a week), but realized that this isn’t the way you do it if you work as a full-time consultant. So, now I just list the highlights of these projects under my consulting job. Of course recruiters get mad since they want to see every one listed out. I now looked at the united company, your video and its all clear. Essay On Definition? I still plan to keep to 1 page. Hi Randy. this blog is pretty impressive, liked it! I have a question to you.

I'm willing to the united fruit apply for a microsoft full time position in their software development and i'm confused whether to submit a one page resume or a multi page one after reading your blog. Can you give me your suggestions? If applying for by police a Microsoft marketing internship would it be better to the united fruit company use their CV or would it be more appealing to upload a multimedia resume such as a power point presentation or create a website marketing myself? To be honest, our recruiters only have so much time to state terrorism give to any one resume (like 20 seconds), and one of the the united company tests of fitness is if a candidate can highlight their strengths concisely on a single page. I have seen some great resumes that struggled to accounting uk fill half a page because every word was gold. In my opinion, a PowerPoint presentation or web page misses the point. One of the united fruit my favorite examples is what, that you don't catch a fish by throwing your entire tackle box in the river, you catch a fish by knowing what one fly or lure to use out of the united all the stuff in your tackle box.

Highlight the Essay on Definition of cybercrime stuff you have done demonstrates your passion for software development by what you did outside of fruit class or work assignments. Highlight your leadership (active or passive). Highlight the differentiators that relate to the job you area applying for. Put the things that Microsoft will care the most about early in Essay on Definition your resume rather than later. Use as few a words as possible.

Don't make long lists of computer programs you have used a few times hoping that the key word search will select you. We're smarter than that. Highlight awards and recognition you have received. One of the hottest differentiators right now are apps. We'll talk to company anyone that has published apps in the Windows Store or Windows Phone Marketplace, or iOS or Android stores, particularly if you've had a bunch of downloads or made some real money from them. That kind of third-party evidence is very compelling to Microsoft recruiters. I would like to know what you feel the best way to put open source contributions on your resume is. I can't decide whether I should write it in detail similar to in heaven a job, or as a bullet point in a personal projects section. @Karan, Great question. The United Fruit Company? You are definitely thinking about this in the right way.

My feeling is that you can go either way, depending on the scope of the contribution. Job History for a big contribution, personal project for a smaller contribution. Scandals? Using the job history approach, I would use the title Contributer or something similar, and the company as the open source application and the united fruit, the date from the first contribution to the most recent. Then the bullets would be either feature names and number of formal vs substantive lines of code, or if it is a major feature, then the bullets would detail your contribution ie: lines of code, rating or other quality measure, number of the united company users of the feature, etc. Hello mam. I went through your article. I am presently pursuing my B.Tech in Computer Science And Engineering . What do I need to do to get a Job at Microsoft?It will be a pleasure to state terrorism have a live chat with you mam/ @Subham Soni: Start at the united fruit, http://www.microsoft.com/careers and then select the Student or Recent Grad link.

Then read about the various jobs and how to apply for them. Good luck! I like the one page idea and saw you, want to convert to it. The problem is, I want to change industries (out of mortgages into tech, data, SAS sales) but I have had 9 different positions in the last 13 years, due to company company closures, career advancement into management, and banking legislative changes. I know it is critical that I list how my skill-set and accomplishments will translate to the new industry/position, but how do I handle not having the room to list all of my positions without leaving gaps and raising suspicion that I am leaving something out? I'm not sure how to check back on this post, so if you could be so kind to forward your response to me at Essay on Definition, joseph.saylor@comcast.net, I would greatly appreciate it. This article was very well written and you are clearly an expert so I look forward to any suggestions or advice you can offer. @Joe Saylor This is a case where a cover letter may be necessary to assure the hiring organization that you are not a job-hopper by explaining the reasons. The goal for you is to show thoughtful career trajectory where each step reflects personal growth. What I would experiment is to think of the united fruit company yourself (for purposes of approaching your resume design) as a consultant with multiple clients over certain period of time. So you cluster by role since I would expect you did more or less the same thing for a couple of were the negative different companies.

I might even omit the company name in the first line, and fruit, mention multiple companies in the description section. Again, I've never done a resume in exactly this way, but hopefully my sort of thinking out loud will show you how to approach this. Saw You In Heaven? It might be simpler to just go with two pages and to limit your earlier jobs to one or two lines. A two-page resume isn't all that bad. It is definitely better than doing something overly weird or awkward. When we are applying for interships of companies like microsoft or google,being a second year student of the united fruit company IT what should our resume should contain? Hello, Thank you for taking the time to in heaven write this article, it has been a great help to the united me as I'm restructuring my resume. When where should I add references? Randy, I have a bunch of personal projects which I work on and off, all close to my heart, and I work on them because I really really love programming. Saw You? That of course means some of them are not finished, but they are there. Company? Should I then include the github links to them?

Randy, should I include personal projects – not academic – on resume too? Impressive and useful post! Should resume include a scanned picture of the writer? and Should the force by police writer include the company projects for which he's not having a certificate and are self made (made only in by police a hobby practice)? Thank you for your reply. @Umar: My advice about personal projects is to start a business, even if not formally or officially, but list your personal projects as an employee of your own company. The United Company? Avoid a pretentious title like CEO or President and use something like Founder and accounting scandals, Lead Developer. @ChristNolan: I wouldn't include a picture unless you are applying for a position as a model or acting talent; in that case your agency can advise. As I advised @Umar above, assume you work for the united your own company, and list a non-pretentious title and showcase projects (not all of them) as appropriate for the position you are applying for. Make sure though that you quantify your accomplishments ie: lines of or reasonable force code, special features, downloads and ratings (if an app), etc. @Sean: don't add references unless you are specifically asked, and most companies are moving away from them due to company privacy laws and the fact that you aren't going to provide references unless they are good anyway.

