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bibliography Dissertation on New Woman Novelists (preliminary stage to Ardis's later book, see Ardis 1990). Assumes an early beginning of the modernist era. Attempts a diachronic arrangement of literary works. Provides many textual references. Ardis, Ann. 1990. New Women, New Novels: Feminism and Early Modernism . New Brunswick London: Rutgers UP.

Batchelor, John. 1986. The Edwardian Novel. London: Duckworth. Beauman, Nicola. 1983. A Very Great Profession: The Woman's Novel 1914-39 . London: Virago. Beetham, Margaret. 1996.

A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914 . London New York: Routledge. Study on the development of (conservative) women's magazines in the time of 1880-1914. Is The Samurai Story. Boom in the 1990s: New Journalism . Change of images of women to a limited degree and in The Sensible Nature and Hobbits Essay, opposition to the New Woman : discussion of middle-class working women, modification of the image of the housewife, division of the reading public into mothers , girls , fashionable women , women at home , ladies. Culture of advertisement. Beddoe, Deirdre.

1989. Back to Home and is the last a true story, Duty: Women Between the Wars, 1918-1939 . London etc.: Pandora. Study on the situation of women between the wars. Key words: misogynist trends in society, female education as an enclave of emancipation, professions for women, health, leisure, reading, cinema, radio. Psychodynamic And Weaknesses. Images of Women, influence on women writers. Bjorhovde, Gerd. Is The Story. 1987. Rebellious Structures: Women Writers and the Crisis of the Novel 1880-1900 . Oslo: Norwegian UP. One of the few books specifically focusing on interpreting fin-de-siècle highbrow texts by women. Textual material: four representative authors of the late 19th century - Olive Schreiner, Margaret Harkness, Sarah Grand and George Egerton.

Forerunners of modernism, prepared the grounds for modernist change in terms of content and form: Authors address matters of female concern gained importance in the public consciousness at the turn of the century and psychodynamic strengths, shortly before. Tension between positive and negative evaluation of the New Woman as an interesting topic to narrate. Foci of New Realisms: Scepticism, questioning of conventional values, transgression of is the samurai, conventional Victorian conception of genre. Mussolini. 'Crisis' of the novel: Breaking of conventional structures of time, plot, content and style. Is The Last A True. Fragmentarization of plot, anachronisms, subjectivity, internal focalization, no explicit narrator. Bjorhovde provides very detailed analyses of texts. Bland, Lucy. 1995. Oedipus Synopsis. Banishing the Beast: English Feminism and Sexual Morality, 1885-1914. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Bland's book is a comprehensive study on the subject of feminism and sexual morality around the turn of the (19th to 20th) century. Is The Last Samurai A True. Her aim is to sketch the contemporary (and, at least from a 21st-century point of view, often problematical) feminist discourse in its interdependence with the Nature of Bilbo, restrictive cultural context of the time. The study therefore provides a wealth of is the samurai a true story, biographical material. Part One: historical and of the Essay, scientific background of the topic (constructions of femininity in dominant patriarchal discourses such as medicine, religion, evolutionary theory and their feminist reception). Parts Two and Three: discussion of the concrete practical difficulties in realising feminist sexual politics, focusing on the fields of a true story, prostitution, marriage, eugenics, sexology and alternative forms of sexual identity. Brokoph-Mauch, Gudrun. 1995. Salome and Ophelia: The Portrayal of Women in theory strengths, Art and Literature at the Turn of the Century. In: Christian Berg, Frank Durieux Geert Lernout, eds. The Turn of the Century: Modernism and Modernity in Literature and the Arts . Berlin New York: de Gruyter.

466-474. Is The Samurai. Burmeister, Tereza. 1994. In Search of the Lost Woman-Time: Cross-Biographical Studies on the Construction of (Post-)Modern Gender Identity. History of psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, European Ideas 19: 837-844. Chinitz, David. 1997. 'Dance, Little Lady': Poets, Flappers, and the Gendering of Jazz. In: Lisa Rado, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach. New York London: Garland Publishing. 319-335.

Feldman, Jessica. 1989. Gender on the Divide: The Dandy in Modernist Literature. Last Samurai. Ithaca London: Cornell UP. Felski, Rita. 1995. The Gender of Modernity . Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard UP.

Study on gender and modernity, proceeding from The Sensible Nature Essay, cultural theory and cultural history. Considers different discourses: philosophy, history, natural sciences, psychology, sexology, social history, conditions of publication. Focus on one author: Marie Corelli. Finney, Gail. 1989.

Women in Modern Drama: Freud, Feminism, and is the samurai a true story, European Theatre at the Turn of the Century . Ithaca London: Cornell UP. Flint, Kate 1993. The Woman Reader, 1837-1914. Oxford: Oxford UP. Study on female identity and readership. Essay Political And Friction In South Sudan. Key words: motivation to read, responses to books, effects of reading on body and mind, reading in is the a true story, different contexts (e.g. And Friction In South Sudan. advice manuals, periodical press, fictional reading, reading practices). Considers various discourses: chapter on medical, physiological and psychoanalytic theory. Provides information on the material read: helpful source for lesser known primary literature (novels and documentary texts). Gale, Maggie B. 1996. West End Women: Women and the London stage 1918-1962 . London New York: Routledge. Is The Last Samurai A True. Study on women and the theatre.

Describes the significant participation of female authors in the theatrical world between 1918 and 1962. After winning the vote, women were on the advance in psychodynamic, every sector. Gale addresses women questions, but not from a feminist theoretical background. Topics of interest: profession and family, working class women, mother role, relationship mother-daughter. Gardiner, Juliet, ed. 1993. A True Story. Women's Voices 1880-1918: The New Woman. London: Collins Brown. Essay collection on literary representations of the New Woman. Analysis is not limited to be critical the genre of the New Woman novel , covers a wide range of textual examples: poetry, drama, travel literature, letters and other cultural-historical documents. Deals with established and less established writers.

Hall, Lesley. A. 1991. Samurai A True. Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950. Cambridge: Polity Press. Study on men and sexuality. Depicts different perspectives on how male sexuality is mussolini dictator, constructed. Grounds on biographic material: letters to Marie Stopes written by different men as a response to Stopes's Married Love. Addresses male sexual inhibitions, problems and sexual enlightenment. A True Story. Horn, Pamela. 1995.

Women in the 1920s. Oedipus Synopsis. Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. Jeffreys, Sheila. Is The Last Samurai A True. 1985. The Spinster And Her Enemies: Feminism and sexuality 1880-1930 . London etc.: Pandora. Study on the image of the spinster.

Pays critical attention to the so-called sexual liberation in modernism from Urban Legend Thieves, a gender-oriented perspective. Main point: sexual liberation applied for men, could be counter-productive for women - negative effects on women: enormous pressure to do sexually well, blurred boundaries between sexual liberation (for men) and sexual obligation (for women). Ergo: diverse feminist reactions to last samurai story sexual liberation: Purity Movement: postulated the spiritual nature of love, chastity as liberty (images of women: spinster , frigid women , lesbian ), Free Love: Sexuality increases in oedipus, value, this became especially true for extra-marital love. Yet the problem of sexual obligation remained. Revolt against male harassment: prostitution, child abuse. Joannou, Maroula. 1994. 'Nothing Is Impractible for a Single, Middle-Aged Woman with an Income of her Own': The Spinster in Women's Fiction of the last, 1920s.

In: Sybil Oldfield, ed. This Working-Day World: Women's Lives and Culture(s) in Britain 1914-1945 . London: Taylor Francis. 175-191. Paper on the 1920s image of the spinster in English culture and literature (May Sinclair, Katherine Mansfield, Ivy Compton-Burnett, Sylvia Townsend Warner, F.M. Mayor). Discusses fears of society's feminisations through the demographic 'redundancy' of women and Essay Political Tension Sudan, contrasts these with the actual economic and familial situation of the majority of English spinsters. Joannou, Maroula.

1995. 'Ladies, Please Don't Smash These Windows': Women's Writing, Feminist Consciousness and Social Change 1918-38 . Oxford Providence: Berg. Samurai. Study on women writers between 1918 and 1938. Covers a wide spectrum of female authors, some established and some less established. Less established writers: Vera Brittain, Leonora Eyles, Radclyffe Hall, Sylvia Townsend Warner, E.H. Young.

Established writers: Virginia Woolf, Dorothy Richardson, Elizabeth Bowen, Rosamond Lehmann, Rebecca West. Legend Of The Thieves. Further textual material considered: Anti-fascist writings. Study contains a detailed chapter on the image of the last samurai a true story, spinster and gives relevant textual examples. Kent, Susan. 1987.

Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. Study on the role of psychodynamic strengths, sexuality in first wave feminism and samurai a true story, its ideological context. Foci: stereotypes of femininity (overview). And Weaknesses. Women's vote as a symbol of is the story, sexual liberation.

Further foci: sex war, prostitution, marriage, medicine, legislation. Laity, Cassandra. 1996. H.D. and mussolini dictator, the Victorian Fin de Siècle : Gender, Modernism, Decadence . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Ledger, Sally. 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and feminism at samurai a true story, the fin de siècle. Manchester New York: Manchester UP. Oedipus. Study on the New Woman: supplementary to Ardis (1990).

Complex and contradictory definition of New Woman: New Woman as a textual phenomenon in magazines and novels, as a trigger of controversial public debate. Detailed contextualization: women's liberation movement in its relation to socialism, imperialism and the debate over sexuality ( purity movement vs. decadence), theories on lesbian love, New Woman as a phenomenon of the city. Classification of the New Woman novel in literary-historical terms: shows a multitude of literary forms, only partially to be classified as modernist. Melman, Billie. 1988.

Women and the Popular Imagination in the Twenties: Flappers and Nymphs . London: Macmillan. Is The Last Story. Study on images of women in the 1920s. Images dominating the public consciousness: flapper and surplus woman. Analysis of mussolini dictator, a very broad spectrum of popular literature (broad in terms of reception rather than sales figures). Is The Story. Key words: best-seller, serial fiction, book business and magazines.

Milgram Knapp, Shoshana. 1996. Revolutionary Androgynity in the Fiction of 'Victoria Cross'. In: Kaplan, Carola M. Anne B. Simpson, eds. Seeing Double: Revisioning Edwardian and Modernist Literature . New York: St. Martin's Press. 3-19. Miller, Jane Eldridge. 1994. Rebel Women: Feminism, Modernism and the Edwardian Novel . London: Virago. Study on the feminist movement in oedipus synopsis, the context of the modernist era.

Revision of the literary canon: Provides a discussion of women's novels between 1900 and 1914, a period often neglected in literary criticism. Describes the transitional period of literary modernism: Thematic innovations and formal modification of is the last samurai a true story, traditional narration. Attempts of independent female development and criticism of women's role in society replace the traditional courtship plot. Critical reflection of marriage. Discussion of (new) images of women. Genre: predominantly suffragette novels. Considers the socio-cultural context of the literary texts. Ouditt, Sharon. 1994. Mussolini Dictator. Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War . London New York: Routledge. Study on is the a true story, women and World War I. Starts out focusing on a description of women at work (medical duty, agricultural work, work in munitions factories).

Continues to approach the topic by looking at different texts: magazines, autobiographies and novels (partly popular literature). The Sensible Nature. Literature (fictional and non-fictional) is granted a major role in this context. Areas of discussion: images of women: stereotypical Red Cross Nurse (active role of hero, yet female) - the ordinary housewife at the home front as angel in the house in a true story, war literature. The Sensible And Hobbits Essay. Critical reflection on story, the war and women's roles in oedipus synopsis, postwar fiction. Image of the last story, mother as a preserver of life. Feminist pacifism. The shock experience of war and the temporary allocation of roles as a danger to identity. Discussion of the influence of World War I on society and how to in essays, literature as part of modernism. Pumphrey, Martin. Last Samurai A True Story. 1987.

The Flapper, the Housewife and the Making of Modernity. Dictator. Cultural Studies 1.2: 179-194. Is The A True. Pykett, Lyn. 1992. The Improper Feminine. The Woman's Sensation Novel and the New Woman Writing. London: New York: Routledge. Study on femininity and women's writing. Genre: Sensational novel and New Woman novel between 1860 and 1900. Points to their subversive and emancipatory aspects. Canon-revisionary impact: Pykett stresses the importance of the sensational novel and oedipus, the New Woman novel for last literary history.

Forerunners of modernist authors such as Woolf and Richardson. The Sensible Essay. Considers formal aspects of subversion: Sensational novel depicts female stereotypes, yet subverts them by introducing female protagonists deviating from traditional gender norms. New Woman novel subverts on the level of narration and plot: non-realistic, impressionist, episodic. Pykett's study is a source for samurai less established primary literature. Pykett, Lyn. 1995. Mussolini. Engendering Fictions: The English Novel in the Early Twentieth Century . London etc.: Edward Arnold.

Study proceeds from literary history focusing on novels. Introduces established modernist writers on the basis of the gender crisis at samurai story, the time (relatively selective). Deals with New Woman writing, psychological theories, Dora Marsden's The (New) Freewoman / The Egoist and the phenomenon of degeneration as a result of mass society. Defines literary modernism quite restrictively: modernism as a programme of literary aesthetics, experimentation and formation of a canon, period beginning in 1890. Provides critical discussion of arguments against a feminist revision of the modernist canon. The Sensible Of Bilbo And Hobbits Essay. Showalter, Elaine. 1990. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. London: Bloomsbury. Study on gender concepts at the fin de siècle . Breaking of traditional roles.

Key words: theories on sexuality, naming of homosexuality, multiple personalities (Jekyll/Hyde), reflection on physicality in last samurai, terms of dissecting bodies (Jack the Ripper), venereal diseases, aestheticization of sexuality, concepts of decadence, images of women (New Woman, surplus woman). Simpson, Anne B. 1996. Architects of the Erotic: H.G. Wells's 'New Women'. In: Kaplan, Carola M. Anne B. Simpson, eds. Seeing Double: Revisioning Edwardian and Modernist Literature . New York: St.

Martin's Press. 39-55. Stern, Katherine. 1987. The War of the Sexes in British Fantasy of the Suffragette Era. Critical Matrix 3.1: 78-109. Study dealing with differences of male and female utopian fiction.

Genre: drama and novel. Focus is on women's concerns: 'female' defence and 'male' rejection. White, Cynthia L. 1970. Women's Magazines 1693-1968 . London: Michael Joseph. A seminal account of the development of women's magazines. One of White's foci is the literature published in these magazines. Pages 77-117 are of psychodynamic theory, particular interest.

Chinitz, David. 1997. Dance, Little Lady': Poets, Flappers, and the Gendering of Jazz. Samurai. In: Lisa Rado, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach. How To In Essays. New York London: Garland Publishing. Is The Last Samurai Story. 319-335. Gitter, Elizabeth G. 1984.

The Power of Women's Hair in how to in essays, the Victorian Imagination. PMLA 99: 936-954. Analyses the significance of women's hair as fetish and instrument for hypnosis in the poetic and last samurai, visual imagination of the Victorians. Kaplan, Joel H. Legend Kidney Essay. Sheila Stowell. 1994. Theatre and Fashion: Oscar Wilde to the Suffragettes . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Study on the interrelationship of is the last a true, theatre and fashion: reciprocal influence. How To. Function of showing fashionable women's clothes on stage: attracting and stimulating for audience (except in is the samurai a true, performances of Ibsen or Shaw). Semantic function of dress: social status of a character and its alteration in the course of the play ( Pygmalion ; from flower girl to lady). Symbolization of Urban Legend of the Kidney Essay, stereotypes of femininity: Woman as sex object, New Woman and Suffragette emphasize masculine markers (e.g. boots, umbrella) and reject female markers (e.g. skirts, sashes, puffed sleeves) - this is true for the stage as well as social reality. Marvin, Carolyn.

1988. When Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century . New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Last Samurai. Cultural studies approach. Analyses technological innovations (the 'new media') of the oedipus, late 19th century and their medial and communicative impact in Anglo-American culture. Ch. 3: Focuses on the gender-specific functionalization of the body for promoting new electronic technologies. Müller-Tamm, Pia Katharina Sykora, eds. 1999. Puppen. Körper. Automaten: Phantasmen der Moderne.

Kunstsammlung NRW, Düsseldorf: Oktagon. Collection of essays discussing modernist representations of the puppet, the body and the automaton. The book includes a picture catalogue with short explanatory texts. The ten essays go beyond the discourse of fine arts: they show different perspectives on the subject reflecting both the is the last a true story, boundary position of the artificial human being between art and cultural history and its transformation within contemporary art. Be Critical In Essays. Reynolds, Dee A. 1997. Dancing Free: Women's Movement in is the last a true, Early Modern Dance. And Weaknesses. In: Rado, Lisa, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach . New York London: Garland Publishing. 247-279. Sennett, Richard. 1994.

Flesh and last a true story, Stone: The Body and the City in Western Civilization . New York London: W.W. Norton. Essay About And Friction. Study on space and bodily experience. Key words: sensory perception, movements, analogies of city and body, allocation of meaning to certain areas (public, private etc.), historical change of last samurai a true, cities, interior rooms, increasing dimension of the about Tension, private in interior rooms. Whiteley, Nigel.

1997. A True. Whitewash, Ripolin, Shop-Girls, and Matière : Modernist Design and Gender. In: Rado, Lisa, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach . New York London: Garland Publishing. 199-228. Bland, Lucy. 1995. Of The Kidney Essay. Banishing the Beast: English Feminism and Sexual Morality, 1885-1914. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Bland's book is a comprehensive study on the subject of feminism and sexual morality around the turn of the (19th to 20th) century. Her aim is to sketch the is the last, contemporary (and, at least from a 21st-century point of view, often problematical) feminist discourse in its interdependence with the restrictive cultural context of the Tension and Friction in South Sudan, time.

The study therefore provides a wealth of biographical material. Part One: historical and scientific background of the topic (constructions of is the last samurai a true story, femininity in dominant patriarchal discourses such as medicine, religion, evolutionary theory and their feminist reception). Parts Two and Three: discussion of the concrete practical difficulties in realising feminist sexual politics, focusing on theory, the fields of prostitution, marriage, eugenics, sexology and alternative forms of sexual identity. Castle, Terry. 1993. The Apparitional Lesbian: Female Homosexuality and Modern Culture. New York: Columbia UP. Felski, Rita. 1995. The Gender of Modernity . Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard UP.

Study on gender and modernity, proceeding from cultural theory and cultural history. Is The Last Story. Considers different discourses: philosophy, history, natural sciences, psychology, sexology, social history, conditions of publication. Focus on one author: Marie Corelli. Gilman, Sander L. 1985. Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of mussolini dictator, Sexuality, Race and Madness. Ithaca London: Cornell UP. Hall, Lesley. A. 1991. Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Study on is the samurai a true, men and sexuality. Depicts different point of views on how male sexuality is constructed. Grounds on biographic material: letters to Marie Stopes written by mussolini, different men as a response to Stopes's Married Love. Addresses male sexual inhibitions, problems and sexual enlightenment. Is The A True Story. Jeffreys, Sheila. 1985. The Spinster And Her Enemies: Feminism and theory and weaknesses, sexuality 1880-1930 . London etc.: Pandora.

Study on the image of the spinster. Pays critical attention to the so-called sexual liberation in modernism from a gender-oriented perspective. Main point: sexual liberation applied for men, could be counter-productive for women - negative effects on women: enormous pressure to do sexually well, blurred boundaries between sexual liberation (for men) and sexual obligation (for women). Ergo: diverse feminist reactions to sexual liberation: Purity Movement: postulated the spiritual nature of love, chastity as liberty (images of women: spinster , frigid women , lesbian ), Free Love: Sexuality increases in value, this became especially true for extra-marital love. Yet the problem of sexual obligation remained. Revolt against male harassment: prostitution, child abuse. Kent, Susan. 1987. Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.

Study on the role of last samurai a true, sexuality in first wave feminism and its ideological context. Psychodynamic Strengths And Weaknesses. Foci: stereotypes of femininity (overview). Women's vote as a symbol of sexual liberation. Further topics: sex war, prostitution, marriage, medicine, legislation. Ledger, Sally. A True Story. 1997. The New Woman: Fiction and feminism at the fin de siècle.

Manchester New York: Manchester UP. (ch. 5 on lesbian identity) Study on the New Woman: supplementary to Ardis (1990). Complex and contradictory definition of mussolini dictator, New Woman: New Woman as a textual phenomenon in magazines and last samurai a true, novels, as a trigger of controversial public debate. Detailed contextualization: women's liberation movement in its relation to socialism, imperialism and the debate over sexuality ( purity movement vs. decadence), theories on lesbian love, New Woman as a phenomenon of the Political and Friction in South, city. Classification of the New Woman novel in literary-historical terms: shows a multitude of literary forms, only partially to be classified as modernist. Lucas, John.

1997. The Radical Twenties: Aspects of last a true, Writing, Politics and Culture. Nottingham: Five Leaves. Strengths. One field of analysis are theories of sexuality and their portrayal in 1920s English literature (D.H. Lawrence, Joyce), the legal situation concerning homosexuality, psychology's impact on sexual 'liberation' and is the samurai story, the attitude of the Bloomsbury Group towards sexuality. Mort, Frank.

1987 [2000]. Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830. London: Routledge. Study on sexuality as represented in a medico-moral discourse. Discourse-theoretical approach. Depicts the interaction between morality and medicine in the field of sexuality.

Key words: Debate on social hygiene: purity vs. decadence. Sexuality in the context of the psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, city. Moscucci, Ornella. 1990. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Comprehensive study on the conception of female sexuality, proceeding from cultural history.

Focus: 19th century. Important points: Historicity of is the samurai, gender and gynaecology, dependence on cultural context. Concepts of oedipus, femininity in medical discourse. Gender difference explained physically and psychologically. Discussion of bisexuality and hermaphroditism. Further foci: Darwinism, environmentalism, degeneration, anthropology. Last Story. Rado, Lisa. 2000. The Modern Androgyne Imagination. A Failed Sublime. Charlottesville and London: UP of Virginia.

Showalter, Elaine. The Sensible And Hobbits. 1990. Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture at the Fin de Siècle. London: Bloomsbury. Study on gender concepts at the fin de siècle . Breaking of traditional roles.

Key words: theories on sexuality, naming of homosexuality, multiple personalities (Jekyll/Hyde), reflection on physicality in terms of dissecting bodies (Jack the Ripper), venereal diseases, aestheticization of sexuality, concepts of decadence, images of women (New Woman, surplus woman). Weeks, Jeffrey. 1985. Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths Modern Sexualities . Last Story. London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Study on the development of the scientific discourse on sexuality. Oedipus Synopsis. References to psychoanalysis, Darwinism and last samurai story, eugenics. A very useful collection of articles from the Political and Friction Sudan, perspectives of natural science, social science and the humanities which provides an overview on the degeneration debate in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. The institutionalisation of the is the a true, degeneration debate is synopsis, reflected in story, the light of the discourses of medicine, anthropology, and and Hobbits, the theatre.

Premises: degeneration as a counterpart to the nineteenth-century belief in progress; degeneration and regeneration as two poles of last samurai a true, a rhetoric strategy and logical order - fact and fiction at the same time. Cf. Oedipus Synopsis. Siegel for specific strategies of representation. Carpenter, Edward. [1889] 1903. Die Civilisation, ihre Ursachen und ihre Heilung , transl. Karl Federn. Leipzig: Hermann Seemann Nachfolger. Is The Samurai A True. [engl. Civilization: Its Cause and Cure ] Cultural criticism with a socialist orientation. Characterised by a harsh criticism of civilisation in which cultural and bio-medical discourses intermingle: contemporary English civilisation as infectious disease either culminating in death following various stages of degeneration or culminating in Urban Legend Kidney Essay, social stagnation.

The socialist form of society as utopian potential. Dijkstra, Bram. 1986. Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in the Fin de siècle. New York, London: Oxford UP. Study on representations of femininity in the late 19th century, proceeding from art history. References to literature and other cultural discourses of the time. Of particular interest in this context: motif of the self-sufficient Narcissa , a degenerate/deviant woman (due to her auto-eroticism) subverting the conventional image of altruistic femininity. Reference to her criminal disposition (Lombroso), Narcissa as a potential danger to male identity in sexological theory (Moll, Feré, Krafft-Ebing).

Doyle, Laura. 1994. Bordering on the Body: The Radical Matrix of Modern Fiction and Culture . New York Oxford: Oxford UP. Fuchs, Stefan F.-J. 1992. Dekadenz: Versuch zur ästhetischen Negativität im industriellen Zeitalter anhand von Texten aus dem französischen und englischen Fin de siècle. Heidelberg: Winter. Philosophically oriented dissertation on decadence. Rejects an historical approach to the literary texts of decadence, rather, uses them as a basis for historical and philosophical reflections on story, pre-modern developments in the 19th century. Crucial points: the radically negative connotation of the term decadence, as opposed to its appropriation as a means to counter an optimistic bourgeois belief in progress. Greenslade, William.

1994. About In South Sudan. Degeneration, Culture and the Novel, 1880-1940. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Hurley, Kelly. Samurai Story. 1996. The Gothic Body: Sexuality, materialism, and degeneration at the fin de siècle.

Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Kline, Salli J. 1992. The Degeneration of Women: Bram Stoker's 'Dracula' as Allegorical Criticism of the 'Fin de Siècle' . Rheinbach-Merzbach: CMZ-Verlag. Study of Bram Stoker's Dracula analysing the novel in relation to Nordau's cultural criticism and Lombroso's theory on atavism, degeneration, innate criminal disposition and psychodynamic and weaknesses, 'moral insanity'. Main thesis: Stoker's novel shows a constant blotting out of the sensus literalis by a sensus allegoricus with the latter serving as an instrument of an ultra-conservative (also in terms of gender), reactionary polemic against ongoing changes of consciousness and social changes of the is the last samurai a true, period. Link-Heer, Ursula. 1986. 'Le mal a marché trop vite.' Fortschritts- und Dekadenzbewußtsein im Spiegel des Nervositäts-Syndroms. In: Wolfgang Drost, ed.

Fortschrittsglaube und Dekadenzbewußtsein im Europa des 19. Essay Tension And Friction In South Sudan. Jahrhunderts: Literatur - Kunst - Kulturgeschichte . Heidelberg: Winter. 45-67. Valuable historical overview on the cultural significance and medical diagnosis and treatment of nervous illnesses in the 19th century. Main theses: a) these kinds of diseases have always been read as cultural pathologies, i.e. as symptoms of cultural crisis; b) there has been no clear-cut temporal succession of notions of progress and of decadence but both have always been closely interwoven. The study places degeneracy (nervous exhaustion) in the cultural context of the time, as one of the illnesses of the peripheral nervous system. Investigates modern nervousness as a syndrome and manner of self-description of an industrial culture striving after expansion and progress.

Considers psychiatric writings of the 19th century (Erb, Morel, Beard). Is The Last A True Story. Mehnert, Henning. Psychodynamic Strengths And Weaknesses. 1986. Zur Bedeutung der Begriffe 'symbolisme', 'décadentisme' und 'dégénerescence' im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Wolfgang Drost, ed. Fortschrittsglaube und Dekadenzbewußtsein im Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts: Literatur - Kunst - Kulturgeschichte . Heidelberg: Winter. 75-84.

Study traces concepts of decadence back to Montaigne and Rousseau and analyses the is the last a true story, later tendency to individualise and psychologize these notions (starting with Morel). Focus on Morel's prototypical study: the medico-psychiatric component of oedipus synopsis, degeneration, which is is the a true story, also analysed in Magnan, Lombroso, Gobineau, Nordau and, as a literary premise, in Baudelaire and Huysmans. Nordau, Max. 1993. Degeneration . Lincoln, New York: University of Nebraska Press. [Original: Entartung , 2 vols. Berlin: Carl Duncker, 1892/93]. Study in two volumes by Max Nordau, a doctor and cultural theorist, first published in German, from 1895 onward also available in an English translation. A scandalous success at in essays, the time, one of the best known works in the debate on degeneration. It is a poignant, and at times openly polemic attack against is the last samurai a true certain tendencies in the arts: Decadence, aestheticism, symbolism (among others) are classified as degenerate (in a physiological and mental sense). Be Critical In Essays. Nordau's argumentation is based on his medical knowledge and on the criminological theories of Lombroso.

Criticism of civilisation is expressed in the form of apocalyptic scenarios ('the dusk of nations') and, for a true the first time, presented as a concern of doctors and, especially, psychiatrists. Phenomena of The Sensible Nature of Bilbo, degeneracy (intellectual, moral or physical) become the object of psycho-pathology. Is The. For Nordau, mysticism and oedipus, egomania count as typical symptoms of the last samurai story, degenerate artist, for which he offers methods of diagnosis and even suggestions for therapy. Nordau's study is an attack in scientific disguise against intellectuals and is directed against personalities like Wagner, Nietzsche, Ibsen, Swinburne, Huysmans or Wilde. Pick, Daniel.

1989. Essay Tension In South Sudan. Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848-c. 1918 . Is The Last Samurai. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. A sociological study, well-documented and thoroughly researched. Provides important information on the concept of degeneration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Pick predominantly analyses scientific and pseudo-scientific documents of the time, but also considers literary examples.

Study covers texts from all over Europe but lacks any explicit reflection on the interrelation between degeneration and gender. Pykett, Lyn. 1995. The Sensible Nature Of Bilbo Essay. Engendering Fictions: The English Novel in is the a true, the Twentieth Century . London, etc.: Edward Arnold. Feminist study on the interdependence between constructions of femininity and degeneration: The New Woman as cause and symptom of be critical in essays, cultural degeneration and as 'cure for social evils'; like the homosexual, the New Woman is an example of the transgression of gender boundaries (illustrated also in exterior appearance: body and style); effects: pathological allocations of sexual excess, degeneration, denial of femininity. Urban mass culture and society as a product of feminisation. Feminism as a symptom of degeneration.

Emerging concepts of regeneration within the feminist debate. Rose, Jonathan. 1986. The Edwardian Temperament 1895-1919. Athens/Ohio, London: Ohio UP. Study on the change of values in the Edwardian period, proceeding from cultural and literary history (however, literary texts are generally only discussed on a surface level, and the category of gender is reflected in a rather uncritical manner, if at all). Aspects of interest: religious (and moral) crisis, the secularisation of last samurai a true, spirituality and the emergence of surrogate religions, the 'quest for otherness', the idealisation of interpersonal relations and in particular homoeroticism, the cult of vitality as a reaction to late Victorian decadence, the motif of the illegitimate child and the unmarried mother, the efficiency movement and eugenics, the Edwardian culture of leisure and fun. About Political In South. Schulte, Christoph.

1997. Psychopathologie des Fin de siècle : Max Nordau: Der Kulturkritiker, Arzt und Zionist. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer. Revised postdoctoral thesis based on the unpublished works of Nordau (mainly letters, researched for the first time). A comprehensive study, structured biographically. Theoretical approach: rejects deconstruction, favours Foucauldian discourse analysis.

Content: Analysis of the interconnected strands within intellectual history 1870 to 1920. Shows the lasting effects of scientific positivism on social theories, psychology and medicine as well as the transfer of psycho-pathological findings into the field of civilisation and art criticism through terms like decadence and degeneration. A True. Shaw, George Bernard. 1932 [1908]. The Sanity of Art: An Exposure of the Current Nonsense about Artists Being Degenerate. In: Major Critical Essays . London: Constable.

281-332. Polemic response to Nordau's Degeneration from the perspective of the artist. Shaw refutes Nordau's arguments by oedipus synopsis, showing up their inherent paradoxical and unscientific nature and thus attacks Nordau at his weakest point, i.e. his attempt to last samurai story legitimise his theories with the Urban Legend of the Kidney Thieves, help of story, medical science. Siegel, Sandra. 1985. Literature and Degeneration: The Representation of 'Decadence'. In: Edward J. Chamberlain Sander L., Gilman, eds.

Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress. New York: Columbia UP. 199-219. Trotter, David. 1993. The English Novel in History . London, New York: Routledge. (ch.7) Short outline of the history of degeneration theory focusing on the origins of degeneration in the natural sciences and The Sensible Nature and Hobbits, medicine, its Darwinist basis, the classification of degenerative symptoms, the emergence of a discourse of is the, degeneration in oedipus synopsis, the cultural and literary theory of the late 19th century. Important points in the literary context of degeneration: popularity of a 'plot of decline, of physical and moral exhaustion' in naturalistic fiction (also in so-called slum fiction). Is The Samurai. Degeneration as a topic in the new woman novel and likewise in popular fiction. Bland, Lucy. 1995.

Banishing the Beast. English Feminism Sexual Morality. 1885-1914. London et. al: Penguin Books. Bland's book is a comprehensive study on the subject of feminism and sexual morality around the Urban of the Kidney Essay, turn of the (19th to 20th) century. Her aim is to sketch the contemporary (and, at least from a 21st-century point of view, often problematical) feminist discourse in its interdependence with the restrictive cultural context of the time.

The study therefore provides a wealth of biographical material. Part One: historical and scientific background of the topic (constructions of femininity in dominant patriarchal discourses such as medicine, religion, evolutionary theory and their feminist reception). Parts Two and last samurai story, Three: discussion of the in South Sudan, concrete practical difficulties in realising feminist sexual politics, focusing on the fields of is the story, prostitution, marriage, eugenics, sexology and alternative forms of sexual identity. Oedipus Synopsis. DiQuinzio, Patrice Iris Marion Young, eds. Last A True. 1997. Feminist Ethics and Social Policy . Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana UP. A slightly heterogeneous collection of essays focusing on examples of practised (feminist) morality.

Requires knowledge of the theoretical discussion. Provides articles on the following topics: politics, medicine, health system, military, immigrants, AIDS, pornography and abortion. The Sensible Nature And Hobbits. Main focus: the situation in the United States. Is The Last Samurai A True Story. Dreitzel, H.P. 1972.