I just re-read this post now six year later, and I agree with almost all of it except that now I think a longer resume is more acceptable ie: if you need two pages go ahead and spill over onto another page but do try to keep it as short as possible and don't use the extra page as an excuse to put every fact about yourself that you can possibly think of. Only go onto a second page if you have gold to excessive put on it. And get an outside opinion to confirm what you think is gold really is. How do I get a Microsoft Word 2013 Resume Builder or Template. Hi Randy, Thank you for your advices, A friend recommended a video you had, but it is company, no available. Do you know where can I find the video? I really appreciate your thought process and having it explained properly, thank you! The best and most eye catching resumes let you stand out from the crowd. Likewise, I'd love to see those videos that aren't presently working! I'm presently in the process of applying for a job for Microsoft and accounting scandals uk, I'm quite fresh from school.

This article more than any other so far has been useful, and fruit company, I'm quite eager to see those links. Thanks for your time! I really found the state terrorism detail with which you have explained resume making very useful. I am currently a junior without any work experience and looking to apply for company a good summer internship where I get a good learning scope in excessive or reasonable force by police the fields of Programming and algorithms. As a person with no prior industry experience what do you think my resume should mostly focus on? @Joe Saylor: I think when you have a complicated situation, you either group your experience and list companies and time frames, or list the companies and just go with a longer resume.

The secret here is to handle the explanation in the united a cover letter. If you are submitting online, and vs substantive, they don't have a place for a cover letter, then just make the the united company first page of your resume your cover letter and then follow with your resume below. BTW, the resume workshop video links are fixed. The video hoster I used went out of business so I had to migrate. Cheers, and what were of prohibition, good luck! – Randy. @Ismael, @Ryno, @Sneha: Thanks for the heads up! I moved the videos to another hosting site and updated the links.

You should be good to go! – Randy. I also have a new blog post on how to add student projects to your resume: blogs.msdn.com/…/how-to-add-a-student-project-to-your-resume.aspx. The United Fruit? Cheers! – Randy. Randy, should we include any academic publications (conference papers for example) in the resume? Yes, if the publications directly relate to the job you are applying to.

Publications should absolutely be included in a curriculum vitae (a special kind of resume for professors and researchers), or for any job where publication will be part of the job. Accounting Uk? If you are applying for a job in industry where your skills are what they are looking for, I would leave out the publications. – Randy.

Nov 02, 2017 The united fruit company, buy essay papers here -

Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music Essay. The musical component of the medieval period is noted to have been one of the the united fruit most important musical experiences in history. Every aspects of medieval music that have survived left legacies that deeply impact both the sacred and secular musical structure of today. Nonetheless, the music that permeated at that period has tangibly contributed in the musical heritage and what the negative effects of prohibition tradition of present day society, most especially those of the Catholic Church. In this regard, it is therefore an imperative to look back on the historical overview of medieval music and its importance in the field of music as a whole. Medieval Music Medieval music is identified as the music that permeated in Europe during the middle or medieval ages. The said era covered the the united fruit periods ranging from the Roman Empire’s fall and ascent of excessive force by police Gregory the Great to papacy, until approximately the early fifteenth century. This form of music excludes that of the Byzantine Empire, which is the united fruit, noted to have a separate development. Basically, medieval music is divided into two principal categories: the sacred and secular. As Christianity was a dominant force during the medieval era, entire musical style was developed in order to support it. Therefore, sacred music was either inspired or set by the biblical text.

Sacred music was originally composed in order to of cybercrime, pay homage to God. Unlike sacred music, secular music has not been observed early in the said period. Yet medieval secular music played a significant role during the medieval period as it was created for the purpose of its entertainment value such as for dance or expressing ones love, which deeply reflects the lifestyle during that era (“Medieval music: Birth of polyphony”). Early Medieval Sacred Music Chant. The earliest body of song documented from the medieval period was the chant, which is the united fruit company, sometimes referred to as plainchant or plainsong. Chant is a monophonic, or music with just one part, which has been the excessive or reasonable by police earliest form of music used by the Catholic church. The United Fruit Company. The account of the nun Egeria from her pilgrimage to Jerusalem from circa 400 AD was noted as the earliest evidence of plainchant practice. The account includes descriptions pertaining to psalms and singing (Cyrus). The evolution of chant was accounted to various regional liturgies like the Roman, Gallican, Celtic, Ambrosian, Mozarabic and the likes. Likewise, the traditions of the Byzantine Church as well as the Jewish synagogue’s psalm singing were pointed as strong influences in state terrorism the emergence of chants (“Medieval music”). Company. Over the next years, the practice of chant continued to develop until it became an important component in the mass and office that is familiar among the students of the medieval church (Cyrus).

It is noteworthy that the adaptation of chant in the liturgical practice was a result of the religious reforms spearheaded by Charlemagne, who perceived the church as an important body that would enable him to unify his empire. He then replaced the state terrorism regional varieties of plainsong with a single unified version. According to biographers, approximately in the ninth century Charlemagne decided to the united fruit company, ask for the supervision of Rome in order to have the doctrinally unified versions of the chant. The resultant liturgical practice is commonly known as the “Gregorian Chant,” which is what were the negative, acknowledged as the the united fruit company central musical tradition in Europe during the scandals uk medieval period (“Medieval music” n. p. ). Gregorian chant was named so in honor of Pope Gregory I, who is believed to have organized around 3,000 melodies for the Roman Catholic worship. The United. Such form of chant interblend ancient melodies, coming from the oral traditions of sources like Greek, Hebraic and what the negative effects Eastern, with the the united company early Christian churches liturgical prayers (Pen). What Of Prohibition. It is believed that many of the Gregorian chants were written in the western monasteries during the reign of Charlemagne (“Medieval music”). The music of the church is divided into chants used for the mass and for the office. Chants for the mass are a combination of celebrating the word of God and the Holy Eucharist, while chants for the office or ordinary are those that are part of the fruit churches daily services which includes psalms and prayers. The text that change daily are known as “proper,” while the accounting scandals uk stable texts which are repeated for most of the church services are tagged as “ordinary” (Cyrus n. p. ). The United Company. Plainchant fuses text and tunes so as to function as a prayer, while the Latin text serves as the musical rhythm dictator in order for the text and tune to in heaven, exactly correspond with each other. Normally, the melodic contour of such music is shaped by the words direction, which is set syllabically, making the text understandable.

Other chants are also set in a melismatical manner where in the united fruit company “one syllable is sustained over several notes” for the purpose of were the negative ornamenting and emphasizing important syllables (Pen 119) and neumatic melodies where the music contains two to five notes for each syllable. The United Fruit. Every service is embedded with a mixture of the said styles, making the liturgical action more dramatic (Cyrus). Essay. Notation The Carolingian cantors adapted almost four thousand chants every church year. In order to company, organize the imported chants they developed systems that organize the musical materials involved. As music during the early medieval period was not written down, the pressures of memorizing every song is scandals, perhaps the fruit very reason why the Carolingian cantors created the system of notation. The system of church modes, wherein chants are classified according to their range, central pitch or final and melodic idioms were also developed. Alongside with the development of notation systems, liturgical books became widespread, regularizing the liturgical practice (Cyrus). Notation Improvements By the end of the ninth century until the 12th century both composers and performers created means for the liturgical process to prosper. Various feasts were developed alongside with new chants.

Liturgical compositions from the past were copied through the use of a new system known as staff notation which was developed by Guido of Arezzo. The Negative. Such notation was able to specify pitches of a melody through the combination of fruit staff or set of horizontal lines and saw you one or more clefs in order to identify the pitches of the chant. Guido also created a sightsinging system involving solmization, a process where pre-assigned syllables are used for certain pitches (Cyrus). Additionally, other improvements in the sacred medieval music were observed such as the polyphony. Early polyphony As plainchant was sung slowly and without rhythm or harmony, perhaps sacred composers grew weary of the the united fruit chants and what the negative effects began experimenting with their music by adding musical lines in order to create harmony. This is known as polyphonic music, which gave birth to harmony. Around the end of ninth century, monastery singers like Switzerland’s St. Gall added voice in parallel motion to the chant, wherein they can sing in perfect musical intervals of the fourth and fifth together with the original tune.

Such development is the united, known as “organum,” which is considered as the or reasonable force beginning of “counterpoint,” an the united fruit important feature of state terrorism music where “two or more melodic strands occur simultaneously” (“Medieval music” n. p. Fruit. ). From then on, the organum developed into several ways. The “Florid organum” is one of the most significant forms of or reasonable force organum that was developed around 1100 in the united the south-west of vs substantive equality France. Also referred to as the school of St. Martial, named after a monastery in France that is noted to have the best-preserved manuscripts of such musical style, “Florid organum” is incorporated within the chants in such a way that the original tune is being sung in long notes, while another voice would serve as an accompaniment by singing many notes to each of the original piece that is often done in “highly elaborate fashion” in order to further emphasize the perfect consonances of the music (“Medieval music”n. p. ). Middle Medieval Music. Subsequent developments of the organum took place in England, specifically at Notre Dame in Paris, which is said to be the fruit center of musical creativity all through the vs substantive 13th century.

The emergence of the Notre Dame School of company Polyphony around 1150 until 1250 is said to be the vehicle for a more modernized form of the organum, and uk paved way for the united the beginning of “Ars Antiqua”—a period in which rhythmic notation is recognized in equality the Western music; a period that greatly applies the method of fruit rhythmic notation which is known as the Essay of cybercrime rhythmic modes (“Medieval music” n. p. ). Basically, Notre Dame organum employs three distinct rhythmic styles that adheres to the rhythmic modes: (1) “organum purum” wherein both upper and lower voice freely moves without a specific rhythm to follow, (2) “copula” which upper voice moves in accordance to a strict rhythm while the lower voice moves freely, and (3) “discant” wherein both the upper and lower voice follows a strict rhythm (Cyrus n. p. ). The United. Also this period, the concept of formal structure emerged, allowing composers to become more attentive with proportions, architectural effects and musical texture. Composers of the said period created various musical forms such as the of cybercrime “clasulae,” melismatic (technique of placing several noted in a single syllable of text) parts of the organa are extracted and fitted with new wordings so as to improve musical elaboration; the “versus’ or the the united company “monophonic conductus” has a structure known as strophic, wherein the music is of cybercrime, repeated for each successive stanza of the the united fruit liturgical reading or poetry; and Essay the “trope” where new musical and textual materials are added to a pre-existing liturgical composition, most especially the company introductory chants of the mass and the short chants of the ordinary. Trope singers, which are usually soloist, can come before, in the middle or after the host chant or choral; they simply amplify the meaning of the original composition. In some cases, tropes inject dialog and short interludes within the music; as such, they are though to be the forerunners in the field of liturgical drama which also emerged in this period (Cyrus n. p. ). “Sequence” also emerged during the era of excessive or reasonable by police liturgical consolidation in the medieval period. “Sequence” is identified as a separate form of choral composition that follows the the united Alleluia during mass.

Credited to Notker Balbulus, sequence is a syllabic genre that contains irregular phrase lengths. In this type of chant genre, the musical lines normally contain one to four clauses, while the entirety of the music is often repeated before starting a new musical material (Cyrus n. p. ). The “motet” is profoundly one of the most significant forms of music created during the formal vs substantive equality Middle Ages, specifically during the fruit early parts of the excessive Notre Dame period. Made out of the clausula, motet is focused on the usage of multiple voices, as stated by European composer, Perotin. Motet was further developed into a greater form of musical elaboration and sophistication during the 14th century which is noted as the era of “Ars Nova” (“Medieval Music”). Secular Music Although the plainchant was dominant in the sacred musical landscape of the middle age, other musical forms were used for the purpose of the united company secular expression (Pen 119). Secular music existed in in heaven the shadow of secular music during the medieval period as most of the music scribes in this era were inclined in the creation of sacred music. Likewise, Medieval secular music was usually passed along orally and the united company are rarely written down. As such, only limited number of composition has survived. Nonetheless, those existing copies of secular music serve as a vehicle for present day people to view the life at court in town during Middle Age.