Die gesellschaftlichen Leiden und das Leiden an der Gesellschaft: Vorstudien zu einer Pathologie des Rollenverhaltens. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke. A study on subjectively perceived marginality and synopsis, its psycho-pathological and socio-pathological causes from the perspective of social psychology. Suggested approach: role theory. Of particular interest: Dreitzel's notion of 'Anomie' (= total lack or confusion of is the samurai story, norms), which he derives from the mussolini, history of sociology and supplements with his own concepts of interaction and role identity. Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development . Cambridge, Mass. London: Harvard UP. Probably the most influential feminist study on the topic of morality.

Takes Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development as a starting point. Exposes Kohlberg's argumentation as male-centred. Modifies his theory with the help of object relations theory to account for gender differences. Gilligan's work is based on empirical studies. Her main thesis: due to disposition and experiences of socialisation, men/boys tend to is the story an ethic of justice whereas girls/women typically internalise an ethic of mussolini, care . Samurai Story. Gilman, Sander L. 1985. Difference and Urban Legend of the, Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race and Madness. Ithaca London: Cornell UP. Hall, Lesley. A. 1991. Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality 1900-1950. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Study on men and sexuality. Depicts different point of views on is the story, how male sexuality is constructed. Grounds on biographic material: letters to Marie Stopes written by different men as a response to Stopes's Married Love. Addresses male sexual inhibitions, problems and sexual enlightenment. Harrison, Beverley Wildung. 1985.

Making the Connections: Essays in Feminist Social Ethics, ed. Carol S. Robb. Boston: Beacon Press. A collection of essays (written between 1972 and 1985) on the feminist discourse of ethics and Christianity. Approach: theologically oriented social history. Harrison's ethics is psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, characterised as feminist socialist Christian in Robb's preface. Harrison sets a universalist Christian ethics against the ideas of Carol Gilligan.

Advocates an equality feminism pleading for story 'objectivity' of the of the Kidney Thieves, feminist perspective. Hekman, Susan J. 1995. Moral Voices, Moral Selves: Carol Gilligan and Feminist Moral Theory . Cambridge, Oxford: Polity Press. In-depth discussion of the work of Carol Gilligan offering various readings of her work. Is The Last Samurai Story. The study also provides a critical analysis of the meaning of morality in a poststructuralist context (Foucault, Lyotard et al.).

Documents a significant conceptual shift in the morality debate, which has lost theoretical impact through the how to, influence of other academic disciplines. Last Samurai Story. Hekman favours a gender-oriented reconceptualization of moral theory that would take its pluralistic approach from discourse analysis. The Sensible Essay. Jakobsen, Janet R. 1998. Working Alliances and the Politics of samurai story, Difference: Diversity and Feminist Ethics . Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana UP. Study on feminist practices of alliance politics . Rejects notions of female unity as an axiomatic base. Discards the feminist difference hypothesis. Argument proceeds from postmodern theoretical debates: ethics as a field of complex negotiations; agency as a basis for alliance politics. Jeffreys, Sheila. 1985. The Spinster And Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality 1880-1930 . London etc.: Pandora. A very useful study which questions critically the general presumption of sexual liberation in the modernist period, a development which continues to be regarded as one of the most characteristic and influential within the modernist context.

Jeffreys shows that the emergence of sexology by no means meant that women experienced sexual liberation. Quite the opposite, according to Jeffreys, it helped to force women into male-dominated heterosexual patterns. Legend Kidney Essay. Mort, Frank. 1987 [2000]. Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830. London: Routledge. Study on sexuality as represented in is the last story, a medico-moral discourse. Discourse-theoretical approach.

Depicts the interaction between morality and in essays, medicine in the field of sexuality. Key words: Debate on last samurai a true, social hygiene: purity vs. Oedipus Synopsis. decadence. Sexuality in the context of the city. Moscucci, Ornella. 1990. The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Comprehensive study on the conception of female sexuality, proceeding from cultural history. Story. Focus: ed. Oedipus Synopsis. century. Important points: Historicity of gender and gynaecology, dependence on is the last story, cultural context.

Concepts of Urban Legend Thieves, femininity in medical discourse. Gender difference explained physically and psychologically. Discussion of bisexuality and hermaphroditism. Further foci: Darwinism, environmentalism, degeneration, anthropology. Nunner-Winkler, Gertrud, ed. Is The Last Story. 1995.

Weibliche Moral: Die Kontroverse um eine geschlechtsspezifische Ethik . München: dtv. Essay collection which discusses critically and strengths, systematically Carol Gilligan's notion of a gender-specific morality (female ethics of care vs. male ethics of justice ). Covers work by Butler, Gilligan, Harding, Habermas. Is The Last Samurai. Some of the articles were previously published. Singer, Mona. Mussolini. 1996. Weibliches Subjekt und Gastfreundschaft: Ende und Anfang einer Moral. In: Ruthard Stäblein, ed. Moral: Erkundungen über einen strapazierten Begriff. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer. 118-139. Stäblein, Ruthard, ed.

1996. Is The A True. Moral: Erkundungen über einen strapazierten Begriff. Legend Kidney Essay. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer. Relatively heterogeneous collection of essays, partly in form of interviews. Includes articles by Baudrillard and Blanchot. Points of interest: morality's myths of origin, gender difference and morality (Nitzschke, Singer), Foucault's notion of morality.

Weeks, Jeffrey. 1985. Last. Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths Modern Sexualities . London: Routledge Kegan Paul. Study on the development of the scientific discourse on sexuality. References to psychoanalysis, Darwinism and eugenics. Bland, Lucy. 1995.

Banishing the Beast: English Feminism and Sexual Morality, 1885-1914. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Bland's book is a comprehensive study on the subject of feminism and sexual morality around the turn of the (19th to 20th) century. Her aim is to sketch the contemporary (and, at least from be critical, a 21st-century point of view, often problematical) feminist discourse in its interdependence with the restrictive cultural context of the is the last story, time. The study therefore provides a wealth of biographical material. Part One: historical and scientific background of the mussolini dictator, topic (constructions of femininity in dominant patriarchal discourses such as medicine, religion, evolutionary theory and their feminist reception). Parts Two and story, Three: discussion of the concrete practical difficulties in realising feminist sexual politics, focusing on the fields of prostitution, marriage, eugenics, sexology and mussolini, alternative forms of sexual identity. Byles, Joan Montgomery. 1985. Women's Experience of World War I: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets. Women's Studies International Forum 8.5: 473-487.

Article on the suffrage movement in last samurai a true story, the context of World War I. Key words: division - militarist suffragettes vs. How To. pacifist suffragettes. Example: conflict between Emmeline and Sylvia Pankhurst. Textual material: war poetry by women. Dyhouse, Carol. 1989.

Feminism and the Family in England 1880-1939 . Is The Story. London: Blackwell. Study on family and marriage from of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, a woman-centred perspective. Textual material: basically (auto)biography, but also some novels. Felski, Rita. 1995. The Gender of Modernity . Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard UP. Study on gender and modernity, proceeding from cultural theory and cultural history.. Considers different discourses: philosophy, history, natural sciences, psychology, sexology, social history, conditions of is the, publication. Focus on one author: Marie Corelli.

Garner, Les. 1984. Stepping Stones to Women's Liberty: Feminist Ideas in the Women's Suffrage Movement 1900-1918. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP. Kent, Susan. 1987. Psychodynamic Theory And Weaknesses. Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP.

Study on last, the role of sexuality in first wave feminism and Urban of the Essay, its ideological context. Foci: stereotypes of femininity (overview). Women's vote as a symbol of sexual liberation. Further topics: sex war, prostitution, marriage, medicine, legislation. Lyon, Janet. 1992. Militant Discourse, Strange Bedfellows: Suffragettes and Vorticists before the War. differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 4.2: 100-133. Article on the suffrage movement and developments in art before World War I. Discusses analogies and interactions between militant suffragettes and last samurai a true story, radical artists of the avant-garde (e.g. vorticists, futurists). Key words: militancy, iconoclasms, feminist delimitation and synopsis, self-marginalisation, polarizing tendencies and linguistic unambiguity in is the last a true, feminist pamphlets and manifestos.

Lyon, Janet. 1994/95. Women Demonstrating Modernism. Discourse 17.2: 6-25. Stowell, Sheila. 1992. A stage of their own: Feminist playwrights of the suffrage era . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Stowell, Sheila. 1996. Suffrage critics and political action: a feminist agenda. In: Michael R. Booth Joel H. Kaplan, eds. Oedipus. The Edwardian Theatre: Essays on performance and the stage . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 166-184.

Bjorhovde, Gerd. 1987. Rebellious Structures: Women Writers and the Crisis of the Novel 1880-1900 . Oslo: Norwegian UP. One of the few books specifically focusing on interpreting texts of high literary One of the few books specifically focusing on interpreting fin-de-siècle highbrow texts by women. Textual material: four representative authors of the late 19th century - Olive Schreiner, Margaret Harkness, Sarah Grand and George Egerton. Forerunners of modernism, prepared the grounds for modernist change in terms of content and form: Authors address matters of female concern that emerged in the public consciousness at the turn of the century and shortly before.

Tension between positive and negative evaluation of the New Woman as an interesting topic to narrate. Is The Samurai A True Story. Foci of Nature of Bilbo, New Realisms: Scepticism, questioning of conventional values, transgression of conventional Victorian conception of genre. 'Crisis' of the novel: Breaking of is the a true story, conventional structures of time, plot, content and style. Fragmentarization of plot, anachronisms, subjectivity, internal focalization, no explicit narrator. Bjorhovde provides very detailed analyses of texts. Burke, Carolyn. 1984. Getting spliced: Modernism and Essay about Political Tension in South Sudan, Sexual Difference. American Quarterly 39.1: 98-121. Burmeister, Tereza. 1994.

In Search of the Lost Woman-Time: Cross-Biographical Studies on the Construction of (Post-)Modern Gender Identity. History of European Ideas 19: 837-844. DeKoven, Marianne. 1991. Rich and Strange: Gender, History, Modernism . Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. Study on Gender, History and Modernism (DeKoven's periodization: 1890-1930). Based on Derrida's concept of is the samurai a true story, two co-existing paradoxes ( sous-rature ). Main point: male and female authors are afraid of revolutionary literary changes for theory and weaknesses different reasons: on the male side it is fear of losing one's power position, on the female side it is last samurai a true, fear of being punished. Textual material: analysis of canonized texts. Criticism: DeKoven's study is psychodynamic theory, partially difficult to comprehend. Felski, Rita.

1995. The Gender of Modernity . Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard UP. Study on gender and modernity, proceeding from cultural theory and cultural history. Considers different discourses: philosophy, history, natural sciences, psychology, sexology, social history, conditions of publication. Focus on one author: Marie Corelli. Friedman, Ellen G. Miriam Fuchs, eds. 1989. Is The Last Samurai. Breaking the of the Kidney Thieves Essay, Sequence: Women's Experimental Fiction . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP. Gale, Maggie B. 1996. West End Women: Women and is the last a true, the London stage 1918-1962 . London New York: Routledge. Study on women and how to be critical, the theatre.

Describes the significant participation of female authors in the theatrical world between 1918 and 1962. Samurai Story. After winning the vote, women were on the advance in every sector. Essay Political And Friction. Gale addresses women questions, but not from a feminist theoretical background. Topics of interest: profession and family, working class women, mother role, relationship mother-daughter. Is The Samurai Story. Gardiner, Juliet, ed. 1993. Essay Political And Friction Sudan. Women's Voices 1880-1918: The New Woman. London: Collins Brown. Is The Last. Essay collection on literary representations of the New Woman. Analysis is not limited to the genre of the The Sensible Nature, New Woman novel , covers a wide range of last a true story, textual examples: poetry, drama, travel literature, letters and how to, other cultural-historical documents.

Deals with established and less established writers. Gardner, Viv Susan Rutherford, eds. 1992. The New Woman And Her Sisters: Feminism And Theatre 1850-1914 . Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Gilbert, Sandra M. Susan Gubar, eds.

1986. The Female Imagination and the Modernist Aesthetic . New York etc.: Gordon Breach. Gilbert, Sandra M. Susan Gubar. 1988. No Man's Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century. Vol.

I: The War of the Words . New Haven: Yale UP. Gilbert, Sandra M. Susan Gubar. 1988. No Man's Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century. Is The. Vol. II: Sexchanges . New Haven: Yale UP.

Gilbert, Sandra M. Susan Gubar. 1988. No Man's Land: The Place of the Woman Writer in the Twentieth Century. Vol. III: Letters from the Tension in South Sudan, Front . New Haven: Yale UP. Griffin, Gabriele, Ed. 1994. Difference in View: Women and Modernism . London: Taylor and Francis. Ingram, Angela Daphne Patai, eds. 1993. Rediscovering Forgotten Radicals: British Women Writers, 1889-1939 . Last. Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press.

Essay collection on radical feminist socialist women writers between 1889 and 1939. Textual material: novels in general (special focus on popular literature by psychodynamic strengths, forgotten female authors), a multitude of last a true story, biographical information, New Woman novel , Romance, Utopian fiction. Distinction between middle-class and working-class authors and readers. Topics of social criticism: birth control, marriage, alcoholism, venereal disease. Psychodynamic. Formal aspects: Modification of plot with feminist impact. Joannou, Maroula. 1995. 'Ladies, Please Don't Smash These Windows': Women's Writing, Feminist Consciousness and Social Change 1918-38 . Samurai. Oxford Providence: Berg. The Sensible Of Bilbo And Hobbits Essay. Study on women writers between 1918 and 1938. Covers a wide spectrum of female authors, some established and some less established.

Less established writers: Vera Brittain, Leonora Eyles, Radclyffe Hall, Sylvia Townsend Warner, E.H. Young. Established writers: Virginia Woolf, Dorothy Richardson, Elizabeth Bowen, Rosamond Lehmann, Rebecca West. Further textual material considered: Anti-fascist writings. Study contains a detailed chapter on last story, the image of the spinster and gives relevant textual examples. Light, Alison. 1991.

Forever England: Femininity, literature and conservatism between the wars . London New York: Routledge. Laity, Cassandra. 1996. Theory And Weaknesses. H.D. and a true story, the Victorian Fin de Siècle : Gender, Modernism, Decadence . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. The Sensible Nature Of Bilbo And Hobbits. Liska, Vivian. 1995. From Topos to Trope: Feminist Revision of Modernism.

In: Christian Berg, Frank Durieux Geert Lernout, eds. The Turn of the Century: Modernism and Modernity in Literature and the Arts . Berlin New York: de Gruyter. 66-76. Miller, Jane Eldridge. 1994. Rebel Women: Feminism, Modernism and the Edwardian Novel . London: Virago. Study on the feminist movement in last samurai a true, the context of the modernist era.

Revision of the literary canon: Provides a discussion of women's novels between 1900 and 1914, a period often neglected in literary criticism. Describes the transitional period of literary modernism: Thematic innovations and formal modification of traditional narration. Attempts of independent female development and criticism of women's role in society replace the traditional courtship plot. Critical reflection of marriage. Discussion of The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay, (new) images of women. Genre: predominantly suffragette novels.

Considers the socio-cultural context of the literary texts. Montefiore, Janet. 1996. Men and Women Writers of the 1930s: The dangerous flood of history . London New York: Routledge. Useful study on is the last samurai story, lesser known authors and texts. Dictator. Textual material: works by left-wing women writers, antifascist texts, novels, autobiography and poetry. Pykett, Lyn. 1992. The Improper Feminine.

The Woman's Sensation Novel and the New Woman Writing. London: New York: Routledge. Study on femininity and women's writing. Genre: Sensational novel and New Woman novel between 1860 and 1900. Points to their subversive and emancipatory aspects. Canon-revisionary impact: Pykett stresses the importance of the sensational novel and the New Woman novel for literary history. Forerunners of modernist authors such as Woolf and Richardson. Considers formal aspects of subversion: Sensational novel depicts female stereotypes, yet subverts them by introducing female protagonists deviating from traditional gender norms.

New Woman novel subverts on the level of narration and plot: non-realistic, impressionist, episodic. Pykett's study is is the samurai a true, a source for less established primary literature. Pykett, Lyn. 1995. Engendering Fictions: The English Novel in the Early Twentieth Century . London etc.: Edward Arnold. Study proceeds from literary history focusing on novels. Introduces established modernist writers on the basis of the oedipus synopsis, gender crisis at the time (relatively selective). Deals with New Woman writing, psychological theories, Dora Marsden's The (New) Freewoman / The Egoist and is the samurai a true story, the phenomenon of degeneration as a result of mussolini, mass society. Defines literary modernism quite restrictively: modernism as a programme of is the last samurai, literary aesthetics, experimentation and formation of and Friction, a canon, period beginning in 1890. Story. Provides critical discussion of arguments against The Sensible of Bilbo and Hobbits a feminist revision of the is the samurai, modernist canon.

Quinn, Patrick J., ed. 1996. Recharting the theory strengths, Thirties . Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP. Essay collection on the effects of World War I on society and particularly on literature. Considers neglected authors: Irene Rathbone, R.H. Mottram, but also Rosamond Lehmann and Elizabeth Bowen. Rado, Lisa, ed. 1994. Is The Story. Rereading Modernism: New Directions in Feminist Criticism . Essay Political Tension And Friction In South Sudan. New York London: Garland.

Feminist collection of essays on modernism. Essays address the is the, following topics: Dorothy Richardson as a modernist, Rebecca West as a critic, Left Bank Women and Urban Kidney Thieves Essay, lesbian life, the work of samurai a true, Sylvia Townsend-Warner, women's magazines, Wyndham Lewis's Tarr (as a misogynous text). Of particular importance is Felski's article on the term 'modernism' (see above Felski 1994). Schabert, Ina. 1997.

Englische Literaturgeschichte: Eine Darstellung aus der Sicht der Geschlechterforschung . Stuttgart: Kröner. Srebrnik, Patricia. 1994. Of The Thieves. The re-subjection of is the last a true, 'Lucas Malet': Charles Kingsley's daughter and the response to muscular Christianity. In: Donald E. Hall, ed. Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 194-214. Canon-revisionary article on Lucas Malet (pseudonym of Charles Kingsley's daughter). Questions traditional concepts of masculinity in Malet's Novels.

Stowell, Sheila. 1992. A stage of their own: Feminist playwrights of the suffrage era . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Stowell, Sheila. 1996. Suffrage critics and political action: a feminist agenda.

In: Michael R. Booth Joel H. Kaplan, eds. The Edwardian Theatre: Essays on performance and mussolini, the stage . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 166-184. Waters, Chris. 1993. New Women and Socialist-Feminist Fiction: The Novels of Isabella Ford and Katherine Bruce Glasier. In: Angela Ingram Daphne Patai, eds. Rediscovering Forgotten Radicals: British Women Writers, 1889-1939 . Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press. 25-42.

Altick's seminal account of the development of the reading culture in England from the 15th to is the a true story the early 20th century. Especially his chapter on Periodicals and Newspapers 1851-1900 (chapter 15) is psychodynamic strengths and weaknesses, important for an understanding of the background of publication practices in the modernist period. Benstock, Shari. Last Samurai A True Story. 1986. Women of the Left Bank: Paris, 1900-1940 . Psychodynamic Theory. London: Virago. An important study on last, women writers of the Left Bank in general. Of special interest is chapter 10: At the Sign of the Printing Press: The Role of Small Presses and Little Magazines. Unfortunately Benstock remains on a biographical and anecdotal level, introducing editors, publishers and contributors.

She says very little about the actual contributions. Beetham, Margaret. 1996. A Magazine of Her Own?: Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914 . London New York: Routledge. It is Parts III and IV (New Woman, New Journalism, the 1880s and 1890s, The reinvention of the of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, domestic English woman: into the twentieth century) that are of particular interest. Beetham concentrates on magazines that offer alternative and reactionary discourses on women to the innovative trends of the time. She also comments on the literature that appeared in these magazines and its function. She thus offers an important view of this area of public culture that many of the modernist women reacted against. Dennison, Sally. 1984. [Alternative] Literary Publishing: Five Modern Histories . Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Dennison demonstrates how all sorts of non-commercial publishing - from self-publishing to small presses, university press publishing, little magazine publishing, publishing through a bookstore, and last a true, publishing through patrons - helped to further modernist literature and to The Sensible and Hobbits Essay make it accessible to a wider audience.

In most cases such alternative publishing was the only means for young authors to is the a true story get their works published at mussolini, all. Dennison uses Eliot, Joyce, Woolf, Nin, and Nabokov as examples. What she fails to notice is that alternative publishing can have commerical interests, too (see Rainey 1989, 1997, 1998). Dettmar, Kevin J.H. Stephen Watt, eds. 1996. Marketing Modernism: Self-Promotion, Canonization, Rereading . Last Samurai A True Story. Ann Arbor: University of Michingan Press. An important essay collection by young American scholars presenting a new perspective on and evaluation of modernist literature. They distance themselves from the traditional view of modernism as an awe-inspiring solitary fortress against a growing mass culture by showing that it was clearly rooted within commodity culture, too.

Today it is difficult to imagine that some senior scholars refused to contribute to this collection because they considered it inappropriate to discuss financial interests and how to be critical, commodity culture in connection with modernist literature. Is The Last Story. Of particular interest are the introduction and the essays by Diepeveen, Materer, and Murphy (see the respective entries). Eliot, Simon. 1994. Some Patterns and Legend Essay, Trends in British Publishing, 1800-1919 . London: The Bibliographical Society. A statistical survey of book and magazine publications in the period of 1800-1919. The data is covered in six sections: Section A The Annual Pattern of Publication; Section B The Monthly Pattern of a true story, Publication 1800-1919; Section C Subject Publishing; Section D Price Structure; Section E Periodical Publication; Section F The Background. Unfortunately Eliot focuses mainly on the 19th century.

He has nothing to say on the magazine and newspaper market in the 20th century, for example, so that his survey is only of synopsis, very limited value for the modernist period. Feather, John. 1988. A History of British Publishing . London: Croom Helm. Feather offers important background information about the development of the publishing trade in Britain. Although he only focuses on commercial publishing the a true story, study offers some useful background information about the book market in Essay and Friction in South, general. Of particular interest is Part IV: The Trade in the Twentieth Century in samurai a true, which Feather uses Stanley Unwin, Victor Gollancz and Allen Lane as examplary publishers. Garrity, Jane. 1999. 'Selling Culture to the Civilized': Bloomsbury, British Vogue , and the Marketing of National Identity. Modernism/modernity 6.2: 29-58. Garrity shows that the connection between commodity culture and 'high culture' was much closer than has been previously thought by how to be critical, demonstrating how readily the various members of the Bloomsbury group published in Vogue . A True. Hanscombe, Gillian and Virginia L. Smyers.

1987. Writing for their Lives: The Modernist Women 1910-1940 . London: The Women's Press. Hanscombe and Smyers's seminal study on dictator, modernist women writers, editors and publishers. Of special interest for modernist publication practices in general are Chapter 12 'The public is a stupid beast. Is The Story. ' Book publishing I and Chapter 13 'There is a climax in Urban of the Thieves Essay, sensibility' Book publishing II in which they particularly stress the last samurai a true, close connection between little magazines and the book market. They argue that in most cases of experimental writing only publication in Essay and Friction Sudan, little magazines made a later book publication possible. Jensen, Robert. 1994. Marketing Modernism in Fin-de-Siècle Century Europe . Princeton: Princeton UP. Jensen does not deal with modernist literature but with art.

It is nevertheless an interesting study to compare developments in the art world (especially the is the samurai story, marketing of avant-garde artists) and the book market. Kaufmann, Michael. 1998. A Modernism of One's Own: Virginia Woolf's TLS Reviews and Eliotic Modernism. In: Beth Carol Rosenberg Jeanne Dubino, eds. Virginia Woolf and the Essay . New York: St Martin's Press. Urban Legend Of The Kidney. 137-155. Kaufmann shows how the place of publication can be indicative of an author's conception of literature and her or his readership by last story, comparing Virginia Woolf's and T.S.

Eliot's essays. He argues that Woolf's reviews in the TLS address a much more 'common reader' than Eliot's essays in about Political Tension and Friction in South, ephemeral and elitist little magazines such as The Egoist and The Little Review . Keating, Peter. 1989. The Haunted Study: A Social History of the English Novel 1875-1914 . London: Secker Warburg. A seminal social historical account of the development of the contemporary bookmarket. Keating shows what influence the conditions and changes in the bookmarket had on writers. Leavis, Q.D.

1932. Fiction and the Reading Public . Is The A True Story. London: Chatto Windus. Theory. Leavis's still interesting study of British reading habits in last samurai story, the 1920s. It is Legend Kidney Essay, not only an important document because of the empirical data she offers but also as a New Critical position taking within the intellectual and literary field of the early 1930s. Lee, Hermione. 1998. 'Crimes of Criticism': Virginia Woolf and Literary Journalism. A True Story. In: Jeremy Treglown Bridget Bennett, eds.

Grub Street and psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, the Ivory Tower: Literary Journalism and Literary Scholarship from Fielding to the Internet . Is The. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Urban Legend Of The Kidney Thieves. 112-134. Lee not only gives an overview of a true story, Virginia Woolf's journalistic work but also shows how she used journals and literary and little magazines in order to advertise her own and oedipus, her friends' work as well as the Hogarth Press. McDonald, Peter D. 1997. British Literary Culture and Publishing Practice 1880-1914 . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Unfortunately a misleading title. McDonald does not analyse the publication system in the age of transition but rather in late Victorianism. He hardly pays any attention to the authors of the 1890s. His case studies focus rather on Joseph Conrad, Arnold Bennett, and Arthur Conan Doyle without making clear why he chose these authors.

Ohmann, Richard. 1996. Selling Culture: Magazines, Markets, and Class at the Turn of the is the a true, Century . New York: Verso. Rainey, Lawrence. 1998.

Institutions of Modernism: Literary Editors and Public Culture . New Haven: Yale UP. A seminal contribution to the argument that the alleged gap between modernism and public (or even mass) culture was not as great as the modernists claimed themselves. Essay Political And Friction In South Sudan. As example cases Rainey uses the publication history of Pound, H.D., Joyce's Ulysses and Eliot's The Waste Land. One rather irritating 'flaw' of is the last samurai a true story, this otherwise important study is Rainey's discussion of H.D. Here he leaves his seemingly disinterested position and tries to show that H.D.'s recanonisation by feminist critics was a mistake since H.D.'s work does not deserve it at all (a judgement of the value of an author he does not give with respect to Urban Thieves Essay any of the male authors!). Wexler, Joyce Piell. 1997. Who Paid for Modernism? Art, Money, and is the last, the Fiction of Legend of the Kidney Thieves Essay, Conrad, Joyce, And Lawrence . Fayetteville: The University of Arkansas Press. Using the careers of Conrad, Joyce and Lawrence as examples Wexler demonstrates that the modernist artists' image as oppositions to financially oriented bourgeois artists is a myth and that authors made use of this myth to further their success. She also shows that in modernism the writer's position became particularly complicated because s/he was wedged between the Romantic ideal of the genius who shows no interest in his or her market value and an interest in acknowledgement (because no recognition at all is still regarded as a sign of failure) and being able to live on one's writing.

White, Cynthia L. 1970. Women's Magazines 1693-1968 . London: Michael Joseph. A seminal account of the last samurai, development of women's magazines. Urban Legend Of The Essay. One of White's foci is the literature published in these magazines. Pages 77-117 are of particular interest.

Willison, Ian, Warwick Gould and Warren Chernaik, eds. 1996. Modernist Writers and the Marketplace . Basingstoke London: Macmillan. An essay collection that deals with the is the samurai a true, conditions of publication for modernist writers, focusing on the publication histories of individual (canonised) authors (James, Yeats, Conrad, Lawrence, Woolf, Eliot, Pound, Lewis). Only Edward Bishops essay on little magazines (see above) offers a more general overview on avant-garde publication practices. 291 (1915-1916, American magazine) The (New) Adelphi (1923-1955) Art and Letters (1917-1920) Blue Review (1913) Broom (1921-1924, American magazine) The Calendar of Modern Letters (1925-1927) The Chapbook (1919-1925) The Criterion (1922-1939) The Dial (1880-1929, American magazine; especially the era of Scofield Thayer's and Marianne Moore's editorship 1920-1929) The Egoist (1914-1919) The Enemy (1927-1929) (New) English Review (1908-1937) The (New) Freewoman (1911-1914) The Golden Hind (1922-1924) Life and Letters (1923-1924) Life and Letters later Life and Letters Today (1928-1950) The Little Review (1914-1929, American magazine) The London Aphrodite (1928-1929) The London Mercury (1919-1939) The Masses (1911-1917, American magazine) New Age (1894-1938; especially the years of A.R.

Orage's editorship, 1908-1922) The New Coterie (1925-1927) The New Masses (1926-. American magazine) Others (1915-1919, American Magazine) Open Window (1910-1911) (New) Oxford Outlook (1919-1932) Oxford Broom (1923) The Palatine Review (1916-1917) Poetry (1912-present, American magazine; especially the phase of Harriet Monroe's editorship, 1912-1935) Poetry and dictator, Drama (1913-1914) The Poetry Review (1912-present) The Scottish Chapbook (1922-1923) Secession (1922-1924; exile-American magazine published in various European cities) Time and Tide (1920-1979) [in its first phase 1920-1928 it was a little magazine] Transatlantic Review (1924-1925) transition (1927-1938, published in France and Holland) The Tyro (1921-1922) Wheels: An Anthology of Verse (1916-1921) One of the first overviews of British and last, American modernist little magazines and oedipus synopsis, one of the bases for is the last story Hoffman, Allen and Ulrich's (1946) bibliography. Essay Political In South. Allen especially stresses the importance of little magazines as almost the only medium of publication for last samurai a true experimental young authors. Anderson, Margaret. [1930] 1971. My Thirty Years' War . Westport: Greenwood Press.

Margaret Anderson's famous autobiography in which she not only describes her unconventional life but also the development of The Little Review under her editorship. Mussolini. This is, of course, a very subjective account, but it nevertheless contains important information for any study on samurai story, little magazines. Anonymous. 1941. Little Mags, What Now?.

The New Republic 104.13: 424. A state-of-the-art article on little magazines. The author discusses the development of a little-magazine culture in America from the 1920s to the late 1930s and of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, argues for a revival of little magazines in a 1920s fashion in order offer new authors a forum for publication. Baker, Denys Val, ed. 1943. Little Reviews Anthology . London: Allen Unwin.

An anthology of what Baker himself calls the last story, best writing which has appeared in the little reviews and literary magazines of Britain since the The Sensible and Hobbits Essay, outbreak of war (v). His introduction offers some theoretical reflections on little magazines. Interesting is his choice of little magazines from which he takes the stories and poems: The Bell , Horizon , Indian Writing , New Writing , Oasis , Opus , Our Time , Now , Poetry (London), Poetry Quarterly , Poetry Review , The Bell , New Vision , Wind and the Rain , Oasis , Opus , Scythe (formerly Townsman ), and is the last samurai story, Seven . Barash, Carol. 1987. Dora Marsden's Feminism, the Freewoman , and the Gender Politics of Early Modernism. Princeton University Library Chronicle 49.1: 31-56.

One of the first essays on the development of The (New) Freewoman / Egoist from a feminist to a literary little magazine. Barash presents this development as the story of Pound's take-over. This assessment has changed, though (see especially Clarke 1996; Ferrall 1992a; Morrisson 1997, 2001; Thacker 1993). Bennett, David. 1989. Periodical Fragments and psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, Organic Culture: Modernism, the Avant-Garde, and the Little Magazine. Contemporary Literature 30: 480-502. Last. The author sees in little magazines an example for a distinction between avant-garde and modernism as proposed by Peter Bürger (1974).

Publications in the ephemeral medium of little magazines are still part of an how to be critical in essays avant-garde culture, but they become modernist texts by being published in book form. This distinction has been convincingly questioned by Bishop (1996) and Rainey (1998). Benstock, Shari Bernard Benstock. 1991. Last Samurai Story. The Role of Little Magazines in the Emergence of Modernism. Library Chronicle of the University of Texas 20: 68-87. An important overview of the copies of Essay Political Sudan, (American) little magazines at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of story, Texas, Austin.

Unfortunately the authors remain on a merely biographical level. The editors of the little magazines and Nature and Hobbits, their aesthetic ideas are introduced. Is The Samurai A True Story. Benstock and Benstock say very little about the exact content of oedipus synopsis, these magazines. van den Berg, Hubert Ralf Grüttemeier, eds. 1998. Is The A True Story. Manifeste: Intentionalität (Avant Garde Critical Studies 11). Amsterdam Atlanta: Rodopi. A rather heterogeneous essay collection on literary manifestos (mainly European modernist ones). Theoretically the authors base their contributions on the intentionality debate (Eco, Searle, Fish, Knapp Michaels, Hirsch).

The authors' claim that a manifesto is necessarily intentional and that its authors' intentions can be gauged from it is quite problematic. Of particular interest are the contributions by be critical in essays, Wolfgang Asholt (on intentional strategies in futurist, dadaist and surrealist manifestos) and by Martin A. Kayman (on Pound and imagism). Bishop, Edward. 1996. Re:Covering Modernism - Format and Function in the Little Magazines. In: Willison, Gould and Chernaik, eds. 287-319. An important overview of little magazines from the 1890s to the 1920s.

Bishop pays special attention to the connection between visual and typographical design and the literary contents of these magazines. He sees the different magazine as a representation of the increasing institutionalisation of modernism (in this he argues against Bennett's (1989) postulation that little magazines represent the avant-garde and not modernism). Bishop covers The Yellow Book , The Savoy , The Dial , The Little Review , Poetry , The Egoist , Blast , and Criterion . Bloomfield, B.C. 1976. An Author Index to Selected British Little Magazines 1930-1939 . London: Manssell. An additional (but by far not as comprehensive) reference to Sader, ed. Is The Last A True. (1976). Bradbury, Malcolm. 1958.

The English Review . About Tension And Friction. London Magazine 5: 46-57. One of the first accounts of The English Review with a special focus on the period of Ford Madox Ford's editorship. Bradbury stresses that this was one of the few Edwardian magazines where new and experimental could publish alongside more traditional ones. Bradbury, Malcolm. 1961. The Calendar of Modern Letters : A Review in Retrospect.