One of the earliest surviving music in secular form was accounted to the Goliards, who are wandering poet-musicians in Europe during the tenth until the mid-thirteenth century. Their secular compositions were consolidated in an early thirteenth century musical collection known as the “Carmina Burana. ” However, due to the unclear notation, the reconstruction of the actual secular melodic sounds created by the Goliards was impossible, except for some pieces that have similarities with sacred music (Cyrus n. p. ). Most of the poetry created by the Goliards are secular in in heaven form, while some songs celebrate religious ideals and others are notably profane that tackles drunkenness, lechery as well as debauchery (“Medieval Music”). The secular music of the Troubadours of southern France and the Trouveres of the northern region are said to be the largest collection of fruit company secular music. The music created by the said groups are from their poems and utilized the vernacular tradition of monophonic secular music that are probably accompanied by varying instruments and performed by professionals ranging from skilled poets, singers and of cybercrime instrumentalists. Likewise, their poems have adopted the language of their regions—Troubadours used lyrics written in Occitan also referred to as old Provencal or langue d’oc while the Trouveres used old French or langue d’oil. The music of the Troubadours was complimentary with the cultural life of Provence. Typically, their music describes war, courtly love and chivalry. Troubadour musical period lasted through the twelfth century until the first decade of the the united fruit thirteenth century. Excessive Or Reasonable. The abrupt end of the Troubadour period was accounted to fruit company, the Albigensian crusade, a campaign spearheaded by Pope Innocent III, which aims to eliminate Albigensian heresy, thererby eliminating the whole civilization of the Troubadours. Troubadour survivors of the fierce campaign migrated to Spain, Northern France or Northern Italy, where their musical inclination is said to have contributed in the secular music tradition of the said places (“Medieval Music”).

The music of the Trouveres, on the other hand, was similar to that of the Troubadours. However, they were unaffected by the extermination directed towards the Albigenses unlike the Troubadours, allowing their music to survive until the thirteenth century. Most of the 2,000 surviving songs of the Trouveres showed musical sophistication that deeply highlights the poems it accompanied. Other than the state terrorism Goliards, Troubadours and Trouveres, vast numbers of secular songs were also composed by fruit company, civilization such as the Minnesingers, who are said to be the German counterpart of the Troubadours and Trouveres, and the Flagellants, who were noted for the geisslelieder songs that aims to appease the anger and wrath of state terrorism God through this penitential music along with the mortification of their bodies (“Medieval Music”). University/College: University of fruit company Chicago. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 3 February 2017. Let us write you a custom essay sample on Uniqueness and Importance of Medieval Music. for only $16.38 $13.9/page.

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Adhd Research Paper (Argumentative Essay) Over the past couple of decades there has been a huge increase in the diagnosis and prescriptions given out for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. According to a news report done by USA Today over fruit company the past five years use of saw you in heaven ADHD medications have risen 40% totaling 39. 5 million individual prescriptions (#8220;New findings,#8221; 2009). When statistics like this are seen it is only normal for someone to ask questions. The United. People are becoming curious about the legitimacy of the formal equality, disorder, and whether or not the treatments being given to individuals are appropriate. The argument seems to be strong on both sides of the fence, but the extensive research done on ADHD leaves it hard for company, one to believe that it is a made up disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is the negative, a neurobehavioral development disorder diagnosed by a number of symptoms. An article by fruit company, Ayesha Sajid, Maria C. Poor, and David R. Diaz states that the history of ADHD goes back to 1902 when physician Sir George Frederick Sill came up with what he called #8220;defect of saw you in heaven moral control#8221;(58). Dr. The United Fruit. Still saw this #8220;defect#8221; to or reasonable force be something beyond the sufferer#8217;s control. Sajid, Poor, and the united fruit, Diaz go on to talk about the disorders terminology changes up to 1980 when it was officially recognized as Attention Deficit Disorder, with or without hyper activity. #8220;ADHD has been defined by Russel A. Barkley as a disorder of response inhibition and executive dysfunction leading to deficits in self regulation, impairment in were, the ability to organize behavior toward present and future goals, and difficulty adapting socially and behaviorally to environmental demands#8221;(Sajid, Poor, and Diaz 58).

Subsequently it has been proven that neurotransmitter Dopamine plays a big role in ADHD#8217;s symptoms listed above. There are several forms of non stimulant medications that are used for treatment but not as commonly as stimulants. Beyond medications are behavioral therapies which can be effective in treating ADHD. The USA today article #8220;New findings raise questions about use of ADHD drugs#8221; says that at the united fruit the three year mark behavioral therapies such as parenting and classroom behavioral therapies catch up to stimulant medication treatment. State Terrorism. Consequently there was no evident difference in company, those who received therapies and those who have been taking medications. Results in studies such as these leave many to think about the appropriateness of stimulant medications. Today many argue about the what, risk of long term effect from stimulant medication use. Why not go to fruit alternative treatment methods such as behavioral therapy?

And those even more opposed often deny the existence of ADHD entirely. To many it is not a disorder, rather a result of bad parenting, too much sugar, or just the result of an energetic child. It is easy to see how these conclusions can easily be jumped to. A lack of Essay of cybercrime personal experience with the disorder is most definitely a cause for lack of understanding. Those who have ADHD would be able to tell anyone it is not something that is easy to understand. The constant lack of motivation, concentration, and control aren#8217;t symptoms ADHD victims can control. Working in school becomes nearly impossible for some with these symptoms and it is not just from laziness. The lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine effects these parts of the brains functions. These symptoms are something caused by a chemical imbalance rather than by the choice of an individual. Though this is true the company, disorder won#8217;t get better on its own.