London Magazine n.s. 1.7: 37-47. Bradbury's attempt to revaluate The Calendar of Modern Letters as an important literary-critical review alongside The Criterion and The Adelphi . He points out that the Calendar served as model for F.R. Leavis's Scrutiny (a series of critical articles in is the samurai story, the Calendar , called Scrutinies actually gave Leavis's magazine its name). Unfortunately the Calendar 's importance is still not recognised today. Bradbury, Malcolm.

1971. Of Bilbo. The Social Context of Modern English Literature . Is The Last A True. Oxford: Blackwell. Bradbury, Malcolm. 1976. London 1890-1920. In: Malcolm Bradbury James McFarlane, eds. Modernism 1890-1930 . Harmondsworth: Penguin. 172-190.

This chapter is of interest because Bradbury introduces some of the important contemporary British little magazines such as Rhythm / The Blue Review , The Poetry Review , a Poetry and Drama , The (New) Freewoman / The Egoist , and Blast . Bradbury, Malcolm. 1995. The Criterion. A Literary Review in Nature and Hobbits, Retrospect. The London Magazine 5.2: 41-54. Bradbury, Malcolm. 1999.

Modernism and the Magazines. In: Heinz Antor and Kevin L. Cope, eds. Transcultural Encounters - Studies in English Literatures . Heidelberg: Winter. Is The Story. 187-313. A survey of little magazines which mainly remains on a positivist level, listing names of magazines, editors, and psychodynamic, contributors. Bradbury demonstrates the interconnection of the development of modernism and of little magazine. He manages to last samurai give an idea of the diversity of magazines, but because he covers so many he does not have much space for detailed discussions of specific examples. Bradbury, Malcolm James McFarlane.

1976. Nature And Hobbits. Movements, Magazines and Manifestos: The Succession from Naturalism. In: Malcolm Bradbury James McFarlane, eds. Modernism 1890-1930 . Harmondsworth: Penguin. 192-205.

The authors show how much the various European modernist movements (especially Imagism, Vorticism, Futurism, Surrealism, Expressionism, and Dadaism) depended on samurai a true story, little magazines as an of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay outlet. Casford, E. Leonore. 1929. The Magazines of the last a true story, 1890's: A Chapter in the History of English Periodicals; Being a Critical Study of The Albemarle, The Yellow Book, and The Savoy, with a Brief Description of Other Literary Magazines of the 1890's (Language and Literature Series 1). Eugene: University of Oregon Press. Mussolini Dictator. An important overview of little magazines of the 1890s which shows how early the concept of little magazines received literary critical attention. Apart from The Albemarle , The Yellow Book and The Savoy Casford also discusses The Anti-Philistine , The Butterfly , The Dome , Hobby Horse , The Pageant and The Quarto . Clarke, Bruce. 1985. Dora Marsden's Egoism and Modernist Letters: West, Weaver, Joyce, Pound, Lawrence, Williams, Eliot.

Works and Days 2.2: 27-47. An early version of parts of his seminal study on Dora Marsden (1996). Samurai Story. Clarke, Bruce. 1992. Dora Marsden and Ezra Pound: The New Freewoman and 'The Serious Artist'. Contemporary Literature 33.1: 91-112. An early version of parts of his seminal study on Dora Marsden (1996). Clarke, Bruce. 1996.

Dora Marsden and Early Modernism: Gender, Individualism, Science . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. An important revaluation of Dora Marsden's role in the cultural field at the beginning of the synopsis, 20th century. Clarke argues that Marsden's intellectual development from suffragism to egoism mirrors in a nutshell the direction literature took at the time (a turn from personal politics to an individualistic literary practice, 1). He provides a detailed account of Marsden's philosophical, political and literary influences. Is The A True. Other than Barash (1987) Clarke sees Marsden's change of name of her little magazine from The (New) Freewoman to The Egoist as a voluntary one. He thus reduces the influence Pound allegedly had on her (see also Barash 1989; Ferrall 1992a; Morrisson 1997, 2001; Thacker 1993). Clooney, J.P. 1938. Urban Thieves. Among the Magazines. The Phoenix 1.2: 134-150.

A very critical review of a number of literary magazines of the time with quite different literary and political positions ( The Townsman , Purpose , Life and Letters Today , Poetry , The Examiner ). Interesting as a document of how little magazines were received and discussed in the contemporary literary field. Diepeveen, Leonard. 1996. 'I Can Have More Than Enough Power to Satisfy Me': T.S. Eliot's Construction of is the last, His Audience. In: Kevin J.H. Dettmar Stephen Watt, eds.

Marketing Modernism: Self-Promotion, Canonization, Rereading . Ann Arbor: University of dictator, Michingan Press. 37-60. An interesting discussion of how Eliot created his own elitist audience through his essays. Diepeveen shows the samurai story, importance the ephemeral form of strengths and weaknesses, publication of little magazines had in this. Eliot argued that only in these smaller but literary more 'elitist' media of publication could he find what he termed the qualified reader Eliot explicitly differentiated himself from editors of is the last samurai a true, larger - and thus to his mind more commercial - magazines such as The London Mercury (see also Kaufmann 1998 on the difference between Eliot's and Virginia Woolf's conceptions of their readership). Dupee, F.W. 1938. Of Bilbo And Hobbits. British Periodicals.

Partisan Review 5: 45-48. Is The Last Story. A very critical review of British little magazines. Dupee criticises their apolitical stance (which is psychodynamic theory strengths, not surprising considering the political position of the Partisan Review ) and at the same time stresses their ideological heterogeneity. He also finds fault with the - to his mind - poor literary quality. He discusses The Criterion , Scrutiny , Purpose , Arena , Colosseum , Left Review , Life and Letters Today , and New Verse . Eliot, Thomas S. 1926. The Idea of a Literary Review. The New Criterion 4: 1-6.

Eliot's own outline of an ideal little or literary magazine. It not only offers a contemporary perspective on little magazines but also reveals important information about is the a true story his own conception of literature. Emmart, A.D. 1923. Urban Legend Kidney Thieves. The Limitations of American Magazines. Modern Quarterly 1.3: 17-26. A very conservative critique of American little magazines and the literature published in them.

He particularly finds fault with an alleged lack of moral and too much experimentation in is the samurai, the field of psychological realism. Emmart is especially critical of The Dial and The Little Review . Ferrall, Charles. 1992a. Suffragists, Egoists, and the Politics of Early Modernism. Psychodynamic. English Studies in is the samurai a true story, Canada 18.4: 433-446. Ferrall tries to show that Pound's 'take-over' of the New Freewoman and the change of name into The Egoist was not just an appropriation of a feminist magazine through 'phallocratic' and misogynist men but that this change reflects Marsden's development, too. He examines her turn from suffragism to a Nietzschean and Stirnerian egoism and points out some analogies between her political and philosophical writings and Nature and Hobbits Essay, that of the imagists, especially Pound (see also Barash 1989; Clarke 1996; Morrisson 1997, 2001; Thacker 1993). Is The Last Story. Ferrall, Charles. 1992b. Be Critical. The New Age and the Emergence of Reactionary Modernism Before the Great War.

Modern Fiction Studies 38: 653-667. Ferrall counters the notion that the New Age was one of the central magazines in propagating modernism in general. Last Samurai Story. In contrast to Martin (1967) he argues that A.R. About Political Tension Sudan. Orage, the editor at the time only supported politically reactionary authors such as Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis and thus contributed to the development of a 'reactionary modernism' only. Fletcher, John Gould. 1934. The Little Reviews: Yesterday and is the samurai, To-Day. Space 1.8: 84-86. An contemporary account of American little magazines (1914-1929). Fletcher observes a tendency towards a proletarisation and a decentralization of American literature and Essay about and Friction Sudan, culture through these new little magazines (85). He does, however, acknowledge that some of the last a true story, new authors would have had no other possibility of publication.

Garner, Les. 1990. Essay About Political Tension In South. A Brave and Beautiful Spirit: Dora Marsden 1882-1960 . Aldershot: Avebury. The first book-length biography of Marsden. An attempt at a revaluation of Marsden's role in the suffragette movement and in modernism.

At times a little too subjective and anecdotal. Of special interest are chapters 4 The Freewoman , 1911-1912; 5 The New Freewoman , June-December 1913; 6 The Egoist , January 1914-December 1919. Görtschacher, Wolfgang. 1993. Little Magazine Profiles: The Little Magazines in Great Britain 1939-1993. Salzburg: Salzburg University. Although Görtschacher focuses on little magazines of the second half of the is the samurai a true story, 20th century his comments on the nature of little magazines in general are quite useful. What he offers is a descriptive discussion of various magazines and their editors (sometimes with interviews). It is a little odd, though, that he restricts the term 'little magazine' to poetry magazines only; his typology of little magazines is thus not very convincing.

Graham, Walter. Thieves. 1930. English Literary Periodicals . New York: Thomas Nelson. A very early survey of British periodical culture from the 18th century to the 1920s. He only is the last, briefly touches on little magazines, though. Legend Of The Kidney. Of particular interest in this respect are Chapter 9 The Later Reviews and the Fortnightly , Chapter 11 The weekly journal of belles-lettres , and Chapter 12 (in which he discusses among other magazines The (New) Adelphi , The Athenaeum , The Criterion , The English Review , Life and Letters The London Mercury , and the TLS ). Grant, Joy.

1967. Harold Monro and the Poetry Bookshop . London: Routledge Kegan Paul. A biography of one of the lesser known editors of little magazines ( The Poetry Review , Poetry and Drama , The Chapbook ) and a discussion of his own poetry. Is The A True. Hamilton, Ian. Dictator. 1976. The Little Magazines: A Study of Six Editors . London: Weidenfels and Nicolson. A much quoted study in last a true story, which Hamilton focuses on about Political Tension and Friction in South Sudan, an anecdotal and biographical account of The Little Review , Poetry , The Criterion , New Verse , The Partisan Review , and Horizon . Hamilton's ironical comments on contributions that he regards as inferior can be quite irritating. One severe disadvantage is that he neither gives any bibliographical information about the quotations he uses nor offers a bibliography. Hanscombe, Gillian and Virginia L. Is The Samurai. Smyers. Oedipus Synopsis. 1987. Writing for their Lives: The Modernist Women 1910-1940 . London: The Women's Press.

Hanscombe and Smyers's seminal study on modernist women writers, editors and publishers. Of particular interest for little magazines are Chapter 10 'The stand of the individual against is the a true story immensities. ' - Periodical publishing I and Chapter 11: 'Life for Art's sake. ' - Periodical publishing II in which they discuss the role of women in oedipus, little-magazine publishing. Magazines they cover include The (New) Freewoman / The Egoist (here they hold the early feminist opinion that Pound forced Marsden into a change of name and conception of her magazine, cf. Barash), The Little Review , The Dial , Poetry , Contact , The Transatlantic Review , The Quarter , Close-up , and transitions . Hayman, Ronald. 1975. The Calendar of Modern Letters. New Review 1: 14-19.

Heyl, Lawrence. 1940. Little Magazines. The Princeton University Library Chronicle 2.1: 21-6. An early attempt at a definition and description of (American) little magazines.

Interesting as a historical document. Hoffman, Frederick J. 1943. Is The Story. The Little Magazines: Portrait of an The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay Age. Is The Last Samurai A True. The Saturday Review of dictator, Literature 26.52: 3-5. One of the first overviews of British and American modernist little magazines and one of the bases for Hoffman, Allen and Ulrich's (1946) bibliography. Allen especially stresses the importance of little magazines as almost the only medium of publication for experimental young authors. Hoffman, Frederick J., Charles Allen and Carolyn F. Ulrich. 1946. Samurai A True. The Little Magazine: A History and a Bibliography . Princeton: Princeton UP. Still the authoritative annotated bibliography of British and American little magazines.

The introductory chapters are also of interest. Hoffman, Allen, and Ulrich even attempt a typology of oedipus synopsis, little magazines, but mostly they remain on a positivist and anecdotal level listing dates of publication, names of last samurai a true, editors and contributors, etc. Homberger, Eric. 1976. Chicago and New York: Two Versions of American Modernism. In: Malcolm Bradbury James McFarlane, eds. Modernism 1890-1930 . Harmondsworth: Penguin. 151-161. Only of marginal interest for theory strengths and weaknesses little magazines, but at least Homberger mentions the great influence of last samurai story, little magazines on the New York literary scene (e.g. The Liberator , Smart Set , Others , Glebe , Seven Arts , New Republic , The Freeman , Nation , Masses , The Little Review , The Dail ). Howarth, Herbert.

T.S. Eliot's Criterion : The Editor and His Contributors. Comparative Literature 2: 97-110. Johnson, Abby Arthur. 1973/74. The Politics of a Literary Magazine: A Study of The Poetry Review , 1912-1972. Journal of Modern Literature 3: 951-964. Joost, Nicholas. 1967. Years of Transition: The Dial 1912-1920 . Barre, Mass.: Barre Publishers. A detailed study of the development of The Dial from a rather conventional (literary) magazine to a platform for experimental literature under Scofield Thayer and Sibley Watson.

Joost, however, argues that the literature that appeared in the Dial has been overestimated and how to, that more radical magazines such as The Little Review did much more to further modernist writings. Story. Joost, Nicholas Alvin Sullivan. 1970. D.H. Lawrence and 'The Dial'. Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois UP. A detailed account of Lawrence's involvement with The Dial in the course of of Bilbo Essay, his career. A bit too anecdotal at a true story, times, but still readable. Kadlec, David. Synopsis. 1993.

Pound, Blast , and Syndicalism. Samurai A True. English Literary History 60.4: 1015-1031. Oedipus. Kadlec argues that the design of BLAST was informed by the development of syndicalist miner's actions in Wales under Tom Mann before WW I. According to him not only the magazine's name is indebted to the worker's movement but also its visual aggressiveness and aesthetic militancy. He also attributes Pound's radical aesthetics in this period to samurai a true story his interest in syndicalism (introduced to him mainly via A.R. Orage's The New Age ). Kenner, Hugh. 1971. The Pound Era . Berkeley: University of California Press. Kenner's book is interesting as an account of Pound's involvement with The New Freewoman / The Egoist - especially if you compare it with more recent studies of this little magazine. It is amazing how Kenner manages to leave out Dora Marsden's entirely! Knight, Melinda. 1996.

Little Magazines and the Emergence of Modernism in the Fin de Siècle . American Periodicals 6: 29-45. Knight convincingly demonstrates that little-magazine culture in America did not begin in 1912 with the appearance of Poetry , The Poetry Journal , The Smart Set and The Masses , but much earlier with fin-de-siècle magazines such as The Chap-Book , M'lle New York , The Fly Leaf , The Lark , The Philistine and how to be critical, others. Samurai. She argues for Urban of the Kidney a revaluation of these magazines' influence in the development of modernism. Lewis, Wyndham. 1927. Is The Last Samurai Story. Editorial notes: Art and 'Radical' Doctrines. The Enemy 2: xxiii-xxviii. Lewis's own 'position taking' in the literary field.

His editorial mainly consists of a biting critique of transitions and Gertrude Stein's - to his mind - negative influence on it. Dictator. Implicitly, of course, this is indicative of his own conception of literature and little magazines. Lidderdale, Jane Mary Nicholson. Last A True Story. 1970. Dear Miss Weaver: Harriet Shaw Weaver, 1876-1961 . London: Faber Faber. Synopsis. A still seminal biography of Harriet Shaw Weaver with a special focus on her role as Joyce's patron. But Lidderdale and is the samurai a true story, Nicholson also touch upon her role as editor of The Egoist and publisher of The Egoist Press. Little Magazine. 1997.

Britannica CD: Version 97 . Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. A valuable first source of information on little magazines providing a definition, a list of the most prominent British and American little magazines, and a classification into different periods. MacKendrick, Louis K. Theory Strengths. 1972. New Freewoman : A Short Story of Literary Journalism. English Literature in Transition 15.3: 180-187. Is The Samurai Story. MacKendrick, Louis K.. 1975. T.S. Eliot and the Egoist : The Critical Preparation.

Dalhousie Review 55: 140-154. MacShane, Frank. 1961. The English Review . South Atlantic Quarterly 60: 311-320. Marek, Jayne E. 1995. Women Editing Modernism: Little Magazines and Literary History . Lexington: The UP of Kentucky. A very important feminist contribution to the history of theory strengths and weaknesses, little magazines. Marek tries to show that in the function of is the samurai a true, publishers and editors more women were involved in the development of modernism than traditional accounts convey. The question, however, remains why there were not more women contributors (especially in a British context). Dictator. With the exception of Bryher, Marek focuses on American women editors and samurai story, publishers (Harriet Monroe, Alice Corbin Henderson, Margaret Anderson, Jane Heap, Bryher, Marianne Moore) and oedipus, has an additional chapter on Ezra Pound's role in little magazine culture.

Marek concentrates on the editors' own writings in is the last, their magazines and their personal contacts. She says hardly anything about the set-up of particular issues or the norms and values conveyed in other contributions. Marks, Peter. 1997. Illusion and Reality: the Spectre of Socialist Realism in Thirties Literature Williams, Keith Steven Matthews, eds.

Rewriting the Thirties: Modernism and After . London New York: Longman. 23-36. In his essay on British literature of the 1930s Marks also discusses the role of little magazines. Oedipus. He distinguishes between left-wing magazines that explicitly engage in the relationship between literature and politics (such as The Left Review , New Signatures , The Adelphi , and Cambridge Left ) and those magazines that are their unpolitical or conservative ( New Verse , The Criterion , Scrutiny ). Interesting for an analysis of the is the samurai a true, development of little magazine culture. Martin, Peter A. 1977. Be Critical. The Short Story in England: 1930s Fiction Magazines. Studies in Short Fiction 14: 233-240. An account of the role of is the, little magazines ( New Writing , New Stories , Lovat Dickson's Magazine , Penguin Parade ) in the development of prose writing - especially the short story - in the 1930s. Martin, Wallace. 1967.

The New Age Under Orage: Chapters in English Cultural History . Manchester: Manchester UP. One of the theory strengths, first studies on the role of the a true story, New Age in the modernist period. Martin is a little too enthusiastic in portraying The New Age as a platform for innovative and experimental authors alongside BLAST and The Egoist (see for example Ferrall 1992b for a more critical evaluation of the magazine). The Sensible. Masteller, Richard N. 1997. Using Brancusi: Three Writers, Three Magazines, Three Versions of Modernism. Is The A True Story. American Art 11.1: 47-66. Materer, Timothy. 1996. Make It Sell! Ezra Pound Advertises Modernism. In: Kevin J.H.

Dettmar Stephen Watt, eds. Marketing Modernism: Self-Promotion, Canonization, Rereading . Ann Arbor: University of Michingan Press. Oedipus. 17-36. Materer shows how Pound took over advertising schemes from commodity culture in order to make Imagism and Vorticism popular. He thus discloses the allegedly unbridgeable gap between the avant-garde and consumer culture as a mere modernist self-stylisation. He demonstrates how Pound used little magazines such as The Egoist , The Little Review and BLAST for his purpose and how these magazines themselves adopted methods from commodity culture advertising. Morrisson, Mark S. 1996. The Myth of the Whole: Ford's English Review , The Mercure de France and samurai a true, Early British Modernism. ELH 63: 513-533. Morrisson argues that Ford turned to strengths France, i.e. the Mercure de France in his outline of The English Review because he saw no English equivalent that could bridge the gap between 'high' literary standards and a broad audience.

He wanted neither a typical coterie magazine nor one of the story, typical mass papers such as the Daily Mail . Morrisson, Mark S. 1997. Marketing British Modernism: The Egoist and Counter-Public Spheres. Mussolini Dictator. Twentieth Century Literature 43.4: 439-469. Last Story. An analysis of the development from The Freewoman as a suffragist magazine to The Egoist as a magazine of the literary avant-garde. Morrisson shows that this change not only had an influence on Essay about in South Sudan, the readership of the magazine but on advertisers as well. He argues that The Egoist folded up because in contrast to The Freewoman it failed to samurai address a homogeneous audience (see also Barash 1989; Clarke 1996; Ferrall 1992a; Morrisson 2001; Thacker 1993). Morrisson, Mark S. 2001. The Public Faces of Modernism: Little Magazines, Audiences, and Reception 1905-1920 . Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. A seminal study of little magazines. Morrisson not only gives the typical account of little magazines' central role in the development of modernism but also analyses their relationship to what he calls the 'public sphere'. He thereby manages to demonstrate convincingly that the alleged gap between mass culture and the avant-garde is not as great as has been posited.

He focuses on synopsis, four British ( The English Review , Poetry and Drama , The Egoist , Blast ) and two American ( The Little Review , The Masses ) magazines (see also Barash 1989; Clarke 1996; Ferrall 1992a; Morrisson 1997; Thacker 1993). Munson, Gorham. 1937. How to Run a Little Magazine. Samurai Story. The Saturday Review of how to in essays, Literature 15.22: 3-4, 14, 16-17. Last. A contemporary discussion of little magazine culture. Munson interestingly already claims to have noticed a decline of and loss of interest in little magazines as compared with the 1920s. Murphy, Michael. 1996. 'One Hundred Per Cent Bohemia': Pop Decadence and the Aestheticization of Commodity in the Rise of the Slicks. How To Be Critical. In: Kevin J.H.

Dettmar Stephen Watt, eds. Marketing Modernism: Self-Promotion, Canonization, Rereading . Ann Arbor: University of Michingan Press. 61-89. Murphy demonstrates that the is the a true story, connection between commodity culture and avant-garde culture was much closer than has been previously thought. He uses Vanity Fair to show how quickly commodity culture picked up some of the features of the avant-garde. Not only did modernist authors publish in magazines such as Vanity Fair but also the advertisements in these magazines show clear influences of modernist art.

Nelson, Cary. 1989. Repression and Recovery: Modern American Poetry and the Politics of Cultural Memory, 1910-1945 . Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. In his study on American poetry of the first half of the 20th century Nelson also briefly discusses the role little magazines (including left-wing magazines and magazines of the Harlem Renaissance) played in the publication and, ultimately, canonization of some of the best known authors. He also provides an be critical in essays impressive variety of illustrations from little magazines. Nelson's canon debate originates in a Marxist rather than a gender-oriented position, but he discusses some lesser-known women authors, too. One great disadvantage is the last samurai story, structure of the book: Nelson deliberately designed it as one long essay without chapter divisions so that the reader is left with the detective work of deducing from the implicit information given in the course of the study what organisational principle underlies the study. Pollack, Felix. 1976. Elitism and Legend of the, the Littleness of Little Magazines. Southwestern Review 61: 297-303.

Pound, Ezra. 1930. Small Magazines. Is The. The English Journal 19.9: 689-704. Pound's own position on the role and functions of dictator, little magazines. He discusses almost exclusively the a true story, magazines he was involved with (and, of Essay about Tension in South Sudan, course, he is very critical of those he has left, such as Poetry ). He covers Poetry , The Egoist , The English Review, The Little Review , The Dial , and briefly The Criterion , transatlantic review , and transition . Rainey, Lawrence. 1989. The price of modernism: reconsidering the publication of The Waste Land . Critical Quarterly 31.4: 21-47. Rainey's seminal first contribution to the discussion of modernism's economic interests. A True Story. He demonstrates that the question of where to publish The Waste Land was guided by financial interests. Eliot ultimately chose the magazine ( The Dial ) that offered the most and actually made quite a lot of money.

The modernists' self-stylization as artists who had no interest in financial success whatsoever thus has to be modified. Synopsis. Rainey, Lawrence. 1997. The real scandal of Ulysses : How literary modernism came to retreat from the public sphere. TLS (January 31): 11-13.

Rainey argues that Sylvia Beach's decision to publish Ulysses was not just a selfless act of support for an avant-garde author, but was guided by financial considerations as well. Last Samurai Story. She consciously chose to publish Ulysses as a deluxe and not as a limited edition. The book thus immediately became a collector's item rather than a book for a limited audience. The attention was diverted from the content to the book as object. Legend Of The Kidney Thieves Essay. Rhondda, Viscountess, Margaret Haig. 1933. Is The. This Was My World . London: Macmillan. Lady Rhondda's highly interesting autobiography in which she also briefly mentions the how to be critical in essays, foundation and development of Time and Tide . Rosenberg, Harold. 1938.

Literature Without Money. Direction 1.3: 6-10. A contemporary discussion of the role of little magazines in the development of modernism in America. Rosenberg stresses that the last samurai story, little magazines often served as a first step in the publication history of an author and that commercial magazines and psychodynamic strengths, publishing houses latched on when they considered her or him financially promising. He notices a difference in reception with regard to the three genres (decidedly less interest in poetry with the is the last samurai a true story, commercial publishers). Sader, Marion, ed. 1976. Comprehensive Index to English Language Little Magazines 1890-1970 . Millwood, NY: Kraus-Thomson-Organization. A six-volume author index to over one hundred - mainly American and British - little magazines. The entries include information on works by Essay about Political and Friction in South, and about authors who were published in story, these magazines (interviews, articles, essays, poems, drama, fiction).

Schwartz, Delmore. 1939. The Criterion , 1922-1939. Kenyon Review 1: 437-449. Selver, Paul. 1959. Orage and The New Age Circle: Reminiscences and Reflections . London: Allen Unwin. This is more an autobiography than an account of The New Age and its editor A.R. In Essays. Orage although he tries to is the samurai story improve Orage's reputation with his book. Synopsis. Selver describes his own (rather marginal) function in the magazine. His comments on some of the avant-garde authors reflects his own conservative literary values.

Singer, Herman B. 1940. The Modern Quarterly 1923-1940. Modern Quarterly 11.7: 13-19. A characterisation of Modern Quarterly from is the samurai story, a political perspective. Singer focuses on the editor's (V.F. Calverton) position with respect to marxism and the Soviet Union and its influences on the magazine. How To Be Critical In Essays. He hardly says anything about the literature in Modern Quarterly . Spender, Dale. Last Samurai A True. 1984. Time and Tide Wait for No Man . London etc.: Pandora Press. One of the few accounts of Nature of Bilbo, Time and Tide . Unfortunately Spender concentrates on giving biographical information about the most important (political) contributers (Lady Rhondda, Elizabeth Robins, Rebecca West, Cicely Hamilton, Helena M. Swanwick, Winifred Holtby, Very Brittain, and Crystal Eastman) and on reprinting some of their articles.

Apart from naming some of the most prominent authors that appeared in Time and Tide she says very little about the magazine's literary contents. Sullivan, Alvin, ed. 1984. British Literary Magazines: The Victorian and Edwardian Age, 1837-1913 . Westport, Conn. London: Greenwood Press.

To date one of the most important reference work on literary and little magazines. The magazines are arranged in alphabetical order. Each magazine is introduced in an essay (whose length depends on the assumed importance of the magazines), including bibliographical references, information on last story, publishers, editors, location sources as well as possible indexes and reprint editions, Sullivan, Alvin, ed. 1986. British Literary Magazines: The Modern Age, 1914-1984 . Westport, Conn. London: Greenwood Press. To date one of the most important reference work on literary and little magazines. The magazines are arranged in alphabetical order.

Each magazine is introduced in an essay (whose length depends on the assumed importance of the Urban of the Kidney, magazines), including bibliographical references, information on publishers, editors, location sources as well as possible indexes and reprint editions, Symons, Julian. 1967. The Cri. London Magazine n.s. 7: 19-23. A description of The Criterion . Symons presents the magazine as an odd combination of samurai story, a conservative and overly academic literary criticism and an interest in literary innovation, revealing T.S. Eliot's own position. This also becomes apparent in Eliot's conservative social criticism. Symons notes some of the poetry that was published in The Criterion as remarkable, the prose less so and synopsis, he complains that some genres such as history and biography were ignored altogether. Tell, Waldo. 1934.

Review of Radical Magazines. Samurai. Partisan Review 1: 60-63. An early account of a new turn to the left in (American) little magazines of the 1930s. Tell introduces Left Front , The Anvil , Dynamo , and Blast (not Wyndham Lewis's London magazine of 1913). The Sensible Of Bilbo And Hobbits. Thacker, Andrew. 1993. Dora Marsden and The Egoist : 'Our War Is With Words'. English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920 36.2: 178-196. Another attempt to revaluate Marsden's position as editor of The (New)Freewoman / The Egoist and her role in the development of literary modernism (see also Barash 1989; Clarke 1996; Ferrall 1992a; Morrisson 1997, 2001) Todd, Ruthven.

1939. The Little Review. Twentieth Century Verse 15/16: 159-162. An early account of The Little Review focusing mainly on its early years. Todd criticises Margaret Anderson's indiscriminate choice of a true story, literature and stresses that her only real 'find' was Ulysses . He sees the most important improvement of the magazine in Pound's employment as foreign editor.

Trilling, Lionel. 1951. The Function of the Little Magazine. The Liberal Imagination Essays on Literature and Society . London: Secker and Warburg. 93-103. Originally published as an individual essay in oedipus synopsis, 1946 in an anthology on and of is the last samurai a true, The Partisan Review this is another quite early literary-critical account of the function of Urban Legend Kidney Thieves, little magazines, especially with respect to last samurai a true the development of modernism. Trilling criticises that the intellectuals of his time have lost interest in literature but sees a new hope in The Sensible Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, politically oriented little magazines such as The Partisan Review . Last. Troy, William. 1930.

The Story of the Little Magazines. The Bookman 70: 476-481, 657-563. Vondeling, Johanna E. 2000. The Manifest Professional: Manifestos and Modernist Legitimation. College Literature 27.2: 127-145. Vondeling's notion of the manifesto is a little too vague, including essays and programmatic poetry, but she offers an interesting analysis of the function of little magazines in an author's self-legitimation. She focuses on Marinetti's Futurist Manifesto, Pound's essays in BLAST , and Loy's Feminist Manifesto and her essay International Psycho-Democracy. Wall, Alan. 1976. How To. Little Magazines: Notes towards a methodology.

In Francis Barker et al., eds. Literature, Society and the Sociology of Literature (Proccedings of the Essex Conference of the Sociology of is the last samurai story, Literature). Dictator. Colchester: University of Essex. 105-117. Wall provides some genereal sociological reflections from a typical 1970s marxist position on the status of little magazines. His main focus is on The Calendar of Modern Letters , though. In spite of Wall's today rather outmoded political stance he offers a valuable attempt to go beyond a mere positivist listing of names of authors, editors and contributors. Whiteley, Mary N.S. 1932.

Shall We Let It Die? The Saturday Review of Literature 9.2: 19. A letter to is the samurai the editor that regrets the psychodynamic strengths, imminent death of Harriet Monroe's Poetry . In a retrospective account Whitley stresses the last samurai story, magazine's importance in the advancement of modernist - especially imagist - poetry. Young, Alan Michael Schmidt. 1973. A Conversation with Edgell Rickword. Poetry Nation 1: 73-89. Zabel, Morton Dauwen.

1929. The Way of Periodicals. Poetry 34.6: 330-4. A comment on the death of The Dial and The Little Review , which Zabel with amazing foresight also regards as the end of a literary-historical era: In going, they open the way to our next literary period, and so leave with us some of the sensations of suspense we experienced when they first flashed upon the view (1929: 334). Study on the situation of women between the wars. Key words: misogynist trends in society, female education as an enclave of emancipation - professions for women, health, leisure, reading, cinema, radio. Images of Women, influence on women writers. Brantlinger, Patrick. And Hobbits. 1996. 'The Bloomsbury Fraction' Versus War and Empire.

In: Carola M. Kaplan Anne B. Is The Last Samurai A True. Simpson, eds. Seeing Double: Revisioning Edwardian and Modernist Literature . New York: St. Martin's Press. 149-167. Buitenhuis, Peter. 1987. The Great War of Words: British, American, and Canadian Propaganda and Fiction, 1914-1933 . Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

Study on war and literature. Key words: established (male) authors, war euphemisms, war propaganda. Psychodynamic Strengths. Textual material: predominantly pamphlets, but also narrative fiction. Fictional accounts less obvious and stereotypical, more ambivalence (cf. ch. 8). Is The A True. Buitenhuis distinguishes between two phases: 1st phase - patriotic, glorification of war, 2nd phase - less patriotic, critical discussion of war.

Byles, Joan Montgomery. 1985. Women's Experience of World War I: Suffragists, Pacifists and Poets. Women's Studies International Forum 8.5: 473-487. Article on the suffrage movement in the context of World War I. Key words: division - militarist suffragettes vs. pacifist suffragettes.

Example: conflict between Emmeline and Sylvia Pankhurst. Textual material: war poetry by women. Fussell, Paul. Oedipus Synopsis. 1975. The Great War and is the samurai story, Modern Memory . London New York: Oxford. Study on war and modernism.

Details on World War I: major events, the end of the Great War - national ideals vs. reality. Foci: war landscape - depiction of the trenches and actual fighting, enemy territory vs. friendly territory, contrast home front - front, dichotomy of good and how to in essays, evil. Mythicisation and fictionalization of war: revival of the last, cultic, the Essay Political Tension, mystical, the sacrificial, the sacramental and the universally significant. Speechlessness in the face of terror and its euphemistic verbalisation. A True. The pastoral as a sheltering place of how to, escape. Homoeroticism. Criticism: study is restricted to male authors and provides questionable value judgements. Gardiner, Juliet, ed. 1993.

Women's Voices 1880-1918: The New Woman. Last Samurai A True. London: Collins Brown. Essay collection on literary representations of the New Woman. Analysis is not limited to the genre of the New Woman novel , covers a wide range of textual examples: poetry, drama, travel literature, letters and other cultural-historical documents. Deals with established and less established writers. (ch. 6: Women's War) Goldman, Dorothy, ed. 1993. Women and World War I: The Written Response . Basingstoke: Macmillan. Essay collection on women writers' reactions to World War I. Introduces female authors (not restricted to British ones).

Key words: War from a female perspective, female world of experience. Patriotic vs. pacifist attitudes. Textual material: poetry (contrast to male war poets) and Legend of the Thieves, novels. Hewitt, Douglas. 1988. English Fiction of the last a true story, Early Modern Period, 1890-1940 . Longman Literature in English Series. London, New York: Longman.

Higonnet, Margaret et al., eds. 1987. Behind the psychodynamic theory strengths and weaknesses, Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars . New Haven London: Yale UP. Essay collection on gender and samurai, war. Nature And Hobbits Essay. Postulates a gender-specific experience of the last samurai a true story, World Wars: confirmation of dictator, traditional gender roles, yet some change of gender consciousness in the field of last a true story, war occupations such as driver, nurse, factory worker new professions (see Higonnet, Gould, Gubar). Questioning of The Sensible and Hobbits Essay, masculinity through depiction of war neurosis and mutilation (see Showalter).

Different perspectives and manners of perceiving war: men focus on the dramatic war action, women focus on the long-term effects of the war. Is The Samurai A True. (cf. Rebecca West's The Return of the Soldier ). Special role of literature: expresses problems more poignant, yet has little effect on political change. Hynes, Samuel. Legend Of The. 1990. A War Imagined: The First World War and samurai story, English Culture.

London: Bodley Head. Detailed study on dictator, the influence of World War I on literature and art. Introduces war as a driving force for Modernism. Key words: Loss of values. Decadence. Is The Last. Search for new forms and contents. How To Be Critical In Essays. War and the difficulty of its representation - conventional means do not suffice for adequate representation of war. Disillusionment (caused by last samurai, war) leads to experimental tendencies in art and literature. Representation of space is further considered. Captures the time before and after the war in different phases. Criticism: On the whole very informative, also with regards to primary sources, but: unfortunately no bibliography.

Kern, Stephen. 1983. The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. (ch. 11: The Cubist War) Longenbach, James. 1989. The Women and Men of 1914.

In: Helen M. Cooper, Adrienne Auslander Munich Susan Merill Squier, eds. Arms and the Woman: War, Gender, and Literary Representation . Chapel Hill, London: The University of North Carolina Press. 97-123. Lucas, John. 1997. The Radical Twenties. Theory. Aspects of Writing, Politics and Culture.

Nottingham: Five Leaves. (ch. 4 on Jazz) Cultural-theoretical study on a true story, the 1920s as a time of radical change. Psychodynamic And Weaknesses. Points out several aspects of society and discusses them in terms of their radicality: Effects of Wold War One on the public consciousness, socialism, women question, sexual liberation, drugs, music culture (jazz as decadent), dance (dance orgies, modern dance), mass culture (journals). Detailed discussion of is the last, novels (also by female authors). Considers literary representation of space. Urban Thieves. Mowat, John Loch. 1955. Britain Between the Wars 1918-1940 . London: Methuen. Nicholls, Peter. 1995. Modernisms: A Literary Guide . London: Macmillan.

Study on the time between the two World Wars: the is the last, 'Roaring Twenties' and the social consciousness in dictator, the 1930s (socialism, marxism, Spanish civil war, pacifism). Further key words: Fashion (the androgynous style of the flapper), architecture and mass media. Onions, John. 1990. English Fiction and Drama of the Great War, 1918-39. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Study on British war fiction. Similar to Hynes (1990), but not as detailed. Centred on the figure of the hero and likewise the samurai a true story, anti-hero. Considers comparatively few literary works, most of mussolini dictator, them established texts. Devaluation of minor works. Ouditt, Sharon. 1994. Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War . London New York: Routledge. Study on women and World War I. Starts out focusing on a description of a true, women at work (medical duty, agricultural work, work in munitions factories).

Continues to approach the topic by mussolini, looking at different texts: magazines, autobiographies and novels (partly popular literature). Literature (fictional and non-fictional) is granted a major role in this context. Samurai A True Story. Areas of discussion: images of women: stereotypical Red Cross Nurse (active role of hero, yet female) - the ordinary housewife at the home front as angel in the house in war literature. Critical reflection on the war and women's roles in postwar fiction. Image of the mother as a preserver of life. Feminist pacifism. The shock experience of war and oedipus, the temporary allocation of roles as a danger to identity. Discussion of the influence of is the last samurai story, World War I on society and literature as part of modernism.

Quinn, Patrick J., ed. 1996. Recharting the Thirties . Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP. Essay collection on the effects of World War I on society and particularly on literature. Considers neglected authors: Irene Rathbone, R.H. Mottram, but also Rosamond Lehmann and Elizabeth Bowen.

Trout, Steven. 1986. R. H. Mottram: The Great War and Europa's Beast . In: Patrick J. Quinn, ed. Recharting the Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits, Thirties. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP. 51-63. Tylee, Claire M. 1990. The Great War and Women's Consciousness: Images of Militarism and Womanhood in Women's Writings, 1914-64 . Basingstoke London: Macmillan. de Vries, Jaqueline. 1994.

Gendering Patriotism: Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst and World War I. Is The Last A True Story. In: Sybil Oldfield, ed. This Working-Day World: Women's Lives and Culture(s) in Britain 1914-1945. London: Taylor Francis. 75-88. Wilson, Trevor. 1986. The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War 1914-1918 . Cambridge: Polity Press.

Study on World War I: based upon facts and events. Key words: happenings at the front, the home front, working situation, job market and women's participation. Winter, J.M. 1985. The Great War and the British People . Basingstoke London: Macmillan. Demographic study on World War I, proceeding from social history. Key words: war and loss, people's health, standards of living, efforts to increase birthrates, female surplus. Criticism: the study hardly considers women's situations and perspectives.

Zilboorg, Caroline. 1996. Irene Rathbone: The Great War and Its Aftermath. In: Patrick J. Dictator. Quinn, ed. Recharting the Thirties. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna UP. 64-81.

Berg, Christian, Frank Durieux Geert Lernout, eds. 1995. The Turn of the Century: Modernism and Modernity in Literature and the Arts . Berlin New York: de Gruyter. Bloom, Clive, ed. 1993. Literature and Culture in Modern Britain. Vol. 1: 1900-1929 . London New York: Longman. Samurai A True Story. Essay collection on the socio-cultural context of modernism. Focuses on literature and art in their relation to society.

Considers a multitude of aspects: mass culture, literary criticism, poetry, the Legend, novel (also: popular fiction), drama, forms of publication, radio, cinema, popular music and fine arts. Booth, Michael R. Is The Last Samurai. Joel H. Kaplan, eds. 1996. The Edwardian Theatre: Essays on performance and the stage . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Essay collection on Essay about Tension Sudan, Edwardian theatre. Focus on the business aspects of theatre: stage, management, critics, audience.

Popular theatre: musical comedy, Music Hall, Variety, suffrage plays, East End popular theatre. Popularity of Cross-dressing: male cross-dressing as misogynist, female as positive (imitating the male accepted norm), general implication: blurring of gender boundaries. Butler, Christopher. Is The. 1994. Early Modernism: Literature, Music, and Painting in Europe, 1900-1916 . Psychodynamic Strengths And Weaknesses. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Chinitz, David. 1997. Dance, Little Lady': Poets, Flappers, and the Gendering of Jazz.

In: Lisa Rado, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach. New York London: Garland Publishing. 319-335. Finney, Gail. 1989. Women in Modern Drama: Freud, Feminism, and European Theatre at the Turn of the Century . Ithaca London: Cornell UP.

Gale, Maggie B. 1996. West End Women: Women and the London stage 1918-1962 . London New York: Routledge. Study on women and the theatre. Describes the significant participation of last samurai story, female authors in the theatrical world between 1918 and 1962. After winning the vote, women were on the advance in every sector. Gale addresses women questions, but not from a feminist theoretical background. Topics of interest: profession and family, working class women, mother role, relationship mother-daughter. Griffin, Gabriele. 1994.

Becomings as Being: Leonora Carrington's Writings and Paintings 1937-40. In: Griffin, Gabriele, ed. Difference in View: Women and Modernism . London: Taylor and theory, Francis. Holledge, Julie. 1981.

Innocent Flowers: Women in the Edwardian Theatre . London: Virago. Hynes, Samuel. 1990. A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture. Is The Samurai A True Story. London: Bodley Head. Detailed study on the influence of World War I on literature and about and Friction Sudan, art. Introduces war as a driving force for modernism. Key words: Loss of values. Decadence. Search for new forms and is the a true story, contents.

War and the difficulty of its representation - conventional means do not suffice for an adequate representation of war. Of The Essay. Disillusionment (caused by war) leads to is the a true story experimental tendencies in art and literature. Representation of space is dictator, further considered. A True Story. Captures the time before and after the war in different phases. Criticism: On the whole very informative, also with regards to primary sources, but: unfortunately no bibliography. Isaak, Jo Anna. 1986. Tension Sudan. The Ruin of Representation in Modernist Art and Texts . Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press. Kahn, Elizabeth Louise.

1997. Engendering the samurai story, Scandal: The Cubist House and the Private Spaces of Modernity. In: Lisa Rado, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach . About Tension And Friction In South Sudan. New York London: Garland Publishing. 175-198. Kaplan, Joel H. Sheila Stowell. 1994.

Theatre and Fashion: Oscar Wilde to the Suffragettes . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Study on the interrelationship of theatre and fashion: reciprocal influence. Is The Last A True Story. Function of showing fashionable women's clothes on stage: attracting and stimulating for audience (except in performances of be critical, Ibsen or Shaw). Semantic function of dress: social status of a character and its alteration in the course of the play ( Pygmalion ; from flower girl to lady). Symbolization of stereotypes of femininity: Woman as sex object, New Woman and Suffragette emphasize masculine markers (e.g. boots, umbrella) and reject female markers (e.g. skirts, sashes, puffed sleeves) - this is true for the stage as well as social reality. Lucas, John. 1997. The Radical Twenties. Aspects of Writing, Politics and Culture. Nottingham: Five Leaves. (ch.

4 on Jazz) Study on the 1920s as a time of radical change, proceeding from cultural theory. Points out several aspects of society and discusses them in terms of their radicality: Effects of samurai, World War I on the public consciousness, socialism, women question, sexual liberation, drugs, music culture (jazz as decadent), dance (dance orgies, modern dance), mass culture (journals). Detailed discussion of novels (also by female authors). Lyon, Janet. 1992. Militant Discourse, Strange Bedfellows: Suffragettes and Vorticists before the War differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 4.2: 100-133.

Article on the suffrage movement and developments in art before World War I. Discusses analogies and interactions between militant suffragettes and radical artists of the avant-garde (e.g. vorticists, futurists). How To In Essays. Key words: militancy, iconoclasms, feminist delimitation and self-marginalisation, polarizing tendencies and linguistic unambiguity in feminist pamphlets and manifestos. Plassard, Didier. 1995. Le Théatre de Kandinsky face à l'interpretation.

In: Christian Berg, Frank Durieux Geert Lernout, eds. The Turn of the Century: Modernism and Modernity in Literature and the Arts . Berlin New York: de Gruyter. 507-521. Reynolds, Dee A. 1997. Samurai A True. Dancing Free: Women's Movement in Early Modern Dance. In: Lisa Rado, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach . New York London: Garland Publishing. 247-279.

Stevenson, Randall. 1992. How To In Essays. Modernist Fiction: An Introduction . Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. (ch. 4 on art) Weisstein, Ulrich. 1995.

How Useful is the Term 'Modernism' for the Interdisciplinary Study of Twentieth-Century Art?. In: Christian Berg, Frank Durieux Geert Lernout, eds. The Turn of the is the samurai a true story, Century: Modernism and Modernity in Essay about Tension and Friction in South Sudan, Literature and the Arts . Berlin New York: de Gruyter. Yaari, Monique. 1995. Ironies of is the last a true story, Modern/Postmodern Art: Duchamp, Margritte, Adami.

In: Christian Berg, Frank Durieux Geert Lernout, eds. The Turn of the Century: Modernism and Modernity in Literature and the Arts . Berlin New York: de Gruyter. 537-552. Zabel, Barbara. 1997. Gendered Still Life: Painting of Still Life in how to, the Machine Age.

In: Lisa Rado, ed. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach . A True Story. New York London: Garland Publishing. 229-246. Essay About Tension And Friction In South. Beddoe, Deirdre. 1989. Back to Home and Duty: Women Between the Wars, 1918-1939 . London etc.: Pandora. Study on last story, the situation of women between the wars.

Key words: misogynist trends in society, female education as an enclave of emancipation - professions for women, health, leisure, reading, cinema, radio. Images of Women, influence on women writers. Bloom, Clive, ed. 1993. Literature and Culture in Modern Britain. Vol. 1: 1900-1929 . London New York: Longman. Essay collection on the socio-cultural context of modernism. Focuses on literature and art in psychodynamic theory strengths, their relation to society. Considers a multitude of aspects: mass culture, literary criticism, poetry, the novel (also: popular fiction), drama, forms of publication, radio, cinema, popular music and a true, fine arts. Carey, John.

1992. The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia 1880-1939. London: Faber Faber. Study on the phenomenon of the theory, masses from the perspective of intellectuals. Key words: polarization - mass culture vs. Last Samurai. literary elite. Revolt of the masses. Rewriting the masses: question of value judgements, increase in value.

Cultivation of high intellectual standards as a means of excluding the masses from a reading public. Space: suburbia - housing development, suburbia as a place of the masses. Travel: flight from civilisation of established authors like Robert Byron, Graham Green, Evelyn Waugh. DiBattista, Maria Lucy McDiarmid, eds. Oedipus. 1996. High and Low Moderns: Literature and samurai a true, Culture 1889-1939 . Oxford: Oxford UP.

Hewett, Angela. 1994. The Great Company of Real Women': Modernist Women Writers and Mass Commercial Culture. In: Lisa Rado, ed. Rereading Modernism: New Directions in Feminist Criticism . New York London: Garland. 351-372. Huyssen, Andreas. 1986. After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism . London: Macmillan.

LeMahieu, D. L. 1988. A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind in Britain between the Wars. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Lucas, John. 1997. Oedipus. The Radical Twenties. Aspects of Writing, Politics and Culture. Nottingham: Five Leaves. Study on the 1920s as a time of radical change, proceeding from cultural theory. Points out several aspects of society and discusses them in terms of their radicality: Effects of World War I on the public consciousness, socialism, women question, sexual liberation, drugs, music culture (jazz as decadent), dance (dance orgies, modern dance), mass culture (journals).

Detailed discussion of novels (also by female authors). Melman, Billie. 1988. Women and the Popular Imagination in the Twenties: Flappers and Nymphs . London: Macmillan. Study on images of women in is the, the 1920s. Images dominating the public consciousness: flapper and surplus woman. Analysis of a very broad spectrum of Essay Tension and Friction Sudan, popular literature (broad in terms of reception rather than sales figures). Key words: best-seller, serial fiction, book business and magazines.

Rado, Lisa, ed. 1997. Modernism, Gender, And Culture: A Cultural Studies Approach . New York London: Garland Publishing. Heterogenous essay collection. Is The Samurai A True. Key words: Flaneuse, Striptease, spirituality (moments of being), advertising in popular magazines, Modernist Design, Modern Dance, primitivist and matriarchal tendencies ( Herland ), Flappers and Jazz.

Trodd, Anthea 1998. Women Writing in English: Britain 1900 1945. London: Longman. Wicke, Jennifer. 1988. Advertising Fictions: Literature, Advertisement, Social Reading . New York, Columbia UP. Ankum, Katharina von, ed. 1997. Women in Essay about in South, the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in is the a true story, Weimar Culture . Berkeley: University of oedipus, California Press.

Barta, Peter I. 1990. The Treatment of the Fourth Dimension in the Modernist City Novel. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. München: iudicum. 310-315. Study on the modernist city novel . Is The Samurai A True Story. Key words: the fourth dimension, i.e. the representation of space as a major constituent of the integrative text structure.

Space and identity. Legend Of The Kidney Thieves Essay. Becker, Claudia. 1990. Zur Interiorisierung der Raumsymbolik in der Literatur der Moderne. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. München: iudicum. 281-287.

The article deals with modernist tendencies of samurai story, internalization: depiction of different rooms of the interior (factual and psychological ones). Becker, Sabina. 1993. Urbanität und Moderne: Studien zur Großstadtwahrnehmung in der deutschen Literatur 1900-1930. St.

Ingbert: Röhrig. Berghahn, Daniela. 1988. Raumdarstellung im englischen Roman der Moderne . Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang. Authoritative text on literary representations of space in the avant-gardist modernist novel. Key words: Subjectivity, integration of space in stream of consciousness; selectivity of perception and representation, processes of fragmentarization, montage as technique to depict space; associative spaces; spatial symbolism; interdisciplinary analogies (literature and art: impressionism, cubism); provides an analysis of Henry James The Ambassadors , Joseph Conrad Nostromo , Ford Madox Ford The Good Soldier , D.H.

Lawrence Women in Love , James Joyce Ulysses , E.M. Forster A Passage To India , and Virginia Woolf To the Essay in South Sudan, Lighthouse . Boynton, Percy Holmes. 1913. London in English Literature. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. (Ch. 10 Contemporary London) Bradbury, Malcolm. 1976. London 1890-1930. In: Malcolm Bradbury James McFarlane, eds. Modernism. 1890-1930.

Harmondsworth: Penguin. 172-190. Bronfen, Elisabeth. 1986. Der literarische Raum: Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel von Dorothy M. Is The Last Samurai Story. Richardsons Romanzyklus Pilgrimage. Tübingen: Niemeyer.

Study on literary space in the work of Dorothy Richardson. Approach: phenomenological (cf. Ströker and Hoffmann) and structuralist (cf. Lotman). Key words: subjectivity of spatial perception in streams of consciousness. Metaphorical space (additional symbolism) vs. space which can be physically entered. Space and identity. Spatial textual structures.

Carey, John. Synopsis. 1992. The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia 1880-1939. London: Faber Faber. (Chap. 3 The Suburbs and the Clerks) Study on the phenomenon of the is the last a true story, masses from the perspective of intellectuals. Space: suburbia - housing development, suburbia as a place of the masses. Theory. Travel: flight from civilisation of established authors like Robert Byron, Graham Green, Evelyn Waugh. Ecker, Gisela. 1995. Allegorical Gardens of Desire in Modernity: A Gendered Perspective.

In: Susan C. Scott, ed. The Art of samurai story, Interpreting . University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University. 260-292. Allocations of meaning to the garden based on how to, depth psychology. Gender-specific dimensions of the garden: a place of solitude and expansion of last samurai, consciousness for women - a place of maternal security for men. Frank, Joseph.

1963. Spatial Form in Modern Literature. In: The Widening Gyre: Crisis and Mastery in Modern Literature . New Brunswick: Rutgers UP. 3-63. Article on textual space. Textual structures are described with help of spatial metaphors (see also Smitten 1981). Kidney Thieves Essay. Friedman, Susan Stanford.

1996. Spacialization, Narrative Theory, and Virginia Woolf's The Voyage Out . In: Kathy Mezei, ed. Ambiguous Discourse: Feminist Narratology and British Women Writers . Chapel Hill: University of is the, North Carolina Press. 109-136. Article is an example of the notion of text as space. Structure of text and structure of be critical in essays, communication: intertextual, historical and psychological (semiotic and is the last samurai a true, symbolic) references. Fryer, Judith. 1984. Women and Space.

The Flowering of Essay Tension in South Sudan, Desire. In: Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies : 187-230. Article on gendered concepts of space in architecture, housing and narrative fiction from the last samurai a true, turn of the century up to the 1930s based on social geography. Contains writings on architecture and oedipus synopsis, feminist reform efforts. Gindin, James. 1992. British Fiction in the 1930s: The Dispiriting Decade . New York: St. Is The Samurai A True. Martin's Press. Study introduces only the well-known texts of the how to in essays, 1930s.

There are several references to the literary representation of samurai story, space (ex. Rosamond Lehman, Elizabeth Bowen) Hertel, Kirsten. 1997. London zwischen Naturalismus und Moderne: Literarische Perspektiven einer Metropole. Heidelberg: Winter. Keating, Peter. 1984. The Metropolis in Literature. Nature Of Bilbo And Hobbits. In: Anthony Sutcliffe, ed. Metropolis 1890-1940. London: Mansell.

129-145. Kern, Stephen. 1983. The Culture of Time and last samurai story, Space 1880 1918 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Study on modernist concepts of time and space. Documents historical changes of spatial concepts in modernity.

Key words: Subjectivity, categorisation according to different ways of perception (visual, acoustic, tactual etc.) Microscopic space. Art (cubism, impressionism) and sculpture. Film (rapid change of oedipus synopsis, pictures and scenes). Heterogeneous space. Plurality of stance, multi-perspectivity. Changes of attitude. Space as designable matter (magnetic fields, architecture, artificial lighting). Expansion and reduction of geographical space (expeditions, public and private transport, aviation). Urban spaces. Psychoanalysis (mental rooms of the interior, stream of consciousness). Klarer, Mario.

1995. Simultaneity and Gender in Modernist Discourses. In: Near Encounters. Festschrift für Richard Martin . Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang. Interdisciplinary study on the phenomenon of a true, simultaneity and how to in essays, its implications concerning space and gender.

Simultaneity as spatially represented in the novel as well as in modernist paintings. Androgynity as a form of simultaneity. Müller, Lothar. Is The Samurai A True. 1988. Die Großstadt als Ort der Moderne: Über Georg Simmel. In: Klaus R. Scherpe, ed.

Die Unwirklichkeit der Städte: Großstadtdarstellung zwischen Moderne und Postmoderne. The Sensible Nature Essay. Reinbek: Rowohlt. 14-36. Pike, Burton. 1981. The Image of the City in Modern Literature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP. Last A True Story. Pratt, Annis. In Essays. 1972.

Women and Nature in is the samurai a true story, Modern Fiction. Comparative Literature 13: 476-490. Article on space and nature in modern fiction. Key words: epiphanies in natural settings (especially in novels of development), gender-specific differences in the perception of nature. Sizemore-Wick, Christine. 1989. A Female Vision of the City. London in the Novels of Five British Women . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Study on the city from a female perspective. City can be entered by women in the 20th century. Provides detailed analysis of novels.

Spencer, Sharon. 1971. Space, Time and Structure in the Modern Novel . Synopsis. New York: New York UP. Squier, Susan Merill. Is The Last Samurai Story. 1985. Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City . Chapel Hill: University of mussolini, North Carolina Press.

Stanzel, Franz. Is The Story. 1990. About Sudan. Das Niemandsland in der englischen und deutschen Dichtung. Samurai Story. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. München: iudicum. 219-27. Article on the connecting and separating aspects of mussolini, a boundary. Example: no-man's land between the trenches during the is the last samurai a true, First World War in German and English literature. Voss, Dietmar. Oedipus. 1988.

Die Rückkehr der Flanerie: Versuch über ein Schlüsselphänomen der Moderne. In: Klaus R. Scherpe, ed. Die Unwirklichkeit der Städte: Großstadtdarstellung zwischen Moderne und Postmoderne. Reinbek: Rowohlt. 37-60. Weightman, Gavin Steve Humphries. 1984. Is The Last A True. The Making of Modern London, 1815-1914. London: Sidgwick Jackson.

Wolff Janet. 1985. The Invisible Flaneuse. Women and the Literature of Modernity. Theory, Culture and Society 2.3: 37-46. Würzbach, Natascha. in print. Identitätskonstitution durch Raumerleben in der englischen Erzählliteratur des Modernismus.

Theory of mussolini, subjectivity and identity. The significance of space and body for the pre-linguistic formation of identity. Codes of is the story, spatial representation. Gender-specific spatial experience and concepts of subjectivity in some modernist novels. Ackroyd, Peter. [2000] 2001. London. Legend Of The Essay. The Biography . London: Vintage. Alexander, Sally.

1989. Samurai A True. Becoming a Woman in London in the 1920s and 1930s. In: David Feldman Gareth Stedman Jones, eds. Metropolis London: Histories and Representations since 1800. Synopsis. London New York: Routledge. 245-271. Alter, Peter.

1993. Im Banne der Metropolen: Berlin und London in den zwanziger Jahren . Göttingen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. Alter, Peter. Is The Samurai A True. 2000. London in der Neuzeit. In: Andreas Sohn Hermann Weber, eds.

Haupstädte und Global Cities an der Schwelle zum 21. Jahrhundert . Bochum: Winkler. 57-79. Ankum, Katharina von, ed. 1997. Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture . Berkeley: University of California Press. Barta, Peter I. 1990. The Treatment of the Fourth Dimension in psychodynamic strengths, the Modernist City Novel. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. Last A True Story. München: iudicum.

310-315. Study on the modernist city novel . Key words: the fourth dimension, i.e. the representation of space as a major constituent of the integrative text structure. Space and identity. Becker, Sabina. 1993. Urbanität und Moderne: Studien zur Großstadtwahrnehmung in der deutschen Literatur 1900-1930. St. Ingbert: Röhrig.

Boynton, Percy Holmes. 1913. London in English Literature. The Sensible Of Bilbo Essay. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. (Ch. 10 Contemporary London) Bradbury, Malcolm. 1976. London 1890-1930. In: Malcolm Bradbury James McFarlane, eds. Modernism. 1890-1930. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

172-190. Breuner, Michael. 1991. Hunger for Place: Studien zur Raumdarstellung im London-Roman seit 1940 . Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang. Study on the London Novel after 1940. Key words: literary appropriation of the city.

Space and subjectivity: subjective perceptions and formations of space (philosophical basis: see Ströker, psychological basis: see Minkowski). Brooks, J.A. 1982. Ghosts of London: The East End, City, and last a true story, North. Norwich: Jarrold. Carey, John. 1992. The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia 1880-1939. London: Faber Faber. Urban Legend Of The Kidney. (Chap. 3 The Suburbs and the Clerks) Study on the phenomenon of the masses from the perspective of is the a true story, intellectuals.

Space: suburbia - housing development, suburbia as a place of the masses. Travel: flight from civilisation of established authors like Robert Byron, Graham Green, Evelyn Waugh. Drabble, Margaret. 1979. And Hobbits. A Writer's Britain: Landscape in Literature.

Photographed by Jorge Lewinski. London: Thames Hudson. Epstein-Nor, Deborah. 1991. The Urban Peripatetic: Spectator, Streetwalker, Woman Writer. Nineteenth Century Literature 46.3: 351 - 375.

Frisby, David. 2001. Cityscapes of Modernity: Critical Explorations . Cambridge: Polity Press. Harding, Desmond. 2002. Writing the City: Urban Visions And Literary Modernism . New York: Routledge. Hertel, Kirsten. 1997.

London zwischen Naturalismus und Moderne: Literarische Perspektiven einer Metropole. Heidelberg: Winter. Keating, Peter. 1984. The Metropolis in Literature. In: Anthony Sutcliffe, ed. Metropolis 1890-1940. London: Mansell. 129-145. Kilian, Eveline.

2002. Exploring London. Walking the City - (Re)Writing the City. In: Hartmut Berghoff, Barbara Korte Ralf Schneider, eds. The Making of Modern Tourism: The Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600 to 2000 . London: Palgrave. 267-283. Klotz, Volker. 1969. Die erzählte Stadt: Ein Sujet als Herausforderung des Romans von Lesage bis Döblin.

München: Hanser. Kublitz-Kramer, Maria. 1995. Frauen auf Straßen: Topographien des Begehrens in is the last samurai, Erzähltexten von Gegenwartsautorinnen. München: Fink. Kursbuch Stadt. Stadtleben und Stadtkultur an der Jahrtausendwende. 1999 . Redaktion Stefan Bollmann.

Stuttgart: DVA. Lane, Eric. 1988. The Sensible And Hobbits Essay. A Guide to Literary London. Sawtry, Cambridgeshire: Dedalus. Lefèbvre, Henri. 1972. Die Revolution der Städte. München: List. Lehan, Richard.

1998. The City in Literature: An Intellectual and Cultural History . Berkeley: University of California Press. Mahler, Andreas, ed. 1999. Stadt-Bilder: Allegorie, Mimesis, Imagination . Heidelberg: Winter. Manley, Lawrence. 1995. Literature and Culture in Early Modern London . Cambridge: Cambridge UP.

Marcus, Steven. 1987. Reading the Illegible. Some Modern Representations of Urban Experience. In: William Sharpe Leonard Wallock, eds. Last Samurai. Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art, and Literature. Baltimore London: Johns Hopkins UP. 232-256. Milgram, Stanley. 1970.

Das Erleben der Großstadt: Eine psychologische Analyse. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 1: 142-152. Of The Essay. Müller, Lothar. 1988. Die Großstadt als Ort der Moderne: Über Georg Simmel. In: Klaus R. Scherpe, ed. Die Unwirklichkeit der Städte: Großstadtdarstellung zwischen Moderne und Postmoderne.

Reinbek: Rowohlt. 14-36. Nord, Deborah Epstein. 1991. The Urban Peripatetic: Spectator, Streetwalker, Woman Writer. Nineteenth Century Literature 46.3: 351-375. Nowel, Ingrid. 1998.

London: Biographie einer Weltstadt - Architektur und Kunst, Geschichte und Literatur. Köln: Dumont. Parson, Deborah L. Is The Samurai A True Story. 2000. Streetwalking the Metropolis: Women, the City and Modernity. Oxford: Oxford UP. Pfeil, Elisabeth. 1972.

Großstadtforschung: Entwicklung und gegenwärtiger Stand. Hannover: Jänecke. Pike, Burton. 1981. The Image of the City in Modern Literature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton UP. Punter, David. 1979. Blake's Capital Cities.

In: P. Weston, ed. London in Literature. London: Roehampton Institute. 46-72. Scherpe, Klaus R., ed. 1988. Die Unwirklichkeit der Städte: Großstadtdarstellung zwischen Moderne und Postmoderne. Reinbek: Rowohlt. Sennett, Richard, ed. Mussolini. 1978. Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities . New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Sennet, Richard. 1995. Flesh and is the samurai story, Stone. The Body and the City in Western Civilization . London: Faber Faber. Shaffer, Elinor S., ed. 1996. Spaces: Cities, Gardens and Wilderness . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Sharpe, William 1986. Feminizing the Political, Urban World. Urban Resources . 3.2: 55-57.

Sharpe, William Leonard Wallock. 1987. From 'Great Town' to 'Nonplace Urban Realm': Reading the Modern City. In: William Sharpe und Leonard Wallock, Hgg. Visions of the last samurai a true, Modern City. Essays in History, Art, and The Sensible of Bilbo, Literature.

Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins UP. 1-51. Sharpe, William Leonard Wallock. 1987. From 'Great Town' to 'Nonplace Urban Realm': Reading the Modern City. Last Samurai A True Story. In: William Sharpe Leonard Wallock, eds. Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art, and Literature. Of Bilbo Essay. Baltimore London: Johns Hopkins UP. 1-51.

Sizemore-Wick, Christine. 1989. A Female Vision of the City: London in the Novels of a true story, Five British Women . Knoxville: University of Political Tension in South Sudan, Tennessee Press. Study on the city from a female perspective. City can be entered by women in the 20th century. Provides detailed analysis of novels. Smuda, Manfred, ed.

1992. Die Großstadt als Text . München: Wilhelm Fink. Squier, Susan Merrill, ed. 1984. Women Writers and the City: Essays in Feminist Literary Criticism . Knoxville. University of Tennessee Press. Squier, Susan Merill.

1985. Virginia Woolf and London: The Sexual Politics of the City. Chapel Hill London: The University of North Carolina Press. (Ch. 5 The Carnival and Funeral of Mrs Dalloway's London) Sutcliffe, Anthony, ed. 1984. Metropolis 1890-1940. London: Mansell. A True. Timms, Edward David Kelley, eds. 1985. Unreal City: Urban Experience in Modern European Literature and Art.

Manchester: Manchester UP. Twyning, John. 1998. London Dispossess: Literature and mussolini dictator, Social Space in the Early Modern City. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Voss, Dietmar. 1988. Die Rückkehr der Flanerie: Versuch über ein Schlüsselphänomen der Moderne. In: Klaus R. Scherpe, ed. Die Unwirklichkeit der Städte: Großstadtdarstellung zwischen Moderne und Postmoderne. Reinbek: Rowohlt.

37-60. Weigel, Sigrid. 1990. 'Die Städte sind weiblich und nur als Sieger hold': Zur Funktion des Weiblichen in Gründungsmythen und Städtedarstellungen. In: Sigrid Weigel, ed. Last Samurai Story. Topographien der Geschlechter. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. 149-189.

Weightman, Gavin Steve Humphries. 1984. Psychodynamic Theory. The Making of Modern London, 1815-1914. London: Sidgwick Jackson. Is The Last Story. Weightman, Gavin Steve Humphries. 1984. The Making of Modern London, 1914-1939. London: Sidgwick Jackson. Weinreb, Ben Christopher Hibbert.

1983. The London Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan. Wilson, Elizabeth. 1991. The Sphinx in about Political Tension in South, the City: Urban Life, the Control of Disorder, and Women . London: Virago. Wolff Janet. 1985. The Invisible Flaneuse. Women and the Literature of Modernity.

Theory, Culture and Society 2.3: 37-46. Bausinger, Hermann et al., eds. 1991. Reisekultur: Von der Pilgerfahrt zum modernen Tourismus . München: Beck. Berghoff, Hartmut, Barbara Korte Ralf Schneider, eds. 2002. The Making of Modern Tourism: The Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600 to 2000 . London: Palgrave. Blake, Susan L. 1990. A Woman's Trek: What Difference Does Gender Make? Women's Studies International Forum 13.4: 347-353.

Birkett, Dea. 1989. Spinsters Abroad: Victorian Lady Explorers . Oxford: Blackwell. Black, Jeremy. 1985. The British and the Grand Tour . London: Croom Helm. Blunt, Elison Gillian Rose, eds. 1994. Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies . New York: The Guilford Press. Collection of essays on ethnological and geographical issues. Theoretical background: postcolonial studies, gender studies, discourse theory, and constructivism.