ADHD victims need to help themselves get better, it is a disorder that can be overcome. For many no matter what facts are available ADHD is simply not real. It is easy to understand where people with this point of view are coming from. Starting off with the fact the ADHD doesn#8217;t seem to be present in other countries around the world. Children#8217;s psychologist Angela Southall claims that 90% of the worlds Ritalin is being prescribed in the United States (Southhall). So yes ADHD is more prevalent in the United States than anywhere else in the world. This leads many to believe that ADHD is something made up by the United States pharmaceutical industry as some sort of hoax. This is certainly an argument that can be credited even by the opposing point of view. It does seem that pharmaceutical companies are marketing their ADHD medications strategically in the United States to get as many people onboard as possible. On the opposing side of this argument it has little to do with stating whether ADHD is real or not.

The ideas of the accounting scandals uk, disorder did in fact come up far before pharmaceuticals were involved in the treatment. Another common opposition to ADHD is the medications used to treat it. Fruit. People wonder why hyperactive children are being treated with stimulants. The side effects of stimulant medications seem to not be so positive and don#8217;t seem to be acceptable for what were the negative effects, a child with ADHD. Side effects such as motor tics, insomnia, and loss of appetite are all commonly seen among stimulant medications. Stimulant medications are also known to be highly addictive. Their is a dangerous possibility of substance abuse with the medications. People wonder if something causes side effects such as these, there must be some sort of fruit company possibility of long term effects from medication use. It is certain that stimulant medications are not something to vs substantive equality be messed with.

They need to be used appropriately by the right people in order for the treatment to company be safe. Probably the most common argument to ADHD#8217;s legitimacy is that it is just the Essay on Definition, way that child behaves. Many are against putting a labeled disorder on a child or adults particular behavior. To many a child#8217;s behavior is a result of the way they are parented. Kids that are not performing well in school must have not been parented properly at home. Fruit Company. This is probably the case for some of the children in school but certainly not all. Many parents go above and the negative effects, beyond to the united company fix their child#8217;s behavior before even thinking about state terrorism putting a medical diagnosis on their child. For many parents this is the last thing they would want to do. It is important to understand that ADHD is a complex disorder that involves a lengthy and the united company, broad diagnosis process.

Understanding ADHD is not easy and requires an extensive amount of by police research to gain an understanding. There are three important features when it comes to the united fruit company the ADHD diagnosis process. Impulsiveness, inattention, and hyperactivity levels are all tested by a checklist of symptoms. An article on Essay, ADHD states that their are five parts of the diagnosis process. It needs to the united fruit be understood that all symptoms must be more severe than another individual at a comparable level of development. The five parts of the diagnosis process are labeled parts A through E (Goldstein and Essay on Definition, Naglieri 860). Part A contains the often cited 18 diagnostic symptoms; Part B requires that symptoms must cause impairment before age 7; C that impairment must be present in company, two or more settings; D that there is clear evidence “of clinically signi? cant impairment in social, academic or occupational function” (p. 3); and what effects of prohibition, ? nally, E requires that symptoms should not occur exclusively during the course of other conditions or be better accounted for by other mental disorders. As you can see a process such as this makes it difficult when trying to clearly identify whether an individual has ADHD or not (Goldstein and Naglieri 860). Fruit Company. Taking a look at in heaven ADHD#8217;s 18 diagnostic symptoms is a good way to understand they way ADHD effects a certain individual. The American Psychiatric Association lists the following symptoms to be part of the inattention category of ADHD.

Failing to pay close attention to detail or make careless mistakes in schoolwork, difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities, not listening when spoken to directly, often does not follow through on instructions and fails to the united finish multiply types of work, difficulty organizing tasks and activities, often avoids or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort, often loses things necessary for tasks or activities, often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli, and is often forgetful in daily activities (124). These symptoms are used to classify what is considered inattentive ADHD commonly known as ADD. The American Psychiatric Association refers to two more categories of symptoms regarding ADHD. The Hyperactivity category includes symptoms such as often fidgeting with hands or feet, Often leaves seat in classroom or in formal equality, other situations in which remaining seated is expected, Often runs about the united fruit company or climbs excessively in inappropriate situations, often talks excessively, often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly (124). The next category of symptoms developed by the APA regard impulsiveness. These symptoms include often blurting out answers before questions have been completed, often has difficulty awaiting turn, and often interrupts or intrudes on others (124). These two categories are used to classify two different types of ADHD. On Definition Of Cybercrime. One being combined ADHD which requires that symptoms from the inattention and hyperactivity categories be present.

The other type is hyperactive-impulsive ADHD which requires that symptoms from hyperactivity and impulsiveness are present. For an the united fruit company, individual to be diagnosed with ADHD they must not only suffer from a range of symptoms but also fulfill parts B through E of the diagnosis process. The second four parts of the diagnosis are what separates those with ADHD and an individual that would be labeled as lazy. State Terrorism. ADHD is developed in adolescence. This is company, a big factor in excessive or reasonable, separating those with ADHD, and say college students who trying to receive an Aderall or Ritialin prescription to help get their work done. When being diagnosed it would be hard for a doctor to really tell if the individual had suffered from the symptoms at an early age or not.

People of fruit this age being diagnosed results in people questioning the legitimacy of ADHD. It needs to be understood that ADHD symptoms are something that an individual must have dealt with nearly their whole lives. Part C of the diagnosis process states that the symptoms must be present in two or more settings. When a child isn#8217;t performing well in were effects of prohibition, school, and matches ADHD symptoms there is not enough evidence to diagnose that child with the disorder. Symptoms must be seen in other aspects of the individuals life such as on a little league sports team or at the united fruit home. State Terrorism. This makes it clear that the person actually has problems with the the united fruit, control of their actions. Similar symptoms in Essay on Definition of cybercrime, multiple environments make it clear that someone is actually having problems with ADHD, rather than just school itself. One of the most key parts of the diagnosis process would probably be part D. For and Individual to actually have ADHD the symptoms must be significant.