Premiss: the white, middle-class subject constructs other cultures from a privileged and relatively uncritical stance. Female living spaces: social mapping paves the way for social and political orientation, territorial dissociation. Fight against imperialism and gender-specific oppression. Articles on: Mary Kingsley's perspective on landscape, geographical spaces such as Australia, Western Africa, Ireland. Bode, Christoph, ed. 1997. West Meets East: Klassiker der britischen Orient-Reiseliteratur . Heidelberg: Winter.

Brendon, Piers. 1991. Is The Last Samurai A True Story. Thomas Cook: 150 Years of Popular Tourism . Psychodynamic Theory. London: Secker Warburg. Is The Last Samurai. Brenner, Peter J., ed. 1989. Der Reisebericht: Die Entwicklung einer Gattung in and weaknesses, der deutschen Literatur . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Articles on the history of German travel literature.

Introduction considers basic issues: perception of the is the, foreign through patterns of the (kn)own. Perception is influenced by emotions: stimulation, rejection, amazement. Quality of travel experience ranges from dissociation to identification. Change of the German travel report relative to the changes in the philosophical conception of the world (homogeneity or heterogeneity of the world). Brenner, Peter J. Tension And Friction. 1989. Die Erfahrung der Fremde: Zur Entwicklung einer Wahrnehmungsform in der Geschichte des Reiseberichts. In: Peter J. Brenner, ed. Der Reisebericht: Die Entwicklung einer Gattung in is the a true, der deutschen Literatur . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. 14-49. Burkart, Arthur J. Slavoj Medlik.

1974. Psychodynamic Theory. Tourism: Past, Present, and Future . London: Heinemann. Buzard, James. 1993. The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and last a true story, the Ways to Culture, 1800 - 1918 . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Seminal study on the definition and mussolini, history of tourism. Critically assesses the traveller vs. tourist dichotomy . Tourism is approached in a differentiated manner weighing the following aspects: tourism as phenomenon of the masses, processes of stereotyping the foreign, selection and assessment of is the samurai, tourist attractions, alleged authenticity, convenience and enhancement of infrastructure, the hierarchical structure of home culture vs. foreign culture, relaxation and flight from civilisation, democratisation of travelling, antitourism ( off the beaten track ). Textual sources: travel reports, tourist guides, literary texts, documents on economic aspects of tourism. Chard, Chloe. 1999. Pleasure and Urban Legend, Guilt on the Grand Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography 1600-1890 . Is The. Manchester: Manchester UP. Cocker, Mark. 1992. Oedipus Synopsis. Loneliness and Time: British Travel Writing in is the story, the Twentieth Century . London: Secker Warburg. Study exclusively deals with white, middle-class, imperialistic, male authors. Uncritical stylisation of the male traveller as a hero (alleged male characteristics: self-discipline, survival in the face of danger, suppression of emotions, 'the lone wolf', self-sufficiency). Claims travel literature to be factual.

Cocker's arguments are not very well organised, nor up to mussolini the current state of research. Nevertheless, a useful source for male travel reports. Culler, Jonathan. 1988. The Semiotics of Tourism. In: Jonathan Culler, ed. Framing the Sign: Criticism and Its Institutions . Oxford: Blackwell. Last Samurai A True Story. 153-167. Article describes tourism as a semiotic system of stereotypization. Emphasises the fact that tourist attractions and dictator, souvenirs are semiotically communicated, i.e. they are signifiers serving the satisfaction of certain desires. Discusses this representative function of tourism from a Barthesian perspective, sees the availability of is the last, tourism as a commercial product.

Thesis: semiotic processes of tourism turn the world into an accumulation of travel destinations. Oedipus. Dodd, Philip. 1982. The Views of Travellers: Travel writing in is the samurai, the 1930s. Prose Studies 5.1 (Special Issue The Art of oedipus synopsis, Travel: Essays on Travel Writing ): 127-138. Dodd analyses the traveller's/the narrator's attitude towards the travelled places as the most important structural component of the text. In general, the is the a true, attitudes mirror the culturally given standards; personal interests also come into the play: e.g. nostalgic childhood memories ( home tour ), social interests etc. Dodd discusses texts by Greene, Muir, Orwell, Priestley. Foster, Shirley. 1990.

Nineteenth Century Women Tavellers and Their Writings . New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf. The study predominantly deals with female English travellers/travel writers of the 19th century. It is structured according to areas of destination (Italy, North-America, Far East) documenting the psychodynamic strengths, travellers' different attitudes towards the respective countries. Introductory chapter is of fundamental relevance for theories and last a true, histories of Essay in South, female travelling. The following aspects are given detailed treatment: breaking away from social conventions and confining norms, the double bind of the female traveller and her difficulties as a woman due to male prejudice. Female travellers as exceptional women: acquisition of stereotypically male characteristics, emancipated behaviour (positive evaluation, depicted in an almost panegyric manner). Mixture of male and female conventions of writing: topography, economic aspects, male activity vs. female aesthetics of landscape, female living spaces; objectivity, factual information vs. emotionalised information, expression of a true, subjectivity and self-analysis, practising dominance vs. opening up to dictator the foreign culture and showing a readiness to a true story integrate. Foucault, Michel.

1992. Andere Räume. In: Karlheinz Bark et al., eds. Aisthesis: Wahrnehmung heute oder Perspektiven einer anderen Ästhetik . Leipzig: Reclam: 34-46. Oedipus. Foulke, Robert. 1992. Is The A True Story. The Guide Book Industry. In: Michael Kowalewski, ed. Temperamental Journeys: Essays on the Modern Literature of Travel . Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 93-106.

Essay on the genre of the travel-guide: the travel-guide as the sole source for mass-tourists, the best-selling subgenre within travel literature. Nature Essay. Distinction between predominantly factual-informative and other, more personally oriented, guides. Criteria for evaluation: travel-guides have to be up to is the date, affordable, handy, and respectable. Content: sights and practical hints (means of transportation, hotels, restaurants, food, clothing). Early travel handbooks in the 19th century are above all educational ( Grand tour ). Oedipus Synopsis. Three different treatments of Bath demonstrate how travel-guides differ (in terms of selection, representation, or evaluation of the place). Frederick, Bonnie Susan H. McLeod, eds.

1993. Women and the Journey: The Female Travel Experience . Pullman, Washington: Washington State UP. Essay collection on women and travelling. Introduction discusses fundamental issues: women's motivations for travelling (liberation from the confining domestic shelter, transgression of boundaries), special risks for women, self-development, women's difficulties in last samurai story, finding a balance between the demands and conventions of home on the one hand and the freedom of travelling on the other hand. The individual contributions deal with examples of women travellers, focusing on their encounters with women of other ethnicities and questions of sex, race and Sudan, class. Last. The representation of female travelling in literary texts is also considered: the female quest plot seems to allow no happy ending for female characters (either return to restrictive patriarchal structures at home or emigration to a foreign country). Fussell, Paul. 1980. Abroad: British Literary Travelling Between the Wars . Oxford: Oxford UP. Early authoritative text on travel literature. And Weaknesses. Deals exclusively with traditional male travel literature written between the wars (summaries, biographical details).

Authors discussed are: Robert Byron, Norman Douglas, Graham Greene, D.H. Lawrence, Evelyn Waugh. Aspects of analysis: major need to is the last samurai story travel in Urban Essay, post-war society, boom of travel literature, introduction of passports, awareness of national borders. Travel vs. tourism, the latter strongly deprecated. Questionable categorisation of travel periods: exploration (Renaissance), travel (age of the bourgeoisie), tourism (proletarian age). Fussell's study is of rather restricted use for information on is the story, travel literature. Oedipus. Fussell, Paul. Last Samurai Story. 1992.

Travel and the British Literary Imagination of the Twenties and Thirties. Be Critical In Essays. In: Michael Kowalewski, ed. Temperamental Journeys: Essays on the Modern Literature of last story, Travel . Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 71-92. Ghose, Indira.

1998. Women Travellers in Colonial India: The Power of the Female Gaze . Oxford: Oxford UP. Postcolonial-deconstructionist and feminist study on synopsis, India. Ghose's study aims at uncovering ideologies. Shows women as doubly colonised. Women's subversive refusal of the story, colonial discourse, female quest for identity. Questions of ethnic difference and multi-culturalism. Contemplation of the Other serves self-definition (confirmation of the Self through reduction of the Other). The rational subject of European Enlightenment as the standard of evaluation. Textual sources: 19th-century travel literature of British women depicting different images of Indian women. The female perspective of women travellers is influenced by aspects of be critical in essays, race, class and gender.

They seem to have taken over male positions of epistemological superiority, of is the samurai a true story, voyeurs or spies. This is also evident in the description of landscape following the aesthetic conventions of the picturesque. Henderson, Heather. 1992. The Travel Writer and the Text: My Giant Goes with Me Wherever I Go. In: Michael Kowalewski, ed. Temperamental Journeys: Essays on Political, the Modern Literature of Travel . Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 230-240. Henderson demonstrates the intertextuality of travel literature on the basis of several examples.

Literary and cultural influences determined the perception and style of travel writers: stereotypes, prejudices, historical and literary knowledge, former travel reports. Impossibility of a direct access to the reality of the is the samurai a true, travelled country. Subjective experiences of the traveller as another element of dictator, mediating reality. Hindley, Geoffrey. Last A True Story. 1983. Tourists, Travellers, and Pilgrims . London: Hutchinson.

Hunter, Jefferson. 1982. Edwardian Fiction . Strengths And Weaknesses. Cambridge, Ma. London: Harvard UP. Study on the Edwardian novel . Discusses predominantly male authors (only Woolf and Vita Sackville West are mentioned). Is The A True. Key words: Formal aspects (continuity and change). Depiction of social problems.

Best-sellers (do not account for the particular character of the epoch). Travel literature as a means of synopsis, escaping into the exotic. Imperialism. Debate on identity. The English country mansion as a topos. Criticism: Tendency towards superficial judgements. Ingemanson, Brigitta Maria. 1993.

Under Cover: The Paradox of last samurai, Victorian Women's Travel Costume. In: Bonnie Frederick Susan H. Oedipus Synopsis. McLeod, eds. Women and the Journey: The Female Travel Experience . Pullman, Washington: Washington State UP. 5-24. The essay shows how women travellers of the samurai a true story, Victorian and Edwardian period endeavoured to dress and act according to conventional norms of femininity.

This caused considerable difficulties for strengths and weaknesses women: mountaineering with crinoline and Alpenstock . Dressing according to male dress codes was perceived as a loss of identity by last story, most women up to Essay the 20th century. Jost, Herbert. 1989. Selbst-Verwirklichung und Seelensuche: Zur Bedeutung des Reiseberichts im Zeitalter des Massentourismus. In: Peter J. Brenner, ed. Der Reisebericht: Die Entwicklung einer Gattung in der deutschen Literatur . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. 490-507. Kohl, Stephan. 1990.

Travel Literature and the Art of Self-Invention. In: Rüdiger Ahrens, ed. Anglistentag 1989 Würzburg: Proceedings . Tübingen: Niemeyer. Korte, Barbara. 1996. Der englische Reisebericht: Von der Pilgerfahrt bis zur Postmoderne . Darmstadt: WBG. Study on last samurai story, the history of travel literature in England; attempts a systematic description of the genre. Key words: genre hybridity and openness, relation of fact and fiction, narrative components, subject-object relation.

Marginally, Korte also considers travel literature by women authors. Distinguishes different motivations for travelling and different forms of Nature and Hobbits, travel reports: pilgrimage (spiritual salvation), voyages of discovery (trade routes, map-making, exotic merchandise, conquest), expedition (scientific and nautical discoveries), Grand tour (identity formation, sights, sexual adventures), Home tour (getting to samurai know one's own country, questions of Essay Tension in South, national identity and nationalism), subjectivity, experimental forms of travel literature in the 1930s (personal experience, civilisation critique), development of tourism (relaxation, security, comfort, sights), intertextual play with travel reports in postmodernism. Kowalewski, Michael, ed. 1992. Temperamental Journeys: Essays on samurai, the Modern Literature of Travel . Athens: The University of Georgia Press. The contributions to this essay collection are quite heterogeneous with respect to content and quality, they are separately listed and annotated under the names of the respective authors (see Rober Foulke, Heather Henderson, Mary Morris). Legend Of The Kidney. The following aspects are mentioned in the editor's foreword: emphasis of the newly awakened interest in travel literature; hybridity of the genre (mixture of autobiography, journalism, travel guide, confessional literature, and last samurai story, novel); curiosity and desire for independence as travel motivations; subjectivity of travel impressions. Lawrence, Karen L. Nature Of Bilbo. 1994.

Penelope Voyages: Women and Travel in the British Literary Tradition . Cornell: Cornell UP. Last Samurai. Semiotic-psychoanalytic approach to interpreting travel literature and strengths and weaknesses, novels calling upon mythical constructions. Samurai A True. Lawrence asks the hypothetical question: What happens if Penelope no longer waits for Odysseus but begins to travel herself? Thesis: it is the traditional exclusion of women from travelling that brings about the male travel plot. Lawrence argues on the basis of psychoanalytic theorems: Freud's association of the how to be critical, uncanny with the stranger and the mother suggests the male traveller's ambivalent search for last the maternal/original safety. Travelling enabled women to penetrate new spaces, experiencing the tension between the familiar and the strange. The flexibility of the genre of travel literature opened up opportunities for women, even the process of writing became a kind of Essay Tension in South, travel adventure, a breaking away from male (literary) conventions. Lawrence illustrates that the signifier 'travel' can denote various signifieds.

Postulates differences between male and female conventions of writing and behaviour, provides evidence from a number of texts (Mary Kingsley and Sarah Lee among others). Lobsien, Eckhard. 1981. Landschaft in Texten: Zur Geschichte und Phänomenologie der literarischen Beschreibung . Stuttgart: Metzler. Lutwack, Leonard. 1984. Is The Last Samurai Story. The Role of Place in Literature . New York: Syracuse UP. MacCannell, Dean.

1976. [1999] The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class . New York: Schocken Books. Structuralist-semiotic study on oedipus, tourism. MacCannell sees the tourist as a prototype of the modern human being (hunger for adventure, need for leisure time, superficiality). Sights are signifiers to which different signifieds can be assigned; they acquire a representative function. Authenticity of sights is produced and serially reproduced in the souvenir. Process of semantisation: sacrilization, framing and elevation, mechanical reproduction. Wide spectrum of tourist attractions: museums, parks, historical buildings, residential areas (e.g.

Beverley Hills), shipyards, slums, garbage dumps (examples of the negative sides of is the a true story, tourism), ways of transport (tunnels, canals, bridges), business quarters, markets, population groups (e.g. Amish people). Melchett, Sonia 1991. Passionate Quests: Five Modern Women Travellers . London. Heinemann. Mersmann, Arndt. 2000. Novel Topographies: A Spatial Reading of Sybil. In: Joachim Frenk, ed.

Spatial Change in English Literature . Mussolini. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. Disraeli's novel serves as an example for illustrating the new experiences of space created by the possibility of railroad travelling (the account is based on Schivelbusch 1977, see below). Key words: mobility, speed, transportation of is the samurai a true story, goods, communication, overcoming of distances, changes of landscape, gaining knowledge of different social areas. Mills, Sara. 1991. Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing and Colonialism . Oedipus Synopsis. London: Routledge. One of the first studies focusing on is the a true, postcolonial issues from a feminist perspective (see also Ghose 1998). Extensive methodological reflections on oedipus synopsis, the discourse-theoretical approach (Foucault).

Mills emphasises that travelling women should - just as men - be viewed in the context of an imperialist ideology, yet they deal with it differently ( double-voiced discourse ). Mills provides a research report on travel literature and remarks on the previous neglect of is the last samurai a true story, female travellers. There are three case studies: Mary Kingsley, Alexandra David-Neel, Nina Mazuchelli. Morris, Mary. 1992. Women and Journeys: Inner and Outer. In: Michael Kowalewski, ed. Of Bilbo. Temperamental Journeys: Essays on the Modern Literature of Travel . Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 25-32.

Morris characterises female travelling and travel writing from her own perspective. Two types of travel plots are possible for women authors: either waiting for the stranger at home or searching for the strange abroad. Morris discusses women's inclination to enter a dialogic relationship with the is the last samurai a true story, foreign country, to bring in their own perception. Women prefer travelling in company, they are often in need of male protection. On the whole the study draws a somewhat simplistic picture of travelling women. Pelz, Annegret. 1993. Reisen durch die eigene Fremde: Reiseliteratur von Frauen als autobiographische Schriften . Köln: Böhlau. Pfister, Manfred. Strengths. 1993.

Intertextuelles Reisen, oder: Der Reisebericht als Intertext. In: Herbert Foltinek, Wolfgang Riehle Waldemar Zacharasiewicz, eds. Tales and 'their telling difference': Zur Theorie und Geschichte der Narrativik . Festschrift Franz K. Stanzel. Heidelberg: Winter. The article refutes the myth of authenticity and shows the manifold intertextual networks of last samurai a true, travel literature. Typology of intertextuality in travel literature. Repressed and negated intertextuality (blurring of intertextual tracks; search for new, non-verbalised spaces), compiled intertextuality (excerpting travel guides and reports), homage paying intertextuality (visiting cult-places and quoting authorities), dialogic function of Essay about Tension and Friction in South, intertextuality (discussion of former travel traditions). Pfister, Manfred Indira Ghose. Last A True Story. 1996. Still Going Strong: The Loneliness of the Long Distance Traveller in Modern Travel Writing. Journal for the Study of British Culture 3.2: 149-163.

Pratt, Marie Louise. 1992. Mussolini. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation . London: Routledge. Postcolonial approach. Deals with travel literature on South America and Africa 1750-1980. Shows different types of relations between two cultures: co-presence ( contact zone ), dominance of the conqueror's perspective ( colonial frontier ), seemingly innocent stance of the is the last, conqueror ( anti-conquest ), assimilation of the conquered ( autoethnographic ). An imperialistic attitude of conquest can also be expressed within Europe, e.g. How To Be Critical In Essays. through arrogance towards the stranger or through mental appropriation.

Pratt includes rhetorical devices of imperialistic tendencies in travel literature: epithets and similes referring to last samurai the traveller's own country, aesthetisation of landscape according to native categories, elevated position with panoramic view, self-revaluation caused by a joy for The Sensible Nature and Hobbits discovery, exploiting the knowledge of the native guide. Quadflieg, Helga. 2000. Kleine Fluchten: Isabella Bird und ihre Reisen nach Amerika. In: Querelles: Jahrbuch für Frauenforschung 2000. (Vol. 5: Grenzgängerinnen des moralischen Geschlechts ). Stuttgart: Metzler. 110-123. A case study of some of Isabella Bird's travel writings. Illustrates the double bind of the female traveller in the 19th and samurai story, the beginning of the how to be critical in essays, 20th century: tension between conventionality and freedom, affirmation and subversion of existing norms (see also Forster 1990: Frederick, ed.

1991). Last A True Story. Robinson, Jane. 1990. Wayward Women: A Guide to Women Travellers . Oxford: Oxford UP. A bibliography of women's travel writing listing approx. 400 authors. Entries contain brief biographical sketches, key words and synopses. Robinson provides bibliographical access to a comprehensive corpus of texts, and thereby enables further research on female travel literature. Russel, Mary. Nature Of Bilbo And Hobbits Essay. [1986] 1996. Is The Last Samurai A True Story. The Blessings of a Good Thick Skirt: Women Travellers and Their World. London: Flamingo.

Said, Edward. 1983. The Sensible Of Bilbo And Hobbits Essay. Orientalism . New York: Random House. Last A True. Schabert, Ina. 1997. Reisebücher: Die Frau in der Fremde. In: Ina Schabert. Englische Literaturgeschichte aus der Sicht der Geschlechterforschung . Stuttgart: Kröner. 589-597.

Schäffter, Ortfried, ed. 1991. Das Fremde: Erfahrungsmöglichkeiten zwischen Faszination und Bedrohung . Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. Schaff, Barbara. 1999. Gendered Cities: Italienische Städte im Blick britischer Reisender. In: Andreas Mahler, ed. Allegorie, Mimesis, Imagination . Heidelberg: Winter. Dictator. 173-196. Schaff discusses the textuality of cities and their literary representation with respect to the different perspectives of male and female authors/characters. Examples: phallic conception of Florence as cultural space of masculinity (Lawrence), Venice as art-trophy (Ruskin) or as embodiment of the archetypal mother (Byron); Rome as unapproachable (for Dorothea in Middlemarch ), or as a symbol of triumphant conquest (Felicia Hemans).

Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. 1977. Geschichte der Eisenbahnreise. Zur Industrialisierung von Raum und Zeit im 19. Jahrhundert. Samurai Story. Frankfurt/M: Fischer. Authoritative study on travelling by railroad. Focuses on: development of railway traffic in England, on the continent and in North America; the railroad's peculiarities as a means of public transport and merchandise transportation; the be critical, change of the is the samurai, experience of strengths and weaknesses, space and is the, time; economic, social and The Sensible of Bilbo Essay, cultural aspects; Schivelbusch presents a (somewhat one-sided) critique of civilisation (alienation from is the last story, nature).

Schülting, Sabine. 1997. Dictator. Wilde Frauen, Femde Welten: Kolonisierungsgeschichten aus Amerika . Reinbek: Rowohlt. Stannard, Martin. 1982. Debunking the Jungle: The Context of Evelyn Waugh's Travel Books 1930-9. Prose Studies 5.1 (Special Issue The Art of Travel: Essays on Travel Writing ): 105-126. Stevenson, Catherine Barnes. 1982. Victorian Women Travel Writers in is the last samurai a true story, Africa . Boston: Twayne.

Schwarze, Hans-Wilhelm. 1982. Ereignisse, Zeit und Raum, Sprechsituationen in narrativen Texten. In: Hans-Werner Ludwig, ed. Arbeitsbuch Romananalyse: Eine Einführung . Theory. Tübingen: Narr. 145-188. [esp. 170-174] Tinling, Marion.

1989. Woman into the Unknown: A Sourcebook on Women Explorers and Travelers . Last A True. New York: Greenwood Press. Veit, Karin. 1997. Journey and Gender - Diversity of Travel Writing. In: Susanne Fender, ed. Feminist Contributions to the Literary Canon: Setting Standards of Taste . Leviston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press.

107-138. Veit examines gender-specific aspects of synopsis, travelling and a true story, travel writing. Cites examples of women writers blurring the gender boundaries, i.e. exemplary travel texts depicting women who break away from their conventional female role. Examples of gender-specific discourses: the journey of Ella Maillart and Peter Fleming from Peking through the Chinese province Sianking to Cashmere is told in two different texts (1936) representing a female and a male version; further examples are the two journeys to Russia undertaken by Nature, Susan Richards and Christopher Hope at the same time (1990). Veit's analysis confirms gender stereotypes, but also illustrates the double-voiced discourse of female travellers in their writings.

Würzbach, Natascha. 2001. Erzählter Raum: fiktionaler Baustein, kultureller Sinnträger, Ausdruck der Geschlechterordnung. Is The Last Samurai A True. In: Jörg Helbig, ed. Erzählen und Erzähltheorie im 20. Jahrhundert: Festschrift für Wilhelm Füger . How To Be Critical In Essays. Heidelberg: Winter. 105-129. Article covers the state of research on the phenomenon of literary space. Approaches: narratology, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, social geography, structuralism, semiotics of culture, deconstruction, cultural history, and gender studies.

Introduces categories of conceptions and typologies of space. Points of special consideration: semantization of space, reference to the subject, the is the last samurai a true, body, movement in space and its function as a reader's guide. Provides literary examples. Essay collection on the socio-cultural context of modernism. Focuses on Essay, literature and art in their relation to society.

Considers a multitude of is the samurai a true story, aspects: mass culture, literary criticism, poetry, the how to, novel (also: popular fiction), drama, forms of publication, radio, cinema, popular music and fine arts. Felski, Rita. 1995. The Gender of Modernity . Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard UP. Study on gender and modernity, proceeding from is the, cultural theory and cultural history. Considers different discourses: philosophy, history, natural sciences, psychology, sexology, social history, conditions of publication. Focus on one author: Marie Corelli. Harris, Jose. 1994.

Private Lives and Public Spirit: Britain 1870-1914 . Harmondsworth: Penguin. Study proceeding from social history. Key words: demography, family, property, profession, religion, society and state, social theories. Keating, Peter. 1989. Mussolini Dictator. The Haunted Study: A Social History of the English Novel 1875-1914 . London: Secker Warburg. Kern, Stephen. 1983.

The Culture of Time and Space, 1880-1918 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Last Story. Lewis, Jane, Ed. 1986. Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940 . Mussolini Dictator. Oxford: Blackwell. Study on women's social history between 1850 and 1940. Deals with the usual topics: childhood, marriage, motherhood, class differences. Lucas, John. 1997. The Radical Twenties.

Aspects of Writing, Politics and Culture. Nottingham: Five Leaves. Study on samurai, the 1920s as a time of radical change, proceeding from cultural theory. Points out oedipus, several aspects of society and discusses them in terms of their radicality: Effects of is the last, World War I on the public consciousness, socialism, women question, sexual liberation, drugs, music culture (jazz as decadent), dance (dance orgies, modern dance), mass culture (journals). Detailed discussion of novels (also by female authors). McFarlane, Barbara. Psychodynamic Theory Strengths And Weaknesses. 1984. Homes for Heroines. Housing in the Twenties.

In: Making Space. Women and the Man-Made Environment . Is The Story. London: Pluto Press. 26-36. Social history: women-centred housing. Mowat, John Loch. 1955. Britain Between the Wars 1918-1940 . London: Methuen. Nicholls, Peter.

1995. Modernisms. A Literary Guide . London: Macmillan. Study on the time between the two World Wars: the 'Roaring Twenties' and the social consciousness in the 1930s (socialism, marxism, Spanish civil war, pacifism). Further key words: Fashion (the androgynous style of the flapper), architecture and mussolini dictator, mass media. Oldfield, Sybil, ed. Is The A True. 1994. This Working-Day World: Women's Lives and Culture(s) in Britain 1914-1945. London: Taylor Francis. Essay collection on social history.

Centred on women's history, introduces several women's groups. The Sensible And Hobbits Essay. Key words: Divorce laws, motherhood. Women's rights to work between the wars, elementary school teachers. Suffragettes. Pacifist movement. Is The Samurai A True. Fascism. Female artists. Winter, J.M.

1985. The Great War and the British People . Basingstoke London: Macmillan. Demographic study on World War I, proceeding from social history. Key words: war and loss, people's health, standards of living, efforts to increase birthrates, female surplus. The Sensible Nature Of Bilbo And Hobbits. Criticism: the is the last a true, study hardly considers women's situations and perspectives. Study on female experience of the two World Wars. Special focus: women and profession. Restraining of women from working in the time between the wars. Study provides detailed historical evidence: thoroughly investigated. Byles, Joan Montgomery. 1985.

Women's Experience of World War I: Suffragists, Pacifists and psychodynamic strengths and weaknesses, Poets. Women's Studies International Forum 8.5: 473-487. Article on the suffrage movement in the context of World War I. Key words: division - militarist suffragettes vs. pacifist suffragettes. Example: conflict between Emmeline and Sylvia Pankhurst. Textual material: war poetry by women. Samurai. Dyhouse, Carol. 1989. Feminism and the Family in England 1880-1939 . London: Blackwell. Essay Political Sudan. Study on family and marriage from a women-centred perspective. Textual material: basically (auto)biography, but also some novels. Felski, Rita.

1995. The Gender of Modernity . Cambridge, Ma.: Harvard UP. Study on gender and modernity, proceeding from cultural theory and cultural history. Considers different discourses: philosophy, history, natural sciences, psychology, sexology, social history, conditions of publication. Is The Last Samurai A True Story. Focus on one author: Marie Corelli. Gardner, Viv Susan Rutherford, eds. 1992.

The New Woman And Her Sisters: Feminism And Theatre 1850-1914 . Synopsis. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Gardiner, Juliet, ed. 1993. Women's Voices 1880-1918: The New Woman. London: Collins Brown.

Essay collection on literary representations of the a true story, New Woman. Analysis is not limited to the genre of the New Woman novel , covers a wide range of textual examples: poetry, drama, travel literature, letters and other cultural-historical documents. Deals with established and less established writers. Horn, Pamela. 1995. Women in mussolini dictator, the 1920s . Stroud: Alan Sutton Publishing. Last A True Story. Lewis, Jane, ed. 1986. Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940 . Tension In South Sudan. Oxford: Blackwell. Is The Last Samurai Story. Essay collection on women's social history between 1850 and 1940. Deals with the usual topics: childhood, marriage, motherhood, class differences.

McFarlane, Barbara. 1984. Homes for Heroines. Housing in the Twenties. In: Making Space. Oedipus Synopsis. Women and the Man-Made Environment . London: Pluto Press. Is The A True Story. 26-36. In Essays. Social history: women-centred housing. Oldfield, Sybil, ed. 1994.

This Working-Day World: Women's Lives and last samurai a true story, Culture(s) in Britain 1914-1945. How To Be Critical In Essays. London: Taylor Francis. Essay collection on social history. Centred on women's history, introduces several women's groups. Key words: Divorce laws, motherhood. Women's rights to work between the wars, elementary school teachers. Suffragettes. Pacifist movement. Fascism. Female artists. Ouditt, Sharon.

1994. Fighting Forces, Writing Women: Identity and Ideology in the First World War . London New York: Routledge. Study on women and last samurai a true, World War I. Starts out focusing on a description of theory and weaknesses, women at work (medical duty, agricultural work, work in munitions factories). Continues to approach the topic by looking at different texts: magazines, autobiographies and novels (partly popular literature). Literature (fictional and non-fictional) is granted a major role in story, this context. Areas of discussion: images of women: stereotypical Red Cross Nurse (active role of hero, yet female) - the mussolini, ordinary housewife at is the, the home front as angel in the house in war literature. Critical reflection on the war and women's roles in postwar fiction. Image of the mother as a preserver of life. Feminist pacifism. The shock experience of war and Urban Thieves Essay, the temporary allocation of roles as a danger to identity.

Discussion of the story, influence of World War I on society and literature as part of modernism. Bataille, Georges. 1994. Die Erotik , ed. G. Bergfleth. München. Benthien, Claudia. Mussolini Dictator. 1999. Last Samurai A True. Haut: Literaturgeschichte, Körperbilder, Grenzdiskurse . The Sensible Nature Essay. Reinbek b. Hamburg: Rowohlt. Benthien, Claudia Irmela Marei Krüger-Fürhoff, eds. 1999. Über Grenzen: Limitation und Transgression in Literatur und Ästhetik . Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler.

Bordo, Susan. 1993. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body . A True Story. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Breger, Claudia Tobias Döring, eds. 1998. Figuren des/der Dritten: Erkundungen kultureller Zwischenräume . The Sensible Of Bilbo. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity.

New York, London: Routledge. de Lauretis, Teresa. 1990. Eccentric Subjects: Feminist Theory and Historical Consciousness. Feminist Studies 16.1: 115-150. Dollimore, Jonathan. 1992. The Dominant and the Deviant: A Violent Dialectic.

In:ed. Wayne R. Dynes Stephen Donaldson, eds. Homosexual Themes in Literary Studies . New York: Garland. 87-100. Douglas, Mary. [1966] 1984. Purity and is the last samurai, Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo . London, etc.: Ark.

Doyle, Laura. 1994. Bordering on the Body: The Radical Matrix of Modern Fiction and Culture . New York, Oxford: Oxford UP. Durkheim, Emile. [1893] 1996. Über soziale Arbeitsteilung. Studie über die Organisation höherer Gesellschaften. Frankfurt/M. Dreitzel, H.P. 1972.

Die gesellschaftlichen Leiden und das Leiden an der Gesellschaft: Vorstudien zu einer Pathologie des Rollenverhaltens . Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke. Febvre, Lucien. In Essays. 1990. 'Frontière - Wort und Bedeutung. In: Lucien Febvre. Das Gewissen des Historikers . Frankfurt/M. 27-36. Ferguson, Russell, Martha Gever, Trinh T. Minh-ha Cornel West, eds. 1990. Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures. New York: The New Museum of Contemporary Art Cambridge/Mass., London: The MIT Press.

Finke, Laurie. 1986. The Rhetoric of Marginality: Why I Do Feminist Theory. Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 5.2: 251-72. Foucault, Michel. [1963] 1988. Zum Begriff der Übertretung. In: Michel Foucault. Schriften zur Literatur . Frankfurt/M.: Fischer. 69-89. Freud, Sigmund. [1919] 1994.

Das Unheimliche. Is The Last A True. In: Sigmund Freud. Studienausgabe IV, Psychologische Schriften, ed. Alexander Mitscherlich et al. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. 241-274. Gregg, John. 1994. Maurice Blanchot and the Literature of oedipus, Transgression. Princeton/New Jersey: Princeton UP.

Hohnsträter, Dirk. 1999. Im Zwischenraum. Is The Samurai. Ein Lob des Grenzgängers. In: Claudia Benthien Irmela Marei Krüger-Fürhoff, eds.

1999. Über Grenzen: Limitation und Transgression in mussolini dictator, Literatur und Ästhetik . Stuttgart, Weimar: Metzler. 231-244. Jervis, John. 1999. Transgressing the Modern: Explorations in is the last story, the Western Experience of Otherness . Oxford: Blackwell. How To Be Critical. Koschorke, Albrecht. 1990.

Die Geschichte des Horizonts: Grenze und Grenzüberschreitung in literarischen Landschaftsbildern . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Kristeva, Julia. 1980. Is The Samurai A True. Powers of Horror. An Essay on Abjection . New York, London: Routledge. How To In Essays. Sargisson, Lucy. 2000.

Utopian Bodies and the Politics of Transgression. London, etc.: Routledge. Is The Last A True. Shildrick, Margrit, Janet Price. 1999. Openings on the Body: A Critical Introduction. In: Janet Price Margrit Shildrick, eds.

Feminist Theory and the Body: A Reader . New York: Routledge. 1-14. Shildrick, Margrit. 1997. Leaky Bodies and Boundaries. Feminism, Postmodernism and (Bio)Ethics . Mussolini Dictator. London, New York: Routledge. Showalter, Elaine. Last Story. 1985. Feminist Criticism in the Wilderness.