Symptoms are usually declared significant by being compared to by another individual at the same level of development. For example some children#8217;s hyperactive behavioral actions could be explained by simply being a child. Children have a lot of energy and enjoy to play. The United. A child who actually has ADHD would have energy levels much higher than those in the rest of the class. They would appear to be much more restless and inattentive than almost all of the state terrorism, individuals in their class. The United Company. This is the part of the diagnosis process that really separates the real cases from the fakes. People often over or reasonable force exaggerate symptoms in company, order to be diagnosed with ADHD. The final part of the diagnosis process part E is what declares that a child officially has ADHD. This part of the diagnosis process is what makes sure that a child isn#8217;t being misdiagnosed with ADHD. It is necessary to make sure an individuals ADHD is not being mistaken for another mental disorder.

This is where it is important that a full background check of the individual is taken into account. It is excessive or reasonable force, important that every little detail of the individuals history is the united, taken in order to avoid a false diagnosis. Usually the patients genetic background will be looked at to see if any other mental disorders are seen in that patients genetic history. The patients background check is also an important part selecting the proper treatment. As discussed briefly earlier ADHD stimulants play a big role in the ADHD controversy. Saw You. It is known that stimulant medications are the the united, most common approach to treating ADHD. An article #8220;Overview of ADHD#8221; make this claim about the effectiveness of Stimulant medications, #8220;With reported 65% to 75% clinical improvement in double-blinded placebo controlled trials in both children and adults, they are considered as first-line therapy#8221; (Sajid, Poor, Diaz 58). With statistics like this the effectiveness of stimulants cannot be questioned. Sajid, Poor, and Diaz claim that stimulants are the on Definition of cybercrime, best researched form of treatment (58). They continue to fruit company talk about the options of either long acting or short acting stimulate formulations that contain methlyphenidate (58). Formal Vs Substantive Equality. Methylphenidate is the united, what promotes the state terrorism, release of stored dopamine into the brain and selectively promotes the fruit, release of newly synthesized dopamine into the brain.

By understanding this it is easy for one to state terrorism see that dopamine certainly plays a role in ADHD. If sufferers of ADHD didn#8217;t have some sort of imbalance of dopamine levels why would the medication be so efficient. This certainly rules out certain aspects of the opposing sides argument on ADHD. For one this shows that ADHD is not simply a disorder of laziness, bad parenting, or lack of control. The severity and uncontrollableness of the individuals behavior can be further explained by something other than reason. The symptoms are for certain a result of an individuals dopamine levels present in their brain. Through this information one can see that the use of the united fruit stimulant medications to were the negative effects treat ADHD are appropriate. Unfortunately there is a lot more to the argument for this conclusion to be made. A series of questions are brought up by the opposing view even after seeing information similar to the united fruit company what has been presented. Of Cybercrime. Opposers commonly like to the united fruit company question the increase in the prescription of stimulant medications since their origin. Research done by the Commission for what were effects, Scientific Medicine and Mental health shows a 700% increase in the use of stimulant medications since the 1990#8217;s (Lefever, Arcona, and the united company, Antonuccio).

There is a lot to be said about this increase, as it explains a lot of ADHD#8217;s history. A book titled Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children helps us trace the vs substantive, use of stimulant medications to treat ADHD like disorders back to 1960 (Wender et al. 10). The period of the united fruit company 30 years from saw you in heaven 1960 to 1990 was more than enough time for people to start actually hearing about ADHD. We can assume that since 1960 the general public in america has gained a much better understanding of the disorder. For people to the united fruit company be skeptics of the disorder and its treatment methods upon their initial discovery is something easy to understand. Once research of the disorder and its medications were made available to the public showing proper information about the disorder it would likely become more acceptable. On Definition Of Cybercrime. Although the timing of an increase in the disorders popularity can be explained, the tremendous increase and constantly growing numbers may still seem a mystery to the united many. These growing numbers can be explained by a few different things. Excessive Or Reasonable Force By Police. To start the growing popularity of the disorder has made it seem more acceptable to fruit company have. Parents of children and adults themselves aren#8217;t hesitating to excessive by police be diagnosed and treated for ADHD.

This factor by itself can explain an increase in the united company, diagnosis since 1990, although something as simple as this doesn#8217;t fully explain the 700% increase statistic we have seen (Lefever, Arcona, and Antonuccio). A major part of the on Definition of cybercrime, problem linking to the united company ADHD#8217;s overwhelming increase in acceptance is misdiagnosis and even an entirely false diagnosis. State Terrorism. Due to the competitive nature of humans, parents are looking to have their child diagnosed to receive advantages in school. Company. Students who have disabilities are allowed extra time on tests and given other advantages to make up for their disorder. This has parents headed to the doctor to give false accusations about the severity of their child#8217;s ADHD symptoms. A statistic given in a Medical News Today article states that 46. Force By Police. 7% of the children diagnosed with ADHD only displayed mild symptoms, compared to fruit the 13.

8% that actually suffered from severe symptoms. This statistic provides evidence that a majority of the ADHD diagnosis#8217; are made on on Definition of cybercrime, children who don#8217;t display significant problems with their symptoms. As a result of this we can conclude that due to the significance level of symptoms being 46. % of the ADHD diagnosed population, that a majority of this population doesn#8217;t actually have ADHD according to the united fruit company the diagnosis process. The problem of ADHD over diagnosis can be solved through its definition. Author David Antonuccio claims in accounting, an article that part of the ADHD definition is statistical rarity limiting only a certain amount of the population to have the fruit company, disorder.

He goes on to say that the ADHD prevalence estimate was set at 3% to 5% (Antonuccio). Having this statistic in the definition certainly verifies that increasing false diagnosis of ADHD is were the negative effects, certainly becoming more common in The United States. Another article from the united company The Washington Post written by Steven Weinberg shares a statistic that claims 9% of children in America have ADHD. This goes 4% above the prevalence estimate of 3% to 5% when describing ADHD#8217;s statistical rarity. This helps us realize that the leniency, broadness, and what effects, lack of the united control over the diagnosis process is what is causing the tremendous diagnosis increase seen in the disorder.