In: Elaine Showalter, ed. The New Feminist Criticism: Essays on Women, Literature and Theory . London: Virago, 243-270. Stallybrass, Peter Allan White, eds. Legend Kidney Thieves Essay. 1986. The Politics and Poetics of is the a true, Transgression . London: Methuen. Stevens, Hugh. 2000. Introduction: Modernism and its Margins. In: Hugh Stevens Caroline Howlett, eds.

Modernist Sexualities . Manchester, New York: Manchester University Press, 1-12. Turner, Victor. 1967. Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period in Rites de Passage . In: Victor Turner. The Forest of Symbols . New York: Cornell UP. Van Gennep, Arnold. [1908] 1960. Psychodynamic Theory Strengths And Weaknesses. The Rites of Passage , trans.

M.B. Vizedom, G.L. Is The Last Samurai A True. Caffee. Chicago: U of Chicago P. Essay Political And Friction Sudan. Weigel, Sigrid. 1990. Rekonstruktion und Relektüre: Die Arbeit von Frauen in der Literaturwissenschaft als Teil weiblicher Kulturkritik. In: Sigrid Weigel.

Topographien der Geschlechter: Kulturgeschichtliche Studien zur Literatur . Reinbek b. Hamburg: Rowohlt. 252-263. Samurai A True Story. Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of 'Sex' . New York London: Routledge. Diprose, Ros. Oedipus. 1994. The Bodies of last samurai a true story, Women: Ethics, Embodiment and Sexual Difference. London: Routledge. Foucault, Michel. 1992.

Sexualität und Wahrheit 1: Der Wille zum Wissen. 6th ed. Essay Political Tension In South Sudan. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Samurai A True. Foucault, Michel. 1994. Überwachen und Strafen: Die Geburt des Gefängnisses . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Foucault, Michel. 1998. Über Hermaphrodismus: Der Fall Barbin , ed. Wolfgang Schäffner Joseph Vogl.

Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Grosz, Elizabeth. 1994. Volatile Bodies: Toward a Corporeal Feminism. Dictator. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana UP. Is The Last A True. Haraway, Donna. The Sensible Of Bilbo Essay. 1991.

The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others. In: L. Grossberg, C. Last Samurai. Nelson, P. Treichler, eds. Cultural Studies. London: Routledge. Herdt, Gilbert, ed. Theory. 1994.

Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History . New York: Zone Books. Horner, Avril Angela Keane. 2000. Body Matters: Feminism, Textuality, Corporeality. Manchester, New York: Manchester UP. Hurley, Kelly. 1996. Is The Last A True. The Gothic Body: Sexuality, Materialism, and Degeneration of the Fin de Siècle. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Jacobus, Mary, Evelyn Fox Keller Sally Shuttleworth, eds.

1990. Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of The Sensible Nature Essay, Science. New York London: Routledge. Laqueur, Thomas. 1992. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud . Cambridge/Mass., London: Harvard UP. Price, Janet Margrit Shildrick, eds. 1999. Feminist Theory and the Body: A Reader . New York: Routledge.

Sargisson, Lucy. 2000. Utopian Bodies and the Politics of Transgression. London, etc.: Routledge. Shildrick, Margrit. 1997. Leaky Bodies and Boundaries: Feminism, Postmodernism, and (Bio)Ethics . London: Routledge. Terry, Jennifer Jacqueline Urla, eds. 1995. Deviant Bodies . Bloomington: Indiana UP.

Brooks, J.A. 1982. Ghosts of London: The East End, City, and North. Norwich: Jarrold. Dinzelbacher, Peter, ed. 1993. Europäische Mentalitätsgeschichte: Hauptthemen in is the last samurai story, Einzeldarstellungen . Stuttgart: Kröner. Essay collection on different experiences of dictator, space from antiquity up to the present. Approach: history of mentality. Key words: experience of space as social, geographic, and is the story, cultural (fields of interest: religion, architecture etc.).

Space and aspects of conquering and opening up (of new rooms). Cyberspace. Foucault, Michel. 1992. Andere Räume. In: Karlheinz Bark et al., eds. Aisthesis: Wahrnehmung heute oder Perspektiven einer anderen Ästhetik . Reclam: Leipzig. 34-46. Article on space and otherness. Essay. Difference between normal and deviant spaces.

Key words: heterotopias (hospitals, psychiatric clinics, prisons. ); spatial symbolism and history of mentality. Frenk, Joachim, ed. 2000. Is The Last A True Story. Spatial Change in English Literature . Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. Aufsatzsammlung. About Political Tension In South Sudan. Mentalitätsgeschichtlich bedingter Wandel von Raumvorstellungen in der englischen Literaturgeschichte. Last Samurai A True. Besonderes Interesse der Postmoderne am Raum (Sozialgeographie, Kolonialismus, Datenflüsse um den Erdball, Cyberspace.) Fryer, Judith. In Essays. 1984. Women and Space. The Flowering of Desire. In: Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies . 187-230.

Study on gendered concepts of space in architecture, housing and is the last story, narrative fiction from the turn of the century up to the 1930s based on social geography. Contains writings on architecture and feminist reform efforts. Kidney Thieves Essay. Grosz, Elizabeth. 1995. Space, Time and Perversion. Last A True Story. Essays on the Politics of Bodies . London: Routledge. (esp.

103-124) Hauser, Susanne. 1990. Der Blick auf die Stadt: Semiotische Untersuchungen zur literarischen Wahrnehmung bis 1910 . Berlin: Dietrich Reimer. Semiotic studies on literary perceptions of urban spaces. Key words: perception of space in general. Basic patterns of the experience of Legend Thieves, city space (multi-stimulation, processes of is the last story, selection. Legend Of The Kidney Thieves Essay. ). Samurai A True. Culturally variable navigation of Nature and Hobbits, perception (closely connected with aspects of value judgements).

Higonnet, Margaret R. Joan Templeton, eds. 1994. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space . Amherst: University of samurai a true story, Mass. Press. Essay collection. Provides different perspectives on the feminist relevance of space: Historical, multi-cultural, metaphorical. Key words: Symbolic representative functions of space in texts. Marginalisation, transgression of boundaries, role of clothing, ghettoisation of feminist literary criticism. Hubrath, Margarete, ed. 2001.

Geschlechterräume: Konstruktionen von gender in Geschichte, Literatur und Alltag . Köln: Böhlau. Be Critical In Essays. Kern, Stephen. 1983. The Culture of Time and Space 1880 1918 . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Study on modernist concepts of time and is the last samurai a true, space.

Documents historical changes of spatial concepts in modernity. Key words: Subjectivity, categorisation according to different ways of perception (visual, acoustic, tactual etc.) Microscopic space. About Political And Friction. Art (cubism, impressionism) and sculpture. Is The A True. Film (rapid change of pictures and scenes). Heterogeneous space. Plurality of stance, multi-perspectivity. Changes of attitude. Space as designable matter (magnetic fields, architecture, artificial lighting). Expansion and reduction of geographical space (expeditions, public and private transport, aviation). Urban spaces. Psychoanalysis (mental rooms of the interior, stream of consciousness).

Kursbuch Stadt. Stadtleben und Stadtkultur an der Jahrtausendwende. 1999 . Redaktion Stefan Bollmann. Stuttgart: DVA. Läpple, Dieter. 1991. Gesellschaftszentriertes Raumkonzept: Zur Überwindung von physikalisch-mathematischen Raumauffassungen in der Gesellschaftsanalyse. In: Martin Wentz, ed. Stadt-Räume . Frankfurt/M.: Campus. 35-46. Theoretical essay on different natures of space: Human-centred concepts of dictator, space vs. scientific concepts of space.

Lefèbvre, Henri. 1972. Die Revolution der Städte. München: List. McFarlane, Barbara. 1984. Homes for Heroines. Housing in the Twenties. In: Making Space.

Women and the Man-Made Environment . London: Pluto Press. 26-36. Social history: women-centred housing. Is The Last A True Story. Nowel, Ingrid. 1998. London: Biographie einer Weltstadt. Architektur und Kunst, Geschichte und Literatur.

Köln: Dumont. Shaffer, Elinor S., ed. 1996. Spaces: Cities, Gardens and Wilderness . Essay And Friction In South. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Is The Samurai A True Story. Sharpe, William 1986. Feminizing the psychodynamic, Urban World. Urban Resources 3.2: 55-57. Samurai A True. Schivelbusch, Wolfgang.

1979. Geschichte der Eisenbahnreise. Zur Industrialisierung von Raum und Zeit im 19. Jahrhundert . Frankfurt/M.: Ullstein. Historical study on space and time in the 19th century related to the development of the railway as a means of oedipus synopsis, travel and transport. Its influence on the perception of space and time. (Germany, England, USA). Sennett, Richard. 1994. Flesh and Stone: The Body and a true story, the City in Western Civilization . New York London: W.W. Norton.

Study on space and bodily experience. Key words: sensory perception, movements, analogies of city and body, allocation of Legend Kidney Essay, meaning to certain areas (public, private etc.), historical change of cities, interior rooms, increasing dimension of the private in interior rooms. Weigel, Sigrid. 1983. Topographien der Geschlechter: Kulturgeschichtliche Studien zur Literatur . Reinbek: Rowohlt. Study on gender topographies and literature.

Cultural-historical approach. Considers space: female allegorization of the city. Weinreb, Ben Christopher Hibbert. 1983. The London Encyclopaedia. London: Macmillan. Collection of essays, proceeding from cultural theory. Social space is defined by rules of behaviour, moral concepts, interests, objectives and class. It is therefore relevant for is the samurai a true story questions of gender identity. Key words: setting and transgression of boundaries; domains of power; imaginary space in literature and utopia.

Bell, David Gill Valentine, eds. 1995. Mapping Desire: Geographies and Sexuality . London: Routledge. Synopsis. Collection of essays, proceeding from social geography. Key words: connection of space and different facets of identity formation (personal, professional and sexual). Last Samurai A True Story. Questions of the Essay, body. Urban spaces. Power relations connected with space. Benko, Georges Ulf Stohmeyer, eds. 1997. Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and last samurai a true story, Postmodernity . Oxford.

Blackwell. Urban Legend Kidney Essay. Collection of essays. Approach: deconstructivist social geography - social space as a linguistic construct to be newly developed over and over by the individual. Key words: Blurring of boundaries between mental and empirical spaces; spatial symbolism (described from a constructivist background and not from the usual arguments of social history or history of mentality). Duncan, Nancy, ed. 1996. Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. Last. London: Routledge. Essay collection on space, gender and sexuality.

Approach: social geography. Key words: territories. Boundaries: blurring of boundaries, transgression of boundaries. Domains of power concerning questions of gender identity and deviation from gender norms. Duncan, Nancy.

1996. Renegotiating Gender and Sexuality in Public and Private Spaces. Nature. In: Nancy Duncan, ed. Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge. 127-145.

Article on is the samurai a true, spaces of home and Essay about in South Sudan, family. Key words: homosexuality (male and female); prostitution. MacDowell, Linda. 1996. Spatializing Feminism. Geographic Perspectives. In: Nancy Duncan, ed.

Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge. 28-44. Article on a feminism and space. Approach: deconstructivist social geography. Key words: socially conditioned and designed space, processes of placement, boundaries, centres and margins, changes of last samurai a true, place and transgression of boundaries, space and identity.

Reference to psychodynamic gender relations. Natter, Wolfgang John Paul Jones III. 1997. Identity, Space, and Other Uncertainties. In: Georges Benko Ulf Stohmeyer, eds. Last Samurai A True Story. Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity . Oxford. Mussolini Dictator. Blackwell. Last Samurai A True. 141-161. Article on the volatile nature of space and identity. Approach.

Deconstructivist social geography. Conception of space adapted from the conception of subject. Constructivity and contingency of discursive concepts as means of social change. How To In Essays. Pfeil, Elisabeth. 1972. Großstadtforschung: Entwicklung und gegenwärtiger Stand. Story. Hannover: Jänecke. Rose, Gillian. 1996.

Masculine Dwelling, Masculine Theory and Feminist Masquerade. In: Nancy Duncan, ed. Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge. 56-74. Article on space and gender.

Approach: Deconstructivist social geography. Urban Kidney Thieves Essay. Space as projection: imagined emotions and actual design of space. Is The Samurai A True Story. Concept of masquerade grounds on Luce Irigaray. Spain, Daphne. 1992. Gendered Spaces . Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Study on space as a relevant factor for status and gender, proceeding from social geography. Gender-specific segregation (architecture, territorization of public spaces) Provides examples from different ethnic cultures.

Authoritative text on spatial symbolism. Key words: archetypical spaces and their meaning in depth psychology: psychological dimension of places like 'house', 'shell' 'box', etc. Universalist allocation of meaning. Barta, Peter I. 1990. About In South Sudan. The Treatment of the Fourth Dimension in the Modernist City Novel. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Is The Last Samurai A True. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the how to, International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. München: iudicum. 310-315. Essay on the modernist city novel . Key words: the fourth dimension, i.e. the representation of space as a major constituent of the integrative textual structure.

Space and identity. Is The Last Samurai. Becker, Claudia. 1990. Zur Interiorisierung der Raumsymbolik in der Literatur der Moderne. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. München: iudicum. 281-287. Study deals with modernist tendencies of internalization: depiction of different spaces of the interior (factual and psychological ones). Berghahn, Daniela. 1988.

Raumdarstellung im englischen Roman der Moderne . Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang. Mussolini. Authoritative text on literary representations of space in the avant-gardist modernist novel. Key words: Subjectivity, integration of space in stream of consciousness; selectivity of perception and representation, processes of fragmentarization, montage as technique to depict space; associative spaces; spatial symbolism; interdisciplinary analogies (literature and art: impressionism, cubism); provides an analysis of Henry James The Ambassadors , Joseph Conrad Nostromo , Ford Madox Ford The Good Soldier , D.H. Lawrence Women in Love , James Joyce Ulysses , E.M. Forster A Passage To India , and Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse . Breuner, Michael. 1991. Hunger for Place: Studien zur Raumdarstellung im London-Roman seit 1940 . Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.

Study on the London Novel after 1940. Key words: literary appropriation of the city. Space and subjectivity: subjective perceptions and formations of space (philosophical basis: see Ströker, psychological basis: see Minkowski). Archetypical aspects of last story, space. Criticism: terminologically imprecise, appears rather essayistic. Essay About And Friction Sudan. Bronfen, Elisabeth. 1986. Der literarische Raum: Eine Untersuchung am Beispiel von Dorothy M. Richardsons Romanzyklus Pilgrimage. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Study on literary space in the work of Dorothy Richardson.

Approach: phenomenological (compare Ströker and is the samurai, Hoffmann) and structuralist (compare Lotman). Key words: subjectivity of spatial perception in streams of be critical, consciousness. Metaphorical space (additional symbolism) vs. space which can be physically entered. Space and identity. Last A True. Spatial textual structures. Drabble, Margaret. 1979. A Writer's Britain: Landscape in be critical in essays, Literature. Photographed by Jorge Lewinski. Samurai A True. London: Thames Hudson.

Ecker, Gisela. Mussolini. 1995. Allegorical Gardens of Desire in Modernity: A Gendered Perspective. In: Susan C. Scott, ed. The Art of Interpreting . University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University. 260-292. Allocations of meaning to the garden based on depth psychology. Gender-specific dimensions of the garden: a place of solitude and expansion of consciousness for women - a place of maternal security for men. Epstein-Nor, Deborah. Last. 1991. The Sensible. The Urban Peripatetic: Spectator, Streetwalker, Woman Writer.

Nineteenth Century Literature 46.3: 351-375. Fludernik, Monika. 1999. Carceral Topography: Spatiality, Liminality and Corporeality in the Literary Prison. Textual Practice 13.1: 43-77.

Article on space and identity. Key words: boundaries; identity formation; spatial symbolism. Provides examples of texts. Füger, Wilhelm. 1984. Streifzüge durch Allotopia: Zur Topographie eines fiktionalen Gestaltungsraums. Anglia 102.3,4: 349-391.

Article on space in the utopian genre. Hillebrand, Bruno von. 1975. Poetischer, philosophischer, mathematischer Raum. In: Alexander Ritter, ed. Landschaft und Raum in der Erzählkunst . Darmstadt: WBG. 417-463. Article on different spaces: geometrical space vs. textual space.

Narratological perspective on spatial representation (narratological background of the 1970s). Is The Last Samurai. Hoffmann, Gerhard. 1978. Raum, Situation, erzählte Wirklichkeit . Poetologische und historische Studien zum englischen und amerikanischen Roman. Essay. Stuttgart: Metzler. Authoritative text on narrative representation of space.

Approach: phenomenological, structuralist and semantic. Key words: different facets of space, i.e. visional space, space of action, atmospheric space (Ströker). Typology of narrated space based on subjectivity and literary devices: curious space, grotesque space, gothic space etc. Allocation of meaning to space. Archetypal space, forms of representation: panoramic space, tableau, scene. Hubrath, Margarete, ed. Last A True Story. 2001. Geschlechterräume: Konstruktionen von gender in Geschichte, Literatur und Alltag . Köln: Böhlau.

Hunt, John Dixon. 1996. Paragone in Paradise: Translating the Garden. In: Elinor S. Shaffer, ed. Spaces: Cities, Gardens and Wilderness . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. 55-70. Article on garden symbolism. Urban. Depicts the garden as a paradox combining nature with culture, preservation of the fleeting and the fragile.

Jäger, Dietrich. 1998. Erzählte Räume. Studien zur Phänomenologie der epischen Geschehensumwelt . Würzburg: Könighausen Naumann. Study on the phenomenology of narrative environments of action. Textual examples (predominantly German, but also some English) are viewed as variants of is the last samurai story, mimesis. About In South Sudan. Criticism: terminology is imprecise and unsystematic, generally not up to the contemporary level of research. Kilian, Eveline. 2002.

Exploring London. Walking the City - (Re)Writing the City. In: Hartmut Berghoff, Barbara Korte Ralf Schneider, eds. The Making of Modern Tourism: The Cultural History of the British Experience, 1600 to 2000 . London: Palgrave. 267-283. Klarer, Mario. 1995. Simultaneity and Gender in Modernist Discourses. In: Near Encounters: Festschrift für Richard Martin . Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang. Interdisciplinary article on the phenomenon of simultaneity and its implications concerning space and gender. Simultaneity as spatially represented in the novel as well as in modernist paintings.

Androgynity as a form of is the samurai a true story, simultaneity. Klein, Holger. 1990. Exploring Place and Space in Drama and in Fiction. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol. 3. München: iudicum. Psychodynamic Theory Strengths And Weaknesses. 174-181. Genre-theoretical essay on the nature of last samurai story, space in drama and fiction. Different spatial representations in dictator, drama and fiction: multi-sensory display of few places on stage vs. linguistic-evocative display of many places in narrative texts. Klotz, Volker.

1969. Die erzählte Stadt: Ein Sujet als Herausforderung des Romans von Lesage bis Döblin. München: Hanser. Kublitz-Kramer, Maria. 1995. Frauen auf Straßen: Topographien des Begehrens in Erzähltexten von Gegenwartsautorinnen. München: Fink. Last Samurai. Lane, Eric. 1988. A Guide to Literary London. Sawtry, Cambridgeshire: Dedalus.

Lutwack, Leonard. 1984. The Role of Place in Literature . New York: Syracuse UP. Study on the role of space in fiction. Legend Essay. Contains multiple aspects of analysis. Key words: literary coining of space (topoi). Genre-specific variants. Space imagery (spatial allegories, spatial symbols). Expansion and movement.

Time and its spatial component. Characterisation through space. Historical and national particularities of space (placelessness in Modernism, wildering in American literature) Provides detailed textual evidence. On the whole rather unsystematic, yet very stimulating. Maatje, Frank C. 1975.

Versuch einer Poetik des Raumes. Last Samurai A True. In: Alexander Ritter, ed. Landschaft und Raum in theory, der Erzählkunst . Darmstadt: WBG. 392-416. Revised article on space (1st version from 1965) providing a summary of the is the last a true, state of discussion at synopsis, the time. Refers to spatial symbolism and the phenomenon of perspective. Mahler, Andreas, ed. 1999. Stadt-Bilder: Allegorie, Mimesis, Imagination . Heidelberg: Winter. Manley, Lawrence. 1995.

Literature and Culture in Early Modern London . Cambridge: Cambridge UP. Marcus, Steven. 1987. Reading the is the story, Illegible. Urban Legend Of The Essay. Some Modern Representations of Urban Experience. In: William Sharpe Leonard Wallock, eds. Visions of the samurai, Modern City: Essays in History, Art, and psychodynamic theory strengths and weaknesses, Literature. Baltimore London: Johns Hopkins UP. 232-256. Mersmann, Arndt. A True. 2000.

Novel Topography: A Spatial Reading of oedipus synopsis, Sybil . In: Joachim Frenk, ed. Spatial Change in English Literature . Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. 147-171. Last Story. Article on the representation of space in mussolini, Sybil. Analysis of the last, particular influence of railway traffic on the perception of space in connection with the narrative structure of the text.

Mitchel, W.J.T. Nature Essay. 1989. Space, Ideology, and Literary Representation. Poetics Today 10.1: 91-102. Article on space in a true story, literature. Functional representation of space: instrument of conveying ideology.

Criticism: argument not quite clear. Pratt, Annis. 1972. Women and Nature in Modern Fiction. Comparative Literature 13: 476-490. Article on space and nature in dictator, modern fiction. Key words: epiphanies in natural settings (especially in novels of last a true, development), gender-specific differences in the perception of oedipus synopsis, nature. Punter, David. 1979. Blake's Capital Cities.

In: P. Weston, ed. London in Literature. Is The Last Samurai. London: Roehampton Institute. 46-72. Reichel, Norbert. 1987. Der erzählte Raum: Zur Verflechtung von sozialem und poetischem Raum in der erzählenden Literatur . Darmstadt: WBG. Study on the intermingling of social and Nature and Hobbits Essay, poetic space. Space as bearer of meaning.

Narrative representations of space are shown in the context of a history of mentality. Ritter, Alexander, ed. 1975. Landschaft und Raum in der Erzählkunst . Darmstadt: WBG. Is The A True. Schaff, Barbara. 1999. Gendered Cities: Italienische Städte im Blick britischer Reisender. In: Andreas Mahler, ed. Stadt-Bilder: Allegorie, Mimesis, Imagination. Heidelberg: Winter. 173-196.

Article on the gendered nature of cities. Key words: linguistic and literary conceptualization of cities with male or female connotations, gender-specific perspectives on cities. Application of gender stereotypes to cities. Sharpe, William Leonard Wallock. 1987. From 'Great Town' to oedipus 'Nonplace Urban Realm': Reading the Modern City. In: William Sharpe Leonard Wallock, eds. Visions of the Modern City: Essays in History, Art, and Literature.

Baltimore London: Johns Hopkins UP. 1-51. Sizemore-Wick, Christine. 1989. A Female Vision of the last story, City: London in the Novels of Five British Women . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Study on the city from Essay Political Sudan, a female perspective. City can be entered by women in is the last a true story, the 20th century. Provides detailed analysis of Nature, novels. Smuda, Manfred, ed. 1992. Die Großstadt als Text . München: Wilhelm Fink.

Squier, Susan Merrill, ed. 1984. Women Writers and the City: Essays in Feminist Literary Criticism . Knoxville. University of Tennessee Press. Stanzel, Franz. Is The Last A True. 1990. Das Niemandsland in der englischen und deutschen Dichtung. In: Roger Bauer et al., eds. Space and Boundaries/Espace et Frontières: Proceedings of the Essay Political in South, XIIth Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association/Actes du XIIe Congrès de l'Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée , Vol.

3. München: iudicum. 219-27. Article on the connecting and separating aspects of a boundary. Example: no-man's land between the trenches during the First World War in German and English literature. Timms, Edward David Kelley, eds. 1985. Unreal City: Urban Experience in Modern European Literature and Art. Manchester: Manchester UP. Turner, James.

1979. The Politics of is the last samurai a true story, Landscape: Rural Scenery and Society in English Poetry 1630-1660 . Oxford: Blackwell. Study on spatial symbolism according to the poetological devices of the oedipus synopsis, 17th century. Social space and literature. Aestheticizing of topography. Methods of symbolizing and allegorizing space. Influence of landscape painting on last samurai a true story, literature in the 17th century. Twyning, John. 1998. Synopsis. London Dispossess: Literature and is the samurai, Social Space in the Early Modern City.

Basingstoke: Macmillan. Weigel, Sigrid. 1990. 'Die Städte sind weiblich und nur als Sieger hold': Zur Funktion des Weiblichen in Gründungsmythen und Städtedarstellungen. In: Sigrid Weigel, ed. Topographien der Geschlechter. And Friction In South Sudan. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. 149-189. Würzbach, Natascha. 2001.

Erzählter Raum: fiktionaler Baustein, kultureller Sinnträger, Ausdruck der Geschlechterordnung. In: Jörg Helbig, ed. Erzählen und Erzähltheorie im 20. Jahrhundert: Festschrift für Wilhelm Füger . Heidelberg: Winter. 105-129.

Article covers the state of research on the phenomenon of literary space. Approaches: narratology, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, social geography, structuralism, semiotics of culture, deconstruction, cultural history, and is the last, gender studies. Introduces categories of conceptions and typologies of space. Points of special consideration: semantization of space, reference to the subject, the body, movement in space and its function as a reader's guide. Political Sudan. Provides literary examples. Würzbach, Natascha. in print. Identitätskonstitution durch Raumerleben in der englischen Erzählliteratur des Modernismus. Article on the theory of subjectivity and identity.

The significance of space and body for the pre-linguistic formation of is the last samurai story, identity. Codes of spatial representation. Gender-specific spatial experience and mussolini dictator, concepts of last a true story, subjectivity in some modernist novels. Article is an example of the notion of text as space. Structure of text and structure of communication: intertextual, historical and psychological (semiotic and Nature of Bilbo Essay, symbolic) references. Kahrmann, Cordula Gunter Reiß, Manfred Schluchter. 1977. Erzähltextanalyse: Eine Einführung in Grundlagen und Verfahren . 2 vols. Kronberg: Athenäum. Study on the interpretation of narrative texts. Representations of space are allocated to different textual levels of a true, communication.

Schwarze, Hans-Wilhelm. 1982. Ereignisse, Zeit und Raum, Sprechsituationen in narrativen Texten. In: Hans-Werner Ludwig, ed. Arbeitsbuch Romananalyse: Eine Einführung . Tübingen: Narr. 145-188. [esp. Urban Legend Of The Kidney. 170-174] Essay collection on last, text analysis. Contains a brief part on the narratological description of space on the grounds of Hoffmann 1978 (see 2.3). Ronen, Rose. 1986.

Space in Fiction. Poetics Today 7: 421-438. Article on the phenomenon of space and about Political Tension in South Sudan, its characteristics in narrative texts. Study is is the last samurai, linguistically backed up. Categorisation of space in its relation to the perceiving and acting character (immediacy), degree of factuality. Mussolini Dictator. Functions of space: public and private, symbolic, means of characterisation. Integration in the spatial overall structure (topographic, semantic). Stanzel, Franz.

1979. Theorie des Erzählens . Göttingen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht. [ch. 5.2] Study on narratology. Samurai A True. Foci: perspectival relation of objects to each other vs. non-perspectival naming of objects. In the 20th century: priority of perspectival representations of space: Subjectivity. Study on and Hobbits Essay, literary space and narratology.

Approach: structuralist/semiotic text analysis (Lotman). Text as a spatial structure. Is The Last. Semantic functions of space: convey conceptions of the world, archetypal notion of verticality and horizontality, distance and closeness, setting and transgressing boundaries. Segmenting function of literary representations of space. Selectivity of representation of space. Depiction of time through space. Generally a universalist notion of space. In Essays. Lotman, Jurij.

1972. Die Struktur literarischer Texte . München: Fink. Theoretical study on the structure of literary texts. Semiotic/structuralist concept of literary space as a model of is the last samurai story, cultural rooms. Universalist allocations of meaning, depiction of oppositional spaces. Sappok, Christian.

1970. Essay Political Tension And Friction In South. Die Bedeutung des Raumes für die Struktur des Erzählwerks . Aufgezeigt an Beispielen aus der polnischen Erzählliteratur . München: Otto Sagner. Structuralist/semiotic approach to space and narrative traditions. Collection of is the last samurai a true, essays, proceeding from cultural theory. Social space is defined by rules of behaviour, moral concepts, interests, objectives and class. It is therefore relevant for questions of gender identity.

Key words: setting and transgression of boundaries; domains of power; imaginary space in literature and utopia. Essay About Political Tension And Friction In South Sudan. Bell, David Gill Valentine, eds. 1995. Is The Samurai. Mapping Desire: Geographies and Sexuality . Mussolini Dictator. London: Routledge. Collection of essays, proceeding from social geography. Key words: connection of space and different facets of identity formation (personal, professional and sexual). Is The Samurai A True Story. Questions of the body. Legend Kidney Essay. Urban spaces. Power relations connected with space. Last A True. Duncan, Nancy, ed. 1996.

Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge. Essay collection on space, gender and sexuality. Approach: social geography. Key words: territories. Boundaries: blurring of boundaries, transgression of boundaries. Essay About Tension Sudan. Domains of power concerning questions of gender identity and last samurai, deviation from gender norms.

Duncan, Nancy. 1996. Legend Kidney Thieves. Renegotiating Gender and Sexuality in Public and Private Spaces. In: Nancy Duncan, ed. Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge. 127-145. Article on spaces of home and family.

Key words: homosexuality (male and is the samurai a true, female); prostitution. Friedman, Susan Stanford. 1996. Spacialization, Narrative Theory, and Virginia Woolf's The Voyage Out . In: Kathy Mezei, ed. Ambiguous Discourse. Feminist Narratology and British Women Writers . Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press. About Political In South Sudan. 109-136. Article is an example of the notion of text as space. Structure of text and structure of communication: intertextual, historical and psychological (semiotic and samurai, symbolic) references. Fryer, Judith.

1984. Women and Space. The Flowering of Nature and Hobbits, Desire. In: Prospects: An Annual of American Cultural Studies . 187-230. Last Samurai Story. Essay on gendered concepts of Nature Essay, space in architecture, housing and narrative fiction from the turn of the century up to the 1930s based on social geography. Contains writings on architecture and feminist reform efforts. Gibson-Graham Julie Kathy.

1997. Postmodern Becomings: From the Space of Form to the Space of Potentiality. In: Georges Benko Ulf Stohmeyer, eds. Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity . Oxford. Blackwell. 306-323. Article on conceptual forms of space from a post-structuralist perspective.

Key words: Chora, identity, patriarchy, capitalism. Remaining question from a gender point of view: Is discursive space volatile enough to be changed more easily than space proper? Higonnet, Margaret R. Joan Templeton, eds. 1994. Reconfigured Spheres: Feminist Explorations of Literary Space . Amherst: University of Mass.

Press. Essay collection. Provides different perspectives on the feminist relevance of space: Historical, multi-cultural, metaphorical. Key words: Symbolic representative functions of space in texts. Last Samurai. Marginalisation, transgression of boundaries, role of clothing, ghettoisation of feminist literary criticism. Pratt, Annis. 1972. Women and Nature in Modern Fiction. Comparative Literature 13: 476-490. Article on space and nature in Nature Essay, modern fiction.

Key words: epiphanies in natural settings (especially in novels of development), gender-specific differences in the perception of nature. Rose, Gillian. 1996. Masculine Dwelling, Masculine Theory and is the last samurai, Feminist Masquerade. How To Be Critical. In: Nancy Duncan, ed.

Bodyspace: Destabilizing Geographies of is the samurai a true, Gender and Sexuality. London: Routledge. 56-74. Article on space and gender. Approach: Deconstructivist social geography. Space as projection: imagined emotions and actual design of space. Concept of masquerade grounds on synopsis, Luce Irigaray. Sizemore-Wick, Christine.

1989. A Female Vision of the is the last samurai a true story, City. Psychodynamic Theory Strengths. London in the Novels of Five British Women . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Study on the city from last samurai a true, a female perspective. City can be entered by oedipus, women in the 20th century. Provides detailed analysis of novels. Spain, Daphne. 1992. Gendered Spaces . Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.

Study on space as a relevant factor for status and gender, proceeding from social geography. Gender-specific segregation (architecture, territorization of public spaces) Provides examples from different ethnic cultures. Weigel, Sigrid. 1983. Topographien der Geschlechter: Kulturgeschichtliche Studien zur Literatur . Reinbek: Rowohlt. Study on gender topographies and literature. Proceeding from cultural history. Considers Space: female allegorization of the city. Philosophical study on space. Phenomenological approach. Had a major influence on the treatment of space in literary criticism.

Compare Hoffmann 1978 (3.3), and others. Last A True Story. Authoritative text on spatial symbolism. Key words: archetypical spaces and oedipus synopsis, their meaning in depth psychology: psychological dimension of places like 'house', 'shell' 'box', etc. Universalistic allocation of meaning. Ecker, Gisela. 1995. Allegorical Gardens of Desire in Modernity: A Gendered Perspective.

In: Susan C. Is The Last. Scott, ed. The Art of Interpreting . Oedipus. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University. 260-292. Is The Last Story. Allocations of meaning to the garden based on depth psychology. Gender-specific dimensions of the garden: a place of oedipus synopsis, solitude and expansion of consciousness for women - a place of is the last samurai a true, maternal security for Political Sudan men.

Erikson, Erik. 1970. Womanhood and Inner Space. In: Identity. Youth and Crisis . London: Faber Faber. 261-294. Article on womanhood and inner space. Psychological approach, supported by evidence from ethnic studies. Last A True. Investigates the play of children as a confirmation of traditional gender differences.

Milgram, Stanley. 1970. Das Erleben der Großstadt: Eine psychologische Analyse. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 1: 142-152. Article on interior space. Approach: psychoanalytical, feminist.

Key words: psychological places of the interior; interpersonal spaces of (human) relationship; psychoanalytical symbolization, space imagery, female subjectivity; Separateness and integrity. Gibson-Graham Julie Kathy. 1997. Postmodern Becomings. From the Space of Form to the Space of oedipus synopsis, Potentiality.

In: Georges Benko Ulf Stohmeyer, eds. Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity . Oxford. Blackwell. Samurai A True Story. 306-323. Article on conceptual forms of space from a post-structuralist perspective. Key words: Chora, identity, patriarchy, capitalism. Remaining question from a gender point of view: Is discursive space volatile enough to be changed more easily than space proper? Gregory, Derek. Essay About Political And Friction In South. 1997.

Lacan and Geography: The Production of Space Revisited. In: Georges Benko Ulf Stohmeyer, eds. Space and Social Theory: Interpreting Modernity and Postmodernity . Oxford. Is The Samurai. Blackwell. 203-234. Article on psychoanalytical space. Key words: bodily experience of Urban Legend of the Essay, space (pre-lingual/premature), experience of space and last samurai a true, formation of identity through entering the mussolini, symbolic order, discursive dependency. Winzen, Matthias. 2000. Hysterisierte Räume. In: Silvia Eibelmayr et al., eds.

Die verletzte Diva: Hysterie, Körper, Technik in samurai a true, der Kunst der 20. Jahrhunderts . Köln: Oktagon. 154-178. Article on space and hystericalization. Foci: paradoxical intermingling of movement and stiffness.

Loss of orientation and expressivity. Sudden removal of subject-object relations in art and photography. Article on textual space. Textual structures are described with help of spatial metaphors (see also Smitten 1981). Smitten, Jeffrey M. Mussolini. Ann Dagistany, eds. 1981.

Spatial Form in Narrative . Ithaca, New York. Study theorizes text as space. Describes textual structures with the help of spatial metaphors. Semiotic studies on literary perceptions of urban spaces. Key words: perception of samurai a true, space in general. The Sensible Nature. Basic patterns of the experience of city space (multi-stimulation, processes of selection. Is The Last Samurai A True Story. ). Culturally variable navigation of perception (closely connected with aspects of value judgements). Jackendoff, Ray Barbara Landau. 1992. Spatial Language and Spatial Cognition. Oedipus Synopsis. In: Language of the Mind: Essays on Mental Represenation . Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

99-124. Article postulates the superiority of the concrete image of an last samurai story perceived object over its verbal representation. Based on cognitive linguistics. Tuan, Yi-Fu. 1974. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Wagener-Wender, Monika. 1993.

Mentale Repräsentation räumlicher Informationen. Bonn: Holos. Essay Tension In South Sudan. Study on space from a perspective of cognitive psychology. Point of interest: cognitive-psychological processes are manifested in the linguistic representation of space. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1966. Champ intellectuel et project créateur. Les Temps Modernes 246: 865-906. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1974.

Zur Soziologie der Symbolischen Formen . Trans. Wolfgang Fietkau. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1982. Die feinen Unterschiede: Kritik der gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1983. The Field of last samurai a true story, Cultural Production, or: The Economic World Reversed.

Poetics 12: 311-56. Bourdieu, Pierre. [1984] 1988. Urban Legend Of The Kidney Thieves. Homo Academicus . Cambridge Polity. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1985. The Genesis of the Concepts of Habitus and of Field . Sociocriticism 2: 11-24. Bourdieu, Pierre.

1996. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature , ed. Last. Randal Johnson. Of The Kidney. Cambridge: Polity Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996. The Rules of Art . Cambridge: Polity. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. La Domination Masculine . Paris: Seuil.

Bürger, Peter. 1986. Adorno, Bourdieu and the sociology of is the last samurai story, literature. Stanford Literary Review : 75-90. Calhoun, Craig, Edward LiPuma Moishe Postone, eds. 1993. Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives . Cambridge: Polity. Dörner, Andreas Ludgera Vogt.

1990. Kultursoziologie (Bourdieu - Mentalitätengeschichte - Zivilisationstheorie). In: Klaus Michael Bogdal, ed. Neue Literaturtheorien . Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag. 131-153.

Dubois, Jaques. 2000. Pierre Bourdieu and Literature. SubStance 93: 84-102. Eder, Klaus, ed. 1989. Klassenlage, Lebensstil und kulturelle Praxis: Beiträge zur Auseinandersetzung mit Pierre Bourdieus Klassentheorie . Psychodynamic. Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Fischer, Ludwig Klaas Jarchow. 1987.

Die soziale Logik der Felder und das Feld der Literatur. Sprache im technischen Zeitalter 25: 164-172. An introductory essay to a whole issue on Bourdieu's sociology of culture in which the authors clarify and last story, defend Bourdieu's key terminology - especially the concepts of field and habitus. Fowler, Bridget. 1997. Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Theory: Critical Investigations . Of The Kidney Thieves Essay. London: Sage. A very perceptive and insightful study of is the last a true story, Bourdieu's writings on Urban Legend of the Kidney, the cultural field with a special emphasis on literature.

She even offers a gender-related discussion of a true, modernist British literature from a Bourdieusian perspective (chapter 6) which unfortunately remains somewhat superficial and does not reflect the latest research in this area. This partly has to do with the fact that Fowler is more interested in revaluating 'middlebrow' women's writing than in oedipus synopsis, a discussion of is the last samurai a true story, neglected modernist women writers. Fowler Bridget, ed. Of Bilbo And Hobbits. 2000. Reading Bourdieu on Society and Culture . Is The Last A True. Oxford: Blackwell. Garnham, Nicholas Raymond Williams.

1980. P. Bourdieu and the Sociology of Culture: An Introduction. Media, Culture and Society 2: 209-223. Gebauer, Gunter. 1994. Bourdieus Hermeneutik. lendemains 75/76: 27-40. Gebauer, Gunter Christoph Wulf, eds. 1993. Praxis und Ästhetik: Neue Perspektiven im Denken Pierre Bourdieus . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Harker, Richard et. al., eds.

1990. An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice of Theory. Basingstoke: Macmillan. Honneth, Axel. 1984.

Die zerrissene Welt der symbolischen Formen: Zum kultursoziologischen Werk Pierre Bourdieus. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 36: 147-164. Jarchow, Klaas Hans-Gerd Winter. 1993. Pierre Bourdieus Kultursoziologie als Herausforderung der Literaturwissenschaft. In: Gunter Gebauer Christoph Wulf, eds.

Praxis und Ästhetik: Neue Perspektiven im Denken Pierre Bourdieus . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Mussolini Dictator. 93-134. Jenkins, Richard. 1992. Pierre Bourdieu . London New York: Routledge. Jurt, Joseph. A True Story. 1979. Für eine Rezeptionssoziologie. RZLG 3: 214-231. Jurt, Joseph.

1994. Für eine Wissenschaft der Genese kultureller Werke: Versuch einer Rekonstruktion des literatursoziologischen Ansatzes von Pierre Bourdieu in Les règles de l'art . Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 231: 319-347. Dictator. Jurt, Joseph. 1995. Das literarische Feld: Das Konzept Pierre Bourdieus in Theorie undPraxis . Darmstadt: WBG. Jurt, Joseph. 1997. Bourdieus Analyse des literarischen Feldes oder der Universalitätsanspruch des sozialwissenschaftlichen Ansatzes. Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 22.2: 152-180. Jurt offers a defense of Bourdieu's concept of the (literary) field against critics who regard it as too economically oriented and as interactionist.

Instead he conceives of the model as constructivist, offering a wide range of inderdisciplinary possibilies. Moreover, he points out that it enables both a synchronic and is the last story, a diachronic analysis of the structure of the production, publication, and reception of literature. Jurt, Joseph. Synopsis. 2000. Pierre Bourdieus Theorie des Literarischen Feldes. In: Derek Robbins, ed. Pierre Bourdieu , vol.

2. London etc.: Sage. A True. 117-147. Lane, Jeremy F. 2000. Pierre Bourdieu: A Critical Introduction . London: Pluto Press. McClean, Ian. The Sensible Essay. 1993. Bourdieu's field of cultural production. French Cultural Studies 4.3: 241-251. Moi, Toril.

1991. Appropriating Bourdieu: Feminist Theory and Pierre Bourdieu's Sociology of Culture. New Literary History 22: 1017-1049. Moi, Toril. 1997. Last. The Challenge of the oedipus synopsis, Particular Case: Bourdieu's Sociology of Culture and Literary Criticism. Modern Language Quarterly 58.4: 497-508. Paulson, William. 1997. The Market of Printed Goods: On Bourdieu's Rules. Modern Language Quarterly 58.4: 399-415.

Pinto, Louis. 1996. Last Samurai. The Theory of Fields and the Sociology of Literature: Reflections on The Sensible Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, the Work of Pierre Bourdieu. International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 33.2: 171-86. Pinto, Louis Franz Schultheis, eds.

1997. Streifzüge durch das literarische Feld: Texte von Pierre Bourdieu, Christophe Charle, Mouloud Mammeri, Jean-Michel Péru, Michael Pollak, Anne-Marie Thiesse . Konstanz: Universitätsverlag Konstanz. van Rees, Cees J. 1983a. Advances in the Empirical Sociology of Literature and the Arts: The Institutional Approach. Poetics 12: 285-310. van Rees, Cees J. 1983b. How a Literary Work Becomes a Masterpiece: On the Threefold Selection Practised by Literary Criticism. Poetics 12: 397-417. van Rees, Cees J. 1987. How reviewers reach consensus on the value of literary works.

Poetics 16: 275-94. Samurai Story. van Rees, Cees J. 1989. Mussolini. The Institutional Foundation of a Critic's Connoisseurship. Poetics 18: 179-98. Robbins, Derek. 1991. The Work of Pierre Bourdieu: Recognizing Society . Milton Keynes: Open University.

A short and at times rather simplistic survey of Bourdieu's work in chronological order designed as an introduction for a true students. Robbins covers Bourdieu's major publications from Sociology d'Algerie to La Noblesse d'Etat , but only how to be critical in essays, marginally touches on his literary sociological works. Robbins, Derek. 2000. Bourdieu and Culture. London etc: Sage.

de Saint Martin, Monique. 1990. Les 'femmes écrivains et le champ littéraire. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 83: 52-56. Is The A True. Schwingel, Markus. 1993. The Sensible Nature And Hobbits Essay. Analytik der Kämpfe: Macht und Herrschaft in der Soziologie Bourdieus . Hamburg: Argument Verlag.

Schwingel, Markus. 1997. Kunst, Kultur und Kampf um Anerkennung: Die Literatur- und Kunstsoziologie Pierre Bourdieus in ihrem Verhältnis zur Erkenntnis- und Kultursoziologie. Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der Deutschen Literatur 22.2: 109-151. A useful overview of the central aspects of Bourdieu's sociology of culture. Schwingel shows in how far the concepts of the field and habitus are the essential building blocks of an extensive model not only of the sociology of culture but, ultimately, of a genereal sociology. Shiagh, Morag.

1993. 'Cultural studies' and the work of Pierre Bourdieu. French Cultural Studies 4.3: 213-223. Verdaasdonk, Hugo. 1989. Is The Last. Literary Magazines as Media for Publishing Literary Texts. Mussolini. Poetics 18: 215-32. Assmann, Aleida Jan Assmann. 1987. Kanon und Zensur als kultursoziologische Kategorien. In: Aleida Assmann Jan Assmann, eds. Kanon und Zensur: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation II . München: Fink.

7-27. Bradbury, Malcolm. 1971. The Social Context of Modern English Literature . Oxford: Blackwell. Bürger, Peter. Is The Last Samurai A True Story. 1974. Theorie der Avantgarde . Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. [ Theory of the Avant-Garde . Trans. Michael Shaw. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1984] Bürger, Peter. 1985/1986. The Institution of 'Art' as a Category in the Sociology of in essays, Literature.

Cultural Critique 2: 5-33. Bürger, Peter, ed. 1978. Seminar: Kunst- und Literatursoziologie . Franfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Cultural Studies 4. 1973. (Special issue on Literature/society: mapping the field) Desan, Phillippe, Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson Wendy Griswold, eds. 1989.

Literature and Social Practice . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fügen, Hans Norbert. 1966. Samurai A True. Die Hauptrichtungen der Literatursoziologie . Bonn: Bouvier. Gaiser, Gottlieb. 1983. Zur Empirisierung des Kanonbegriffs.

SPIEL 2: 123-35. Gaiser, Gottlieb. Essay Political Tension And Friction In South. 1993. Literaturgeschichte und literarische Institutionen: Zu einer Pragmatik der Literatur . Meitingen: Verlag Literatur + Wissenschaft. Gedin, Per. Last A True Story. 1977. Literature in the Marketplace . London: Faber. Griswold, Wendy.

1987. The Fabrication of Meaning: Literary Interpretation in the United States, Great Britain, and the West Indies. American Journal of Sociology 92: 1077-1117. von Hallberg, Robert, ed. 1984. How To In Essays. Canons . Chicago: Chicago UP. Lepenies, Wolf.

1985. Die drei Kulturen: Soziologie zwischen Literatur und Wissenschaft . München: Hanser. Poggioli, Renato. 1968. The Theory of the Avant-Garde . Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP. Rogers, Mary F. 1991. Novels, Novelists, and Readers: Toward a Phenomenological Sociology of Literature . Albany: State University of New York Press. Sanders, Hans. 1981.

Institution Literatur und Roman: Zur Rekonstruktion der Literatursoziologie . Is The. Franfurt/M.: Suhrkamp. Scharfschwerdt, Jürgen. 1977. Grundprobleme der Literatursoziologie: Ein wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Überblick . Stuttgart etc.: Kohlhammer. Schenck, Celeste M. 1989. Exiled by Genre: Modernism, Canonicity, and the Politics of Exclusion. In: Mary Lynn Broe Angela Ingram, eds.

Women's Writing in strengths and weaknesses, Exile . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 226-250. Viala, Alain. 1988. Prismatic Effects. Critical Inquiry 14: 563-573. Voßkamp, Wilhelm. 1977.

Gattungen als literarisch-soziale Institutionen: Zu Problemen sozial- und funktionsgeschichtlich orientierter Gattungstheorie und -historie. In: Walter Hinck, ed. Textsortenlehre - Gattungsgeschichte . Heidelberg: Winter. 27-44. Is The Last. Wasserstrom, William. 1962. T.S. Eliot and The Dial . Oedipus. Sewanee Review 70.1: 81-92.

Wolff, Janet. Is The Last Samurai Story. [1981] 1993. The Social Production of Art . London: Macmillan.

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No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering. Of all the monsters that fill the nightmares of our folklore, none terrify more than werewolves, because they transform unexpectedly from the familiar into horrors. For these, one seeks bullets of silver that can magically lay them to rest. The familiar software project, at least as seen by the nontechnical manager, has something of last this character; it is usually innocent and straightforward, but is capable of becoming a monster of missed schedules, blown budgets, and flawed products. So we hear desperate cries for a silver bullet--something to oedipus synopsis, make software costs drop as rapidly as computer hardware costs do. But, as we look to is the last story, the horizon of The Sensible of Bilbo a decade hence, we see no silver bullet. Is The Last! There is no single development, in and weaknesses, either technology or in management technique, that by itself promises even one order-of-magnitude improvement in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity. In this article, I shall try to is the last a true story, show why, by oedipus synopsis, examining both the nature of the software problem and the properties of the bullets proposed. Skepticism is is the last samurai, not pessimism, however.

Although we see no startling breakthroughs--and indeed, I believe such to be inconsistent with the nature of software--many encouraging innovations are under way. In Essays! A disciplined, consistent effort to develop, propagate, and exploit these innovations should indeed yield an order-of-magnitude improvement. There is no royal road, but there is is the last samurai, a road. The first step toward the management of disease was replacement of demon theories and humours theories by the germ theory. That very step, the beginning of hope, in itself dashed all hopes of magical solutions. It told workers that progress would be made stepwise, at great effort, and that a persistent, unremitting care would have to theory, be paid to a discipline of cleanliness. So it is is the samurai, with software engineering today. Does It Have to Be Hard?--Essential Difficulties. First, one must observe that the anomaly is not that software progress is so slow, but that computer hardware progress is so fast.

No other technology since civilization began has seen six orders of be critical magnitude in performance price gain in 30 years. In no other technology can one choose to take the gain in either improved performance or in reduced costs. A True! These gains flow from the and weaknesses, transformation of computer manufacture from an assembly industry into a process industry. Second, to see what rate of progress one can expect in last samurai, software technology, let us examine the difficulties of that technology. Following Aristotle, I divide them into essence , the difficulties inherent in the nature of software, and accidents , those difficulties that today attend its production but are not inherent. The essence of Essay in South a software entity is a construct of interlocking concepts: data sets, relationships among data items, algorithms, and invocations of last samurai functions. This essence is abstract in The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay, that such a conceptual construct is the same under many different representations. It is nonetheless highly precise and richly detailed.

I believe the hard part of building software to be the specification, design, and last a true story, testing of this conceptual construct, not the labor of representing it and testing the fidelity of the representation . We still make syntax errors, to Essay Political Tension and Friction, be sure; but they are fuzz compared with the conceptual errors in most systems. If this is is the last samurai a true, true, building software will always be hard. Legend Kidney Essay! There is inherently no silver bullet. Let us consider the inherent properties of this irreducible essence of modern software systems: complexity, conformity, changeability, and invisibility. Complexity. Last Samurai Story! Software entities are more complex for Nature of Bilbo Essay, their size than perhaps any other human construct because no two parts are alike (at least above the statement level). If they are, we make the two similar parts into a subroutine--open or closed. In this respect, software systems differ profoundly from computers, buildings, or automobiles, where repeated elements abound. Digital computers are themselves more complex than most things people build: They have very large numbers of states.

This makes conceiving, describing, and testing them hard. Software systems have orders-of-magnitude more states than computers do. Likewise, a scaling-up of a software entity is not merely a repetition of the same elements in is the last samurai story, larger sizes, it is oedipus synopsis, necessarily an increase in the number of different elements. Is The Last! In most cases, the elements interact with each other in some nonlinear fashion, and Essay about Tension and Friction in South, the complexity of the whole increases much more than linearly. The complexity of software is an essential property, not an accidental one. Hence, descriptions of a software entity that abstract away its complexity often abstract away its essence. For three centuries, mathematics and the physical sciences made great strides by is the samurai a true story, constructing simplified models of how to be critical in essays complex phenomena, deriving properties from the models, and verifying those properties by experiment.

This paradigm worked because the complexities ignored in the models were not the essential properties of the phenomena. It does not work when the is the last samurai a true story, complexities are the essence. Many of the theory strengths and weaknesses, classic problems of developing software products derive from this essential complexity and its nonlinear increases with size. Is The Samurai Story! From the complexity comes the difficulty of communication among team members, which leads to product flaws, cost overruns, schedule delays. From the synopsis, complexity comes the difficulty of enumerating, much less understanding, all the possible states of the program, and last samurai story, from that comes the unreliability. Psychodynamic Theory And Weaknesses! From complexity of function comes the difficulty of samurai a true invoking function, which makes programs hard to how to in essays, use.

From complexity of structure comes the difficulty of extending programs to new functions without creating side effects. From complexity of structure come the unvisualized states that constitute security trapdoors. Not only last samurai story, technical problems, but management problems as well come from the complexity. It makes overview hard, thus impeding conceptual integrity. Nature And Hobbits! It makes it hard to find and samurai, control all the loose ends. It creates the tremendous learning and understanding burden that makes personnel turnover a disaster.

Conformity. Oedipus! Software people are not alone in facing complexity. Physics deals with terribly complex objects even at the fundamental particle level. The physicist labors on, however, in a firm faith that there are unifying principles to be found, whether in quarks or in unifiedfield theories. Einstein argued that there must be simplified explanations of nature, because God is not capricious or arbitrary. No such faith comforts the software engineer. Much of the complexity that he must master is arbitrary complexity, forced without rhyme or reason by samurai, the many human institutions and systems to which his interfaces must conform. Nature Essay! These differ from interface to interface, and from time to time, not because of necessity but only because they were designed by different people, rather than by God. In many cases, the software must conform because it is the most recent arrival on the scene.

In others, it must conform because it is perceived as the most conformable. But in all cases, much complexity comes from conformation to other interfaces; this complexity cannot be simplified out by any redesign of the software alone. Changeability. Story! The software entity is constantly subject to Essay Tension and Friction in South Sudan, pressures for change. Is The Story! Of course, so are buildings, cars, computers. But manufactured things are infrequently changed after manufacture; they are superseded by later models, or essential changes are incorporated into later-serial-number copies of the same basic design. Call-backs of The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay automobiles are really quite infrequent; field changes of computers somewhat less so.

Both are much less frequent than modifications to fielded software. In part, this is so because the software of a system embodies its function, and the function is the part that most feels the pressures of change. A True Story! In part it is because software can be changed more easily--it is pure thought-stuff, infinitely malleable. Buildings do in fact get changed, but the high costs of The Sensible Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay change, understood by all, serve to dampen the whims of the changers. All successful software gets changed. Two processes are at last samurai a true story, work.

First, as a software product is found to be useful, people try it in oedipus synopsis, new cases at the edge of or beyond the original domain. The pressures for extended function come chiefly from users who like the basic function and invent new uses for it. Second, successful software survives beyond the normal life of the machine vehicle for which it is first written. If not new computers, then at least new disks, new displays, new printers come along; and the software must be conformed to its new vehicles of opportunity. In short, the software product is embedded in a cultural matrix of applications, users, laws, and machine vehicles. These all change continually, and their changes inexorably force change upon the software product. Invisibility. Software is invisible and unvisualizable. Geometric abstractions are powerful tools.

The floor plan of a building helps both architect and client evaluate spaces, traffic flows, views. Contradictions and omissions become obvious. Scale drawings of samurai story mechanical parts and stick-figure models of molecules, although abstractions, serve the of Bilbo Essay, same purpose. A geometric reality is is the samurai, captured in a geometric abstraction. The reality of software is not inherently embedded in space. Hence, it has no ready geometric representation in the way that land has maps, silicon chips have diagrams, computers have connectivity schematics. As soon as we attempt to diagram software structure, we find it to synopsis, constitute not one, but several, general directed graphs superimposed one upon another. The several graphs may represent the flow of is the samurai control, the flow of data, patterns of dependency, time sequence, name-space relationships.

These graphs are usually not even planar, much less hierarchical. Indeed, one of the ways of establishing conceptual control over such structure is to enforce link cutting until one or more of the graphs becomes hierarchical. Urban Legend Thieves Essay! [1] In spite of progress in restricting and samurai a true story, simplifying the structures of software, they remain inherently unvisualizable, and thus do not permit the mind to use some of Urban of the its most powerful conceptual tools. This lack not only impedes the process of design within one mind, it severely hinders communication among minds. Past Breakthroughs Solved Accidental Difficulties. High-level languages. Surely the is the a true, most powerful stroke for software productivity, reliability, and psychodynamic strengths and weaknesses, simplicity has been the progressive use of high-level languages for programming. Most observers credit that development with at is the last, least a factor of five in productivity, and Legend of the Kidney Essay, with concomitant gains in reliability, simplicity, and comprehensibility. What does a high-level language accomplish? It frees a program from much of its accidental complexity.

An abstract program consists of conceptual constructs: operations, data types, sequences, and communication. The concrete machine program is is the last story, concerned with bits, registers, conditions, branches, channels, disks, and such. To the extent that the high-level language embodies the about Political Tension, constructs one wants in the abstract program and avoids all lower ones, it eliminates a whole level of complexity that was never inherent in the program at all. The most a high-level language can do is to is the story, furnish all the psychodynamic theory strengths, constructs that the programmer imagines in the abstract program. To be sure, the level of our thinking about data structures, data types, and operations is steadily rising, but at an ever decreasing rate. And language development approaches closer and closer to the sophistication of users.

Moreover, at some point the elaboration of a high-level language creates a tool-mastery burden that increases, not reduces, the intellectual task of the is the last a true story, user who rarely uses the esoteric constructs. Time-sharing . Time-sharing brought a major improvement in the productivity of programmers and in the quality of their product, although not so large as that brought by high-level languages. Time-sharing attacks a quite different difficulty. Time-sharing preserves immediacy, and hence enables one to maintain an theory overview of complexity. The slow turnaround of batch programming means that one inevitably forgets the minutiae, if not the a true story, very thrust, of and Hobbits what one was thinking when he stopped programming and called for compilation and execution. This interruption is costly in time, for one must refresh one's memory. The most serious effect may well be the decay of the grasp of all that is going on in a complex system. Slow turnaround, like machine-language complexities, is an accidental rather than an essential difficulty of the software process.

The limits of the potential contribution of is the last samurai time-sharing derive directly. The principal effect of timesharing is to shorten system response time. As this response time goes to zero, at some point it passes the be critical, human threshold of noticeability, about is the samurai a true story 100 milliseconds. Beyond that threshold, no benefits are to be expected. Unified programming environments. Unix and Interlisp, the first integrated programming environments to come into be critical in essays, widespread use, seem to have improved productivity by integral factors. Why? They attack the accidental difficulties that result from is the last samurai story, using individual programs together, by providing integrated libraries, unified file formats, and pipes and how to be critical in essays, filters. Is The Samurai Story! As a result, conceptual structures that in principle could always call, feed, and of the Thieves Essay, use one another can indeed easily do so in practice. This breakthrough in turn stimulated the development of whole toolbenches, since each new tool could be applied to any programs that used the standard formats.

Because of these successes, environments are the last samurai, subject of much of today's software-engineering research. We look at Essay about Political Tension Sudan, their promise and limitations in the next section. Ada and other high-level language advances. Is The Last Samurai A True! One of the most touted recent developments is Ada, a general-purpose high-level language of the 1980's. Ada not only reflects evolutionary improvements in language concepts, but indeed embodies features to encourage modern design and modularization. Perhaps the Ada philosophy is more of an advance than the Ada language, for it is the philosophy of modularization, of Tension and Friction in South abstract data types, of hierarchical structuring. Ada is over-rich, a natural result of the process by which requirements were laid on is the samurai a true story its design. That is not fatal, for subsetted working vocabularies can solve the learning problem, and hardware advances will give us the cheap MIPS to pay for the compiling costs. Urban Legend Kidney! Advancing the structuring of software systems is indeed a very good use for the increased MIPS our dollars will buy. Operating systems, loudly decried in the 1960's for their memory and cycle costs, have proved to be an excellent form in which to use some of the MIPS and cheap memory bytes of the past hardware surge. Nevertheless, Ada will not prove to be the silver bullet that slays the software productivity monster.

It is, after all, just another high-level language, and the biggest payoff from such languages came from the first transition -- the transition up from the accidental complexities of the is the samurai, machine into mussolini dictator, the more abstract statement of is the last samurai step-by-step solutions. Once those accidents have been removed, the remaining ones will be smaller, and the payoff from their removal will surely be less. I predict that a decade from now, when the oedipus synopsis, effectiveness of Ada is samurai a true, assessed, it will be seen to have made a substantial difference, but not because of any particular language feature, nor indeed because of Essay about Political Sudan all of them combined. Neither will the new Ada environments prove to be the cause of the improvements. Last Samurai A True Story! Ada's greatest contribution will be that switching to oedipus, it occasioned training programmers in modern software-design techniques. Object-oriented programming. Many students of the last samurai a true story, art hold out more hope for object-oriented programming than for any of the mussolini dictator, other technical fads of the day. [2] I am among them. Mark Sherman of Dartmouth notes on CSnet News that one must be careful to distinguish two separate ideas that go under that name: abstract data types and hierarchical types . The concept of the abstract data type is that an object's type should be defined by is the last samurai, a name, a set of proper values, and a set of proper operations rather than by its storage structure, which should be hidden. Examples are Ada packages (with private types) and Modula's modules. Hierarchical types, such as Simula-67's classes, allow one to mussolini dictator, define general interfaces that can be further refined by providing subordinate types.

The two concepts are orthogonal_one may have hierarchies without hiding and hiding without hierarchies. Both concepts represent real advances in the art of building software. Each removes yet another accidental difficulty from the process, allowing the designer to express the last a true, essence of the design without having to oedipus, express large amounts of last samurai syntactic material that add no information content. For both abstract types and hierarchical types, the result is to remove a higher-order kind of accidental difficulty and allow a higher-order expression of design. Nevertheless, such advances can do no more than to remove all the accidental difficulties from the expression of the oedipus synopsis, design. Is The Samurai A True Story! The complexity of the design itself is essential, and such attacks make no change whatever in that. An order-of-magnitude gain can be made by object-oriented programming only if the unnecessary type-specification underbrush still in our programming language is itself nine-tenths of the work involved in designing a program product. I doubt it. Artificial intelligence. Many people expect advances in artificial intelligence to provide the revolutionary breakthrough that will give order-of-magnitude gains in software productivity and quality. [3] I do not.

To see why, we must dissect what is meant by artificial intelligence. D.L. Parnas has clarified the Urban Kidney Essay, terminological chaos: [4] Two quite different definitions of AI are in common use today. AI-1: The use of computers to solve problems that previously could only be solved by applying human intelligence.

Al-2: The use of a specific set of is the last programming techniques known as heuristic or rule-based programming. In this approach human experts are studied to psychodynamic theory, determine what heuristics or rules of thumb they use in solving problems. The program is designed to solve a problem the way that humans seem to solve it. The first definition has a sliding meaning. Is The Samurai! Something can fit the definition of Nature of Bilbo Essay Al-1 today but, once we see how the is the samurai a true, program works and understand the problem, we will not think of about Political in South Sudan it as Al any more. Unfortunately I cannot identify a body of technology that is unique to this field. Most of the work is problem-specific, and some abstraction or creativity is required to see how to transfer it. I agree completely with this critique. The techniques used for speech recognition seem to have little in common with those used for image recognition, and both are different from those used in expert systems. I have a hard time seeing how image recognition, for example, will make any appreciable difference in programming practice. The same problem is true of last story speech recognition.

The hard thing about building software is Essay Political Tension in South, deciding what one wants to say, not saying it. Samurai A True! No facilitation of expression can give more than marginal gains. Expert-systems technology, AI-2, deserves a section of its own. Expert systems. The most advanced part of the artificial intelligence art, and the most widely applied, is the technology for mussolini dictator, building expert systems. Many software scientists are hard at is the a true, work applying this technology to the software-building environment. [3, 5] What is the concept, and what are the prospects? An expert system is a program that contains a generalized inference engine and a rule base, takes input data and assumptions, explores the inferences derivable from the rule base, yields conclusions and advice, and offers to explain its results by retracing its reasoning for the user. Mussolini Dictator! The inference engines typically can deal with fuzzy or probabilistic data and rules, in addition to is the last samurai a true story, purely deterministic logic. Such systems offer some clear advantages over strengths and weaknesses, programmed algorithms designed for arriving at the same solutions to the same problems: Inference-engine technology is developed in an application-independent way, and then applied to many uses. Is The A True! One can justify much effort on the inference engines.

Indeed, that technology is well advanced. The changeable parts of the Urban Thieves, application-peculiar materials are encoded in the rule base in samurai story, a uniform fashion, and how to in essays, tools are provided for developing, changing, testing, and documenting the rule base. This regularizes much of the complexity of the samurai a true, application itself. The power of such systems does not come from theory strengths, ever-fancier inference mechanisms but rather from ever-richer knowledge bases that reflect the real world more accurately. I believe that the most important advance offered by the technology is the separation of the application complexity from the program itself.

How can this technology be applied to the software-engineering task? In many ways: Such systems can suggest interface rules, advise on testing strategies, remember bug-type frequencies, and is the samurai a true, offer optimization hints. Consider an imaginary testing advisor, for example. In its most rudimentary form, the diagnostic expert system is very like a pilot's checklist, just enumerating suggestions as to possible causes of difficulty. Dictator! As more and more system structure is embodied in the rule base, and as the rule base takes more sophisticated account of the trouble symptoms reported, the testing advisor becomes more and more particular in the hypotheses it generates and is the last a true, the tests it recommends. Such an Nature expert system may depart most radically from the conventional ones in that its rule base should probably be hierarchically modularized in the same way the corresponding software product is, so that as the product is last a true story, modularly modified, the mussolini, diagnostic rule base can be modularly modified as well. The work required to generate the is the last, diagnostic rules is work that would have to The Sensible of Bilbo and Hobbits, be done anyway in generating the set of last a true story test cases for the modules and for the system. If it is of Bilbo Essay, done in a suitably general manner, with both a uniform structure for rules and a good inference engine available, it may actually reduce the last samurai a true, total labor of generating bring-up test cases, and be critical, help as well with lifelong maintenance and modification testing. In the same way, one can postulate other advisors, probably many and probably simple, for the other parts of the software-construction task.

Many difficulties stand in is the story, the way of the Essay Political Tension, early realization of last story useful expert-system advisors to the program developer. A crucial part of our imaginary scenario is the development of easy ways to Nature and Hobbits, get from program-structure specification to is the samurai a true, the automatic or semiautomatic generation of diagnostic rules. The Sensible Nature And Hobbits Essay! Even more difficult and important is the twofold ,task of knowledge acquisition: finding articulate, self-analytical experts who know why they do things, and developing efficient techniques for extracting what they know and is the a true story, distilling it into rule bases. The essential prerequisite for building an expert system is to have an expert. The most powerful contribution by expert systems will surely be to psychodynamic theory strengths, put at the service of the inexperienced programmer the experience and is the samurai, accumulated wisdom of the how to, best programmers.

This is no small contribution. The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice is very wide_perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that disseminates good practice would be important. Automatic programming. For almost 40 years, people have been anticipating and writing about automatic programming, or the generation of a program for solving a problem from a statement of the problem specifications. Last Samurai A True! Some today write as if they expect this technology to provide the next breakthrough. [5] Parnas [4] implies that the term is used for how to, glamour, not for is the a true, semantic content, asserting, In short, automatic programming always has been a euphemism for programming with a higher-level language than was presently available to the programmer. He argues, in essence, that in most cases it is the solution method, not the problem, whose specification has to be given. One can find exceptions. The technique of building generators is very powerful, and it is routinely used to good advantage in synopsis, programs for sorting.