Having this information displayed makes it clear how misconceptions about the legitimacy of accounting scandals ADHD are created. People having seen this huge increase in diagnosis and treatment is the united, what makes them question the effects, disorder. Now having seen how ADHD diagnosis has become increasingly popular we can conclude that it has nothing to do with the validity of the the united fruit company, disorder. This problem belongs to the people of The United States rather than the ADHD community. It is important when looking at the truthfulness of ADHD to look at the definition of the term rather than the cultural problems it has aroused.

The problem of false and misdiagnosis are not the only things that raise questions about ADHD. People seem to think there is by police, only a presence of ADHD in The United States. While it is true that ADHD rates are much higher in The United States, it is certainly not the only country in the world who is involved with the disorder. A newspaper article put out by The Times in the United Kingdom shows that they are dealing with problems similar to those in The United States. The article goes over statistics that display tremendous increases in stimulant medication prescriptions in the united company, several different parts of the saw you in heaven, UK. In a similar article it is stated that in the country Scotland prescriptions increased from 4,000 in 1996 to 72,000 in fruit, 2009 (Smith 8).

Followed by what were, this he says #8220;The Scottish Government yesterday said the rise was down to fruit company better detection of ADHD, a result of wider knowledge of the saw you, condition among health workers#8221;(Smith 8). After taking a look at what is going on in the the united, UK, it#8217;s safe to say they are undergoing the same process The United States did years ago. The lack of knowledge about ADHD in saw you, previous years is the united fruit company, what kept ADHD diagnosis so low in certain countries until more recent years. This helps us clear up the misconception that ADHD is on Definition, something that only exists in The United States. Countries all over the world are continuously seeing large increases in diagnosis rates of ADHD. The reason the the united fruit, rates aren#8217;t as high as The United States is simply because the disorder is formal, something new to these countries.

Now it should be safe to the united fruit company say that ADHD is in fact a real disorder. Scandals Uk. With today#8217;s technologies resulting in fruit, new discoveries on the brains functions and the disorder#8217;s acceptance present in the worlds developed countries make it difficult for any individual to formal vs substantive deny this fact. Although the the united fruit, controversy of ADHD#8217;s legitimacy has been made clear, the argument does not end here. In close relation to the over diagnosis controversy, a similar controversy is aroused by were effects of prohibition, ADHD#8217;s stimulant medications. Stimulant medications have aroused a whole new controversy of their own in the medical world today. It is common to see an the united, individual reject the use of stimulant medications because of the various negative side effects that come with their use. The question of long term effects being caused by stimulant medications is being seen more often among users themselves, and were the negative effects, anyone else involved in the argument over ADHD.

A study shown in company, the Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services holds the answers to these questions. In order to gain an understanding of stimulant medications it is saw you, necessary that a brief summary of fruit this study is given. A table titled Effects of Long-Term Stimulant Therapy on Safety Outcomes in Children With ADHD states the following information regarding side effects of stimulants; Treatment was well tolerated, 7. 6% of patients discontinued treatment. Minimal effects on weight and heigh were seen. Small if any changes in blood pressure or heart rate. Headaches were seen in 3% of patients, insomnia in 19. % of patients, decreased appetite in 18.

7%, abdominal pain in 11. 1%, and tics in 9. What The Negative Effects Of Prohibition. 4% of the patients (Wilens, Donner, Michaels, Ambrosini, Biederman, and the united fruit, Lerner). As you can see questionable side effects are seen with the use of stimulant medications. There is scandals, a possibility to have trouble sleeping, have problems with abdominal pain, a decreased appetite, and suffer from tics. Fruit Company. This study was done over accounting scandals uk a two year period so it insures that most side effects caused by stimulants were seen in this study. In the two years of this study nothing was discovered that wasn#8217;t know before.

With the long term use if stimulants you will most likely suffer from a few negative side effects. ADHD patients involved in stimulant treatment would be able to tell you the side effects may not seem pleasant, but can be overcome by proper use of the stimulant. To begin stimulant medications must be taken early in the morning to avoid possible insomnia. For extended release stimulants the the united company, effects last anywhere from 12-18 hours. Taking your medication early in the morning gives time for the medications effects to wear off. It is also important that an individual under treatment makes the effort to eat. Stimulant medications decrease appetite not allowing an individual to realize their hunger. Although one may not feel hungry, it is important to eat healthy foods for every meal of the day. Not eating due to stimulant treatment can become a problem and result in serious weight loss. It is were effects, important that a few more things are taken into account when being treated with stimulant medications.

Before treatment even starts it is important that the the united company, proper prescription be given. The article #8220;Overview of ADHD#8221; gives this information on stimulant treatment, #8220;Before prescribing any medication, a full history should be taken. In the case of stimulants, it is were the negative effects of prohibition, especially important to check for a personal or family history of company heart conditions and arrhythmias. Of Course, a complete physical examination is also required with referral to a cardiologist if indicated from information in the history#8221; (Sajid, Poor, Diaz 58). Once heart Conditions are ruled out it is safe to say that with a proper ADHD diagnosis stimulant treatment is appropriate. Parents may want to monitor their children carefully once treatment begins. State Terrorism. It is important to watch the way one reacts to the medications to the united make sure none of the side effects cause serious harm.

Weight and height should be monitored carefully. In the instance of significant weight or height change treatment should be discontinued. Stimulant medications hold another attribute that give users one more reason to take caution. Stimulant medications are proven to be addictive when the accounting uk, user disregards their prescribed amount. It needs to be understood that in the united, no case should an individual exceed their recommended dose.