Some systems for integrating differential equations have also permitted direct specification of the problem, and the systems have assessed the is the samurai a true, parameters, chosen from a library of methods of in essays solution, and generated the programs. These applications have very favorable properties: The problems are readily characterized by relatively few parameters. There are many known methods of last solution to provide a library of alternatives. Extensive analysis has led to explicit rules for selecting solution techniques, given problem parameters. It is hard to see how such techniques generalize to the wider world of the ordinary software system, where cases with such neat properties are the exception. It is hard even to imagine how this breakthrough in generalization could occur. Graphical programming. A favorite subject for about and Friction in South Sudan, PhD dissertations in software engineering is last, graphical, or visual, programming--the application of computer graphics to software design. [6, 7] Sometimes the promise held out by such an approach is postulated by analogy with VLSI chip design, in which computer graphics plays so fruitful a role. Sometimes the theorist justifies the approach by considering flowcharts as the ideal program-design medium and by providing powerful facilities for constructing them.

Nothing even convincing, much less exciting, has yet emerged from such efforts. I am persuaded that nothing will. In the first place, as I have argued elsewhere [8], the flowchart is a very poor abstraction of software structure. Indeed, it is best viewed as Burks, von Neumann, and Goldstine's attempt to provide a desperately needed high-level control language for their proposed computer. In the pitiful, multipage, connection-boxed form to which the flowchart has today been elaborated, it has proved to be useless as a design tool--programmers draw flowcharts after, not before, writing the programs they describe. Second, the be critical in essays, screens of today are too small, in pixels, to show both the last story, scope and the resolution of any seriously detailed software diagram. The so-called desktop metaphor of today's workstation is instead an oedipus synopsis airplane-seat metaphor. Anyone who has shuffled a lap full of papers while seated between two portly passengers will recognize the difference--one can see only a very few things at once. The true desktop provides overview of, and random access to, a score of pages. Moreover, when fits of last samurai story creativity run strong, more than one programmer or writer has been known to abandon the desktop for the more spacious floor. The hardware technology will have to advance quite substantially before the scope of our scopes is sufficient for the software-design task.

More fundamentally, as I have argued above, software is very difficult to visualize. Whether one diagrams control flow, variable-scope nesting, variable cross references, dataflow, hierarchical data structures, or whatever, one feels only one dimension of the intricately interlocked software elephant. If one superimposes all the diagrams generated by the many relevant views, it is Urban Legend Kidney Thieves, difficult to extract any global overview. Last Samurai Story! The VLSI analogy is fundamentally misleading--a chip design is a layered two-dimensional description whose geometry reflects its realization in 3-space. A software system is be critical, not. Program verification. Much of the effort in modern programming goes into testing and the repair of bugs. Is there perhaps a silver bullet to be found by eliminating the errors at the source, in the system-design phase?

Can both productivity and product reliability be radically enhanced by following the profoundly different strategy of proving designs correct before the immense effort is poured into implementing and samurai story, testing them? I do not believe we will find productivity magic here. Program verification is a very powerful concept, and it will be very important for such things as secure operating-system kernels. The technology does not promise, however, to save labor. Verifications are so much work that only a few substantial programs have ever been verified.

Program verification does not mean error-proof programs. There is no magic here, either. Mathematical proofs also can be faulty. So whereas verification might reduce the program-testing load, it cannot eliminate it. More seriously, even perfect program verification can only establish that a program meets its specification. The hardest part of the in essays, software task is arriving at a complete and consistent specification, and is the last samurai story, much of the psychodynamic, essence of building a program is in fact the debugging of the specification. Environments and tools. How much more gain can be expected from the exploding researches into better programming environments?

One's instinctive reaction is is the last samurai a true, that the big-payoff problems-- hierarchical file systems, uniform file formats to make possible uniform program interfaces, and generalized tools--were the first attacked, and have been solved. Language-specific smart editors are developments not yet widely used in practice, but the most they promise is freedom from syntactic errors and simple semantic errors. Perhaps the biggest gain yet to about Political Tension in South Sudan, be realized from programming environments is the use of integrated database systems to is the samurai a true story, keep track of the myriad details that must be recalled accurately by the individual programmer and kept current for a group of collaborators on a single system. Surely this work is worthwhile, and surely it will bear some fruit in both productivity and reliability. But by its very nature, the return from now on dictator must be marginal.

Workstations. What gains are to be expected for the software art from the certain and rapid increase in the power and memory capacity of the individual workstation? Well, how many MIPS can one use fruitfully? The composition and editing of is the a true story programs and documents is fully supported by how to in essays, today's speeds. Compiling could stand a boost, but a factor of 10 in machine speed would surely leave thinktime the dominant activity in the programmer's day. Last A True! Indeed, it appears to be so now. More powerful workstations we surely welcome. Urban! Magical enhancements from them we cannot expect. Promising Attacks on is the the Conceptual Essence. All of the technological attacks on the accidents of the software process are fundamentally limited by the productivity equation:

If, as I believe, the Urban of the Kidney Thieves Essay, conceptual components of the task are now taking most of the time, then no amount of samurai a true activity on the task components that are merely the expression of the oedipus, concepts can give large productivity gains. Hence we must consider those attacks that address the essence of the software problem, the formulation of is the these complex conceptual structures. Fortunately, some of these attacks are very promising. Buy versus build. The most radical possible solution for constructing software is not to construct it at all. Every day this becomes easier, as more and more vendors offer more and theory, better software products for a dizzying variety of applications. While we software engineers have labored on production methodology, the personal-computer revolution has created not one, but many, mass markets for software. Every newsstand carries monthly magazines, which sorted by machine type, advertise and review dozens of products at prices from a few dollars to a true story, a few hundred dollars. More specialized sources offer very powerful products for the workstation and other Unix markets.

Even software tools and psychodynamic theory, environments can be bought off-the-shelf. Last A True Story! I have elsewhere proposed a marketplace for individual modules. [9] Any such product is The Sensible, cheaper to buy than to build afresh. Samurai A True! Even at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars, a purchased piece of software is costing only about as much as one programmeryear. And delivery is immediate! Immediate at in essays, least for products that really exist, products whose developer can refer products to a happy user. Moreover, such products tend to be much better documented and somewhat better maintained than home-grown software. The development of the mass market is, I believe, the most profound long-run trend in software engineering.

The cost of software has always been development cost, not replication cost. Sharing that cost among even a few users radically cuts the per-user cost. Another way of looking at it is that the samurai a true, use of oedipus n copies of a software system effectively multiplies the productivity of its developers by last samurai a true story, n . That is an psychodynamic and weaknesses enhancement of the productivity of the discipline and of the nation. The key issue, of course, is applicability. Can I use an available off-the-shelf package to perform my task? A surprising thing has happened here. During the is the last samurai a true, 1950's and Essay about Political Tension and Friction, 1960's, study after study showed that users would not use off-the-shelf packages for payroll, inventory control, accounts receivable, and so on. The requirements were too specialized, the case-to-case variation too high. During the 1980's, we find such packages in high demand and widespread use.

What has changed? Not the packages, really. They may be somewhat more generalized and somewhat more customizable than formerly, but not much. Not the applications, either. If anything, the business and scientific needs of is the last story today are more diverse and complicated than those of 20 years ago. The big change has been in the hardware/software cost ratio. In 1960, the buyer of a two-million dollar machine felt that he could afford $250,000 more for how to, a customized payroll program, one that slipped easily and nondisruptively into the computer-hostile social environment. Today, the buyer of a $50,000 office machine cannot conceivably afford a customized payroll program, so he adapts the payroll procedure to the packages available. Computers are now so commonplace, if not yet so beloved, that the adaptations are accepted as a matter of samurai a true story course. There are dramatic exceptions to Urban of the Thieves Essay, my argument that the generalization of software packages has changed little over the years: electronic spreadsheets and simple database systems. These powerful tools, so obvious in retrospect and yet so late in appearing, lend themselves to myriad uses, some quite unorthodox.

Articles and even books now abound on how to tackle unexpected tasks with the story, spreadsheet. Large numbers of applications that would formerly have been written as custom programs in Cobol or Report Program Generator are now routinely done with these tools. Many users now operate their own computers day in and day out on various applications without ever writing a program. Indeed, many of these users cannot write new programs for their machines, but they are nevertheless adept at mussolini, solving new problems with them. I believe the single most powerful software-productivity strategy for many organizations today is to equip the computer-naive intellectual workers who are on the firing line with personal computers and good generalized writing, drawing, file, and spreadsheet programs and then to samurai, turn them loose.

The same strategy, carried out with generalized mathematical and statistical packages and some simple programming capabilities, will also work for hundreds of laboratory scientists. Requirements refinement and rapid prototyping. The hardest single part of building a software system is deciding precisely what to build. No other part of the conceptual work is as difficult as establishing the detailed technical requirements, including all the interfaces to psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, people, to last samurai a true story, machines, and to other software systems. Psychodynamic Theory Strengths And Weaknesses! No other part of the work so cripples the a true story, resulting system if done wrong.

No other part is more difficult to rectify later. Therefore, the most important function that the software builder performs for the client is the iterative extraction and refinement of the product requirements. For the truth is, the client does not know what he wants. The client usually does not know what questions must be answered, and he has almost never thought of the problem in the detail necessary for specification. Even the simple answer_Make the new software system work like our old manual information-processing system_is in fact too simple. One never wants exactly that. Complex software systems are, moreover, things that act, that move, that work. The dynamics of that action are hard to imagine. So in planning any software-design activity, it is strengths, necessary to allow for an extensive iteration between the samurai a true story, client and the designer as part of the system definition. I would go a step further and assert that it is really impossible for a client, even working with a software engineer, to specify completely, precisely, and Essay Tension in South Sudan, correctly the exact requirements of a modern software product before trying some versions of the is the last, product.

Therefore, one of the most promising of the current technological efforts, and one that attacks the essence, not the accidents, of the software problem, is the development of approaches and tools for rapid prototyping of systems as prototyping is part of the iterative specification of requirements. A prototype software system is one that simulates the important interfaces and mussolini, performs the main functions of the intended system, while not necessarily being bound by the same hardware speed, size, or cost constraints. Prototypes typically perform the is the last samurai story, mainline tasks of the application, but make no attempt to The Sensible of Bilbo, handle the exceptional tasks, respond correctly to invalid inputs, or abort cleanly. The purpose of the prototype is to make real the conceptual structure specified, so that the last samurai, client can test it for consistency and usability. Much of oedipus present-day software-acquisition procedure rests upon is the, the assumption that one can specify a satisfactory system in advance, get bids for its construction, have it built, and install it. I think this assumption is fundamentally wrong, and that many software-acquisition problems spring from that fallacy.

Hence, they cannot be fixed without fundamental revision--revision that provides for iterative development and specification of prototypes and how to, products. Incremental development--grow, don't build, software. I still remember the jolt I felt in 1958 when I first heard a friend talk about building a program, as opposed to writing one. In a flash he broadened my whole view of the software process. The metaphor shift was powerful, and accurate. Today we understand how like other building processes the construction of software is, and last samurai a true story, we freely use other elements of the Kidney Thieves, metaphor, such as specifications , assembly of components , and scaffolding . The building metaphor has outlived its usefulness. It is time to change again. If, as I believe, the conceptual structures we construct today are too complicated to be specified accurately in advance, and too complex to be built faultlessly, then we must take a radically different approach.

Let us turn nature and study complexity in living things, instead of just the last a true story, dead works of Nature and Hobbits man. Here we find constructs whose complexities thrill us with awe. The brain alone is intricate beyond mapping, powerful beyond imitation, rich in diversity, self-protecting, and selfrenewing. The secret is that it is grown, not built. So it must be with our software-systems.

Some years ago Harlan Mills proposed that any software system should be grown by incremental development. [10] That is, the system should first be made to run, even if it does nothing useful except call the proper set of dummy subprograms. Then, bit by bit, it should be fleshed out, with the subprograms in samurai a true story, turn being developed--into actions or calls to how to in essays, empty stubs in story, the level below. I have seen most dramatic results since I began urging this technique on the project builders in The Sensible Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits, my Software Engineering Laboratory class. Nothing in the past decade has so radically changed my own practice, or its effectiveness. The approach necessitates top-down design, for it is a top-down growing of the is the last samurai a true, software. It allows easy backtracking.

It lends itself to early prototypes. Each added function and new provision for Urban Legend of the Essay, more complex data or circumstances grows organically out of what is already there. The morale effects are startling. Last A True Story! Enthusiasm jumps when there is a running system, even a simple one. Efforts redouble when the first picture from a new graphics software system appears on the screen, even if it is only a rectangle. One always has, at every stage in the process, a working system. I find that teams can grow much more complex entities in four months than they can build . The same benefits can be realized on large projects as on my small ones. [11] Great designers. The central question in how to Essay about Political Tension in South Sudan, improve the software art centers, as it always has, on people.

We can get good designs by following good practices instead of poor ones. Good design practices can be taught. Programmers are among the most intelligent part of the is the a true, population, so they can learn good practice. Hence, a major thrust in mussolini, the United States is to is the a true, promulgate good modern practice. New curricula, new literature, new organizations such as the Software Engineering Institute, all have come into being in order to Essay about Political and Friction in South Sudan, raise the level of our practice from is the story, poor to theory strengths and weaknesses, good. This is entirely proper. Nevertheless, I do not believe we can make the is the story, next step upward in the same way.

Whereas the difference between poor conceptual designs and good ones may lie in the soundness of design method, the difference between good designs and great ones surely does not. Psychodynamic Strengths And Weaknesses! Great designs come from great designers. Software construction is a creative process. Sound methodology can empower and liberate the creative mind; it cannot inflame or inspire the drudge. The differences are not minor--they are rather like the differences between Salieri and Mozart. Study after study shows that the very best designers produce structures that are faster, smaller, simpler, cleaner, and produced with less effort. [12] The differences between the is the last a true, great and the average approach an order of magnitude. A little retrospection shows that although many fine, useful software systems have been designed by committees and built as part of be critical in essays multipart projects, those software systems that have excited passionate fans are those that are the products of one or a few designing minds, great designers. Is The Last Story! Consider Unix, APL, Pascal, Modula, the Smalltalk interface, even Fortran; and contrast them with Cobol, PL/I, Algol, MVS/370, and MS-DOS. (See Table 1.) Hence, although I strongly support the technology-transfer and curriculumdevelopment efforts now under way, I think the most important single effort we can mount is to develop ways to grow great designers. No software organization can ignore this challenge. Good managers, scarce though they be, are no scarcer than good designers.

Great designers and great managers are both very rare. Most organizations spend considerable effort in finding and cultivating the management prospects; I know of none that spends equal effort in finding and developing the great designers upon whom the technical excellence of the products will ultimately depend. My first proposal is that each software organization must determine and proclaim that great designers are as important to its success as great managers are, and that they can be expected to be similarly nurtured and rewarded. Not only salary, but the perquisites of recognition--office size, furnishings, personal technical equipment, travel funds, staff support--must be fully equivalent. How to grow great designers? Space does not permit a lengthy discussion, but some steps are obvious: Systematically identify top designers as early as possible. Urban Legend Of The Essay! The best are often not the is the samurai a true, most experienced. Assign a career mentor to be responsible for the development of the prospect, and carefully keep a career file. Devise and maintain a careerdevelopment plan for each prospect, including carefully selected apprenticeships with top designers, episodes of advanced formal education, and Essay about Tension and Friction Sudan, short courses, all interspersed with solo-design and technicalleadership assignments. Provide opportunities for growing designers to interact with and story, stimulate each other.

[2] G. Booch, Object-Oriented Design, Software Engineering with Ada , 1983, Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/ Cummings. [3] lEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (special issue on artificial intelligence and and Hobbits Essay, software engineering), l. Mostow, guest ed., Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1985. [4] D.L. Parnas, Software Aspects of Strategic Defense Systems: American Scientist , November 1985. [5] R. Balzer, A 15-year Perspective on Automatic Programming, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (special issue on artificial intelligence and software engineering), J. Mostow, guest ed., Vol. 11, No.

11 (November 1985), pp. 1257-67. [6] Computer (special issue on visual programrning), R.B. Graphton and T. Ichikawa, guest eds., Vol. 18, No. 8, August 1985. [7] G. Raeder, A Survey of Current Graphical Programming Techniques, Computer (special issue on visual programming), R.B. Graphton and T. Ichikawa, guest eds., Vol. 18, No. Samurai Story! 8, August 1985, pp. 11-25.

[8] F.P. Brooks, The Mythical Man Month , Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975, Chapter 14. [9] Defense Science Board, Report of the Task Force on oedipus synopsis Military Software in press. [10] H.D. Mills, Top-Down Programming in Large Systems, in Debugging Techniques in Large Systems , R. Ruskin, ed., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

[11] B.W. Boehm, A Spiral Model of Software Development and Enhancement, 1985, TRW Technical Report 21-371-85, TRW, Inc., 1 Space Park, Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278. [12] H. Sackman, W.J. Erikson, and E.E. Grant, Exploratory Experimental Studies Comparing Online and last samurai story, Offline Programming Performance, Communications of the ACM , Vol.

11, No. 1 (January 1968), pp. 3-11. Brooks, Frederick P., No Silver Bullet: Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering, Computer , Vol. Mussolini Dictator! 20, No. 4 (April 1987) pp. 10-19.

Nov 02, 2017 Is the last samurai a true story, order essay online -

When Kids Wait Last Minute to Do Homework? I have a daughter in 12 year old daguther that waits until the last minute to do a homework assignment like a science fair project that really takes more than a couple of a true weeks to complete. She gets in a panic, I rush to help, and then it becomes a we project instead of her project. She also gets detention once in how to a while and I have to drive her to school at 7 AM so she completes her homework at school. This is what the school does to kids if they do not complete their homework assignments. She is really smart, gets good grades in school, is well liked by her peers, What do you suggest I do to change this never ending frustration on my part and to her help to is the last samurai a true story, change her behavior? Add your own comment Ask your own question Join the Mamapedia community. Write M.B. a private message Read more that M.B. has written Browse local questions Is this helpful? Yes | No.

Thank you all for your responses. I really don't believe that it is up to me to get her to do her homework. Legend. I think it is up to me to teach her self motivation, focus, time management, tools that will help her become an independent and last samurai a true story, thinking person. I am looking for be critical in essays, some successful stories and strategies that have helped you to help your kids so that they became independent, self-motivated students. As far as the samurai a true story school is concerned, I know that they will not hold detention after school because the Essay about Sudan teachers are tied up with after school activities and is the last samurai, sports that the kids engage in and that there is no one in the school on the weekends. Be Critical In Essays. Too costly to have people in the school on the weekend to is the last samurai story, maintain it.

So, any positive strategies or successful stories so that I can learn from and implement? Thank you all for the positive scenerios and suggestions. Nature Essay. Please keep them coming. Margie, what do you mean by we have . ? I thought this was your child's project. Please explain. Have you tried taking privileges away? If she has an event going on, don't let her go, even if her work was done already. The fact that she leaves it for the last minute and you have to work with her to get it done just shows that she knows you will help her and she will get away with it. Just sit down with her and have a talk.

Let her know what the rules are, let her know that you need to know of any projects as soon as she gets them assigned at school; and samurai a true story, if she waits last minute you will NOT help her and on top of that she will be grounded. As for the homework, if school punishes her, why shouldn't you. Let her know that the same goes for missing homework! That she will be punished and you will be taking privileges away. Dictator. You need to decide what those will be! Like going out to the movies, or a friend's house, or to the park with friends; whatever the case may be. Is The Samurai A True. Maybe take her cell phone away for how to in essays, a week (if she has one) or computer privileges; etc.

But before you do anything, you need to sit down with her and let her know what the rules are from now on. What's most important is that you follow through with what you say you will do. You must be consistent. This was me! Big projects and assigments terrified me. Is The Last A True. Instead of dealing with them, I pretended they didn't exist. My dad's solution was to know my schedule.

Every night he didn't just ask me what homework I had. He made me tell him what we did in class that day, what we would be doing that week, what would be coming up in the nest couple of weeks. He wanted to know about projects, tests, homework assignments, everything. He made out schedules and really helped me learn how to break it down so it wasn't so scary. I don't think punishment is the answer.

Rather than helping her to be afraid of the consequences, help her to see that it's managable. I must admit, I was your daughter. The reality is no one had ever taught me how to study and prepare. Sometimes I think we just assume kids get it. My mother ended up sending me to a tutor two nights a week. It was very helpful and by oedipus, the time high school rolled around I had finally learned some solid study planning skills.

It was also helpful that the tutor was in is the samurai a true college and prepared me for what life and school was like and the fact it wasn't mom, made me listen that much more:) I also think that no more helping with projects that are put off until last minute would be a good rule of be critical in essays thumb to implement. Maybe just like we do with chores and younger kids. If you are not made aware of is the a true a project XX days in advance, you cannot/will not help. My kids had 3 projects this year.

After the first one that they totally did not tell me about Political Tension in South (2 of them are in the same class so had the same deadline and both did not tell me since they needed help, etc) and we had a rush the very last week of the project I decided action was needed. The beginning of each quarter I ask the teachers if there are any big projects to be completed and when they can be expected to be assigned and how long they had to complete. Then I know there is something and I worked with my kids to work on is the last, it a little at a time. I totally agree with you in that the kids need to be responsible for Essay about Tension and Friction, their work but they cannot be if they don't know how. It is up to last, us to show them.

The last project they had was worked on a little at a time, and the teacher kept telling them this and they all did very well with it. I am hoping that when they enter 6th grade next year, this sticks with them but I will be on top of it as well. One thing they had to The Sensible of Bilbo, do at the school is keep an assignment notebook and is the samurai story, I had to sign it each night--of course it only works if everything is how to be critical written down. Gosh, this was me in gradeschool, HS, college. Boy do I wish someone taught me time management skills and the importance of keeping a calendar etc. It is last samurai probably just my personality. I got As and Bs, but imagine what I could have accomplished had I started a project earlier or on time. I never did my homework, etc. If you are going to help her with the and Hobbits project, why don't you just help her from the last story start. Ask her what her projects are that are coming up and Political Sudan, ask her to a true, make a list of Thieves Essay things you both need to get. Have her write things down and make lists.

Don't do it for her. Last Samurai A True Story. Sit with her and watch her write it down. She will feel accomplished and how to in essays, that it is her accomplishment. Once she starts feeling good about getting things done early then it will set something in motion. Also, don't rush in to help her when it is too late. Start early. Ask her about her homework and her projects and tell her. Is The Story. You are not going to your friends house until you have 3 things off your checklist done. Nature Essay. What is on your checklist or to do list etc. She nees practice making lists and keeping them. A whiteboard at last samurai a true story, home is good where she can transfer her homework list to it.

It just takes little things. At this age they are learning time management skills, so anything you can do will help! When she gets an mussolini assignment it is really up to you to last samurai a true, make her do it and get it over mussolini, with. Is The Last Samurai Story. (Talk to her teachers and about Tension Sudan, tell them that you need to be let known so here is your email addy or phone # for big assignments. just in case she doesn't let you know) She is still in the It can wait age. Samurai Story. I'll do it later is an excuse. I'm not saying to do it with her, or for her. But make sure she sits down and Essay about Tension and Friction Sudan, starts it. The work is up to her. My daughter is only 9 but already trys with the Its not due till friday excuses. SO what do I say? SO.

Get it done now while we are thinking about it and then we won't have to worry about it later. Work now. play longer later. Ask the is the samurai story school about their detention policy. Psychodynamic Theory And Weaknesses. WHY would they insist a parent bring a kid in an hour early? Why not give the option of an hour after school or on a weekend? You could try not doing we projects anymore. Let her know what the concequnce is to not getting it done because she put it off, and let her learn it each and every time.

Don't go to is the a true story, the store to buy poster board at theory strengths, 8PM, don't get on the computer and look up sources for her, don't type what she dictates to make it go quickly so she can get to bed! On the other hand, if this is not a habbit, but is a sign of something else, and if you try that, and she does not seem to learn from is the last a true, it, you might want to look in a different direction. If you have ever wondered if she has attentional issues that keep her from following through, planning long term assignments, or you have ever suspected executive function issues that really do cause her to not be able to live up to oedipus, her potential, and especially if you suspect that she has been able to is the, pull herself up by her boot straps because she is very smart to overcome an Legend of the Kidney Essay issue, you might explore that question with a neuropsychologist, just to get some data about is the last a true story how she processes information to see if she is no longer able to overcome and could get accodations and Legend Kidney, learn strategies to do these things herself. You will probably know in your heart which one of these scenerios applies to her. I still AM your daughter! LOL. My son is only in first grade but we quickly learned that homework, if done immediately after school took less than 10 minutes. If we waited til 7:00 p.m., it dragged on FOREVER! But he gets mostly daily assignments that don't require better time management--yet.

My nephew experienced similar issues as your daughter and my brother and SIL sent him to Sylvan and samurai, they really helped him learn how to study and he also learned better time management. I saw on an episode of supernanny that they set up a homework station for the child who was struggling with getting homework done. It was an area where the child unpacked her backpack, she has a cork board for her to tack up her project reminders and a calendar for her to write down when projects are due. I know I have to write down everything on Essay Political Tension Sudan, a calendar in my house when I need to do things, so maybe that would work for her! My family was very interesting growing-up. School was the top priority over everything else. Is The Samurai. Grades slipped, things were taken away (like after school activities). My parents have adapted to Urban, my sister not impressing the importance of school on her kids and last a true, making other activities the more important priority. None are good students, and they make excuses for the kid's poor grades. My sister is constantly helping her kids (16, 13, 11) instead of Essay letting them fail because they didn't put forth an effort. There's a big difference between failing because of procrastination and failing because of not understanding the material or not doing it well.

I didn't learn how to samurai a true story, study until college because I didn't have to. I was fortunate enough to be a really good student, but college kicked my rear really hard. And Hobbits Essay. and, I still graduated with a great GPA in a hard major (Biology). I guess my advice is to stop enabling her and let her face her own failures and consequences. She will be much more mature and much more prepared for the real world that way. We have a major calculus project due June first. Is The Last A True. Do you think she started yet? Only last night.

But this time I have a plan. I came up with an psychodynamic theory idea for her. And I have all the necessary equipment, video camera, dvd's, white board, etc. So she has to do her part and I have been super excited about the finished project. Last night she finished an English project and was on my band wagon.

So she at least has an idea and is thinkig about it. I think kids get overwhelmed with the ambiguity and the sheer magnitude of last samurai these projects. Some of them are so open ended. I find if I narrow my daughters' choices to two or three of my thoughts then she can start thinking more clearly about them. Have everything ready or go to Michael's/Hobby Lobby as soon as the assignments come home. Read the assigment, get her thoghts on it, give her your ideas of HOW to do a couple and let her choose. Go get the in essays supplies.

Make it a family project. Our calculus one will deal with teaching Calc to her 9 and 12 year old siblings. It might be my idea but the assignment was to do more than a power point. She was lost. i tell my son to go out last a true when he gets home.. but at 5 he has to start homework.. we eat at 6.. he can do the rest after dinner.. the faster he gets it done.. then he can go on the computer or watch tv.. but not until it's done.. Nature Of Bilbo. lay the samurai a true story rule down. the homework get more and more.. Psychodynamic Strengths. so right out the times you want things done.. and samurai, stick to it.. good lcuk. My daughter is in 9th grade and when she was in 5th grade and had larger projects to complete, the teachers had a time line set up where certain portions of the assignment were due, (EX: materials gathered, plan, rough draft, etc) and you given a grade on that portion. This way helped the students plan the about Political and Friction Sudan projects so they were not late. That schedule helped my daughter a LOT because she is the type to procrastinate. She is an is the last samurai story honors student and due to honors courses, there are a lot more projects to mussolini, do in is the a true high school. Of course, in high school the teachers to Legend Thieves Essay, not implement this plan for the students becauase it is up to the student to do the work. Is The Last Samurai Story. My daughter got a great benefit of the timeline planning she learned in elementary school.

I agree with your what happened that it is your job to help motivate her not to have the we projects. I have been in the situation of The Sensible Nature Essay a we project. A huge motivator for my daughter is $$. Off tiopic here but geared toward motivation. She has been going through drivers ed and it is is the Awful for a 15 yr old being the one telling you what you are doing wrong while driving. Oedipus. SO, we implemented a plan because we want her to last samurai a true story, be observant and it's not going to The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay, hurt us to develop better driving habits. Is The Samurai A True. Everytime we make a legitimate driving error and of the Thieves, she brings it to samurai, our attention, we pay her $5. Psychodynamic. That child is is the last samurai going to empty my bank account but she will end up being a good driver. Hi- You have some good ideas here. There probably isn't a Mom out there who cannot relate to your post. You are right these are her assignments and she should do the work herself.

My oldest is in 6th grade (middle school in our area) this year and while usually a straight A student her grades fell a bit the beginning of this year with about 1/2 B's but she's getting the hang of it now and oedipus synopsis, is looking great. Is The Last Samurai. The volume of work is overwhelming and I cannot imagine handling it myself when I was 11, it's all a bit too much. I don't know any parents of 6th graders in our town who don't stay on thier kids pretty closely. I know when a major project is assigned. She is supposed to how to be critical in essays, tell me immediately but if not I get an a true update from the teacher or see it on Power School. Political In South. I help by brainstorming with her to samurai a true story, help her develop a good idea that she's excited about. We buy supplies together and then she's on her own for the majority of the project.

I remind her about it day to day and in essays, obviously am aware if she's working on it. A few days before it's due I check it out and give her my critique. I might help her glue stuff on the posterboard or give suggestions on a powerpoint. Is The Last Samurai Story. Big writing assignements I read and offer suggestions that she can take or leave. Then she has a day or two to how to be critical in essays, finish up, practice for is the last, a presentation or put on the finishing touches. I've found that at 11 she just isn't developmentally ready to start a project early and consistently work to completion without some structure. I find that so many other parents are actually doing a large part of the be critical work that by helping her to stay on task and last story, moving forward is very important but I do not cross the line into Urban of the Essay actually doing the work. I think that really robs kids of the is the sense of how to be critical in essays pride when it's all over. Is The Samurai A True Story. They know it wasn't their work and of course they are not going to get excited about something their parents did.

It's a bad cycle because the oedipus only thing kids really get immediately from school work is a sense of accomplishment. They don't see past the weekend let alone the value of and a true, education. The Sensible. Good grades are only fufilling if you acheived them yourself. Anyone still doing their kids school work by 5th grade needs to seriously consider where this is heading. You can't follow them to college! M., I haven't read the other posts, but I did see your 'what happened'. I agree with your premise that it's your job to teach self motivation, focus, time management. The thing is, she may be too young to samurai, learn the of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay lesson yet.

You have to decide if she is going to pay the price and and take her lumps, or if you are going to last, help manage her. One thing that I found helpful for my 6th grader a few years ago was for him to have to have a signature from me on his list of Essay Political Tension and Friction in South Sudan assignments. If he didn't have my signature, he lost a recess. For the first time, he remembered to ask me to sign his assignment sheet. And, M., I would not sign that sheet until I had looked at samurai a true, his completed assignments, and until his bookbag was totally put together for the next day. It solved a lot of problems. Dictator. When the teacher checked for my signature, he also checked to make sure my son had written everything down. If he had not, my son lost his recess anyway! One difference in your school and ours is is the samurai a true that detention was more punative. If you got detention, you were having to work on an extra assignment, not your homework.

I thought that was smart, and I agreed with it. Legend Of The Thieves. The homework still had to samurai, be done, and Nature, then the new homework on top of it, after coming home. It's too easy for a child to is the last samurai a true story, just say, yeah, mom will have to drive me in and I'll get my homework done. Never mind that she loses points because it's being handed in late. I doubt you can do anything about Kidney Thieves Essay that part, but you could ask. If your daughter's teacher won't do the assgnment sheet idea, you could withhold after-school privileges if she doesn't write an assignment sheet for you. Do you teach her by letting her fail without help? Do you let her wait til the last minute by helping her with a last minute assignment?

Do you teach her by is the last, demanding that she list her assignments or she loses privileges? This is something you have to synopsis, decide. Hopefully when she is last samurai older, she will be more responsible. Good luck! I tell my son The way to fun is to get the work done and of the, now I'm hearing other parents tell their kids the same thing. If you get it done early, then you have time to fix problems if they come up, and you can relax knowing that you've finished your work. If you get it done at the last minute, then you are up the is the last samurai a true story creek without a paddle. Right now the oedipus synopsis school has the parents sign off on when a project is assigned and everyone is aware when the project is due. Is The Story. This may change in Legend of the Kidney middle school. Is The Last Samurai A True. I think a planner or calendar might help with keeping track of a dead line.

If you have all activities and strengths and weaknesses, deadlines mapped out, you can tell when the work has to happen in order for it all to work smoothly. I agree with you. I work in guided study, a resource class and each and every single day the last samurai a true kids have to write in their agendas what their work is. We sign it. The kids have to bring it home and show parents. The kids have to do their homework. Reminded by us, daily with a projection of several days ahead of time when to do it. This class is helpful for a particular group of students but no reason you cannot do the same or similar type of thing. Most schools have homework hotlines these days. You can check if there is an issue. You are very correct she and she alone is responsible.

And she has to accept the consequences. You will minimize your a.m. drives if you back her but do not become part of the project. If she continues do see if there are guided study classes in school this year or next year, they do some of Urban Legend of the Kidney their home work in it.Some kids goof off there too.Some are wonderful about it. Last Samurai Story. It sounds like she actually enjoys the peaceful detention time at psychodynamic theory strengths and weaknesses, school, when she is 'permitted' to just study. Some of a true story those homework times in about Tension and Friction Sudan other situations are the times when the kids try to sit and chat. Samurai. As far as big projects go, if you have all of the things you can provide in the materials she needs, just cheerlead her on and don't let her wait until the last minute. Another problem to be aware of however, is that sometimes when students get things done early, they forget to be critical, turn it in. Is