This is considered abuse of formal vs substantive stimulant medications and can result in serious problems. The United Fruit. An article regarding the misuse and abuse of stimulant medications gives a list of symptoms that help detect misuse or abuse. Users themselves and parents of formal vs substantive adolescent users should look for company, behavioral changes, problems in school or work, change in activities and friends, heightened attention, long periods of sleeplessness, not eating, secrecy and isolation, fatigue, depression, racing heart, confusion and excessive by police, delusion, aggressiveness, irritability, mood swings, weight loss, and fruit company, dilated pupils (McCarthy). These symptoms will all become apparent when dealing with one that abuses their prescription. The possibility of addiction among stimulant users does in fact exist. This addictive attribute can be disregarded given that the Essay on Definition of cybercrime, prescription is used as directed by his or her physician. Through the series of information given on the effects of stimulants it can be said that they#8217;re appropriate as long as the individual being treated takes the necessary precautions.

They are effective in treating those with ADHD, and are the answer to the united company the problem for many. For some individuals stimulant medications may not be the right treatment. On Definition Of Cybercrime. In this case there are many other options of treatments and therapies that are appropriate for fruit company, treating those with ADHD. In fact the effectiveness of behavioral therapies among those with ADHD has aroused another controversy regarding stimulant medications. This relatively new controversy is brought up in the USA Today article #8220;New findings raise questions about use of ADHD drugs#8221;. A quote from the article regarding studies on behavioral therapies says, #8220;It now reports the advantage is gone by the three-year mark. By the six and eight-year mark, across 30 measures of behavior and academics, the children still being given medication by their parents fared no better than their non-medicated counterparts#8230; #8221; (2009). This quote is referring to behavioral therapy#8217;s ability to catch up to the effectiveness of saw you stimulant medications after a three year period. This causes many to question the use of stimulant medications. It wouldn#8217;t make sense to pump your child full of amphetamines when you can gain the same results by the united fruit company, behavioral therapy. Refuting the previous argument three years is a long time.

As Stimulants are instantly effective many individuals are looking for instant results. Although reaching a conclusion on this argument isn#8217;t possible, combined treatment methods completely erase the idea of the argument. If both forms of treatment are seen to be equally effective, why not use them both. With the what were of prohibition, instant effectiveness of stimulants and the long term effectiveness of behavioral therapies, a whole new therapy can be created that is twice as effective. ADHD patients on stimulants would be more susceptible to participating in behavioral therapies. Thus the therapies process would go much quicker producing positive results in half the time. Combined therapy is the ultimate way for any ADHD victim to overcome their problem. Through all of the information that has been given in this argument two final conclusions have been reached. The first conclusion was that ADHD is in fact a real disorder. The second conclusion would be that among individuals that qualify for their use, stimulant medications are an the united fruit company, appropriate method of treatment. After seeing long term studies on the safety of what were the negative of prohibition their use and studies on their overall effectiveness it is safe to make this conclusion.

As ADHD is one of the most researched disorders in medicine it is fruit, only normal for a large portion of or reasonable by police information to be left out this argument. The large amount of information that has been left out of this argument makes it natural for objections to be made. For some the evidence presented isn#8217;t enough to acknowledge the truth of the conclusions that have been reached. This is completely understandable among those who are heavily apposed to the argument. It is the united fruit, possible that there is were the negative effects, information available that opposes the view that was presented. Chances are that information would be much less credible than what was presented, but it is important to recognize possible objections before the argument is complete. It is only normal for any individual to hold personal beliefs. Individuals opposed to the argument may have their own beliefs that disregard the facts that have been presented. For example an individual that is fruit, heavily opposed stimulant medication use would object to state terrorism the conclusion reached on behavioral therapies. To certain individuals behavioral therapy is better option than the company, combination of stimulants with therapy. Their personal belief being stimulants are an vs substantive equality, inappropriate method of treatment leaves the effective option of behavioral therapy to be the better choice of treatment.

In this situation credit can be given to company this objection, but the facts available don#8217;t give it as much support as the original conclusion. There are certainly objections to the argument that can be based on fact. Vs Substantive. The position stated on the presence of ADHD in other countries will be objected by many opposers of the argument. Even after seeing the factual evidence that ADHD popularity is on the rise in other countries, many would argue that the presence in other countries is the united fruit, only a fraction of what is seen in The United States. State Terrorism. This statement may seem to be the basis of a strong argument but is counteracted by other factors. When the numbers are measured in individuals the the united company, countries population needs to be taken into account. The US has a much larger population than most countries causing individuals as a unit of measure to be much higher. When a percentage is created by dividing the amount of individuals by the countries population much more accurate results becomes available.

When looking at ADHD rates in units of percentage similar rates are seen among the worlds developed countries. The most expected objection to the given position would be regarding stimulant medications. Although the results of the state terrorism, two year study regarding the fruit company, safety of stimulant medication use displayed no significant danger in use, opposers remain pessimistic. Saw You. To many the evidence provided by a two year study isn#8217;t enough. It is strongly believed by many that the long term use of fruit company stimulants will eventually negatively impact health. This objection is hard to argue due to the fact that we are not able to look into the future. Negative health effects from long term use of stimulant medications is certainly a possibility. Excessive. Looking back on the fact that ADHD and its treatments are among the best researched ideas in medicine gives hope that any long term health effects would have by now been recognized.

Now that all of the possible flaws on the presented position have been reviewed it can now be said that the conclusions reached are justified. ADHD is in company, fact a real disorder, and the use of stimulant medications for treatment are appropriate. ADHD is a disorder that should be accepted and understood by society. It is a mental disorder that results in significant behavioral and social problems in an individual#8217;s life. The disorder is omplex and causes changes in the brains functions causing a series of symptoms to occur. Society needs to realize that disregarding ADHD#8217;s legitimacy is offensive to those who suffer from it. It is crucial for members of society to regard that use of the negative of prohibition medications for treatment is the only way for some individuals to the united overcome these symptoms. Passing on knowledge of ADHD is important to the future of the disorder on those who suffer from state terrorism it. Regardless of any personal beliefs it is important to respect the beliefs of other.

The controversy over the disorder needs to come to company an end, and the fact that ADHD is were the negative of prohibition, real needs to be recognized. Haven’t found what you want? 12-22 Newhall St, Birmingham B3 3AS, UK [emailprotected] Hi there, would you like to get such a paper? How about receiving a customized one? Check it out.

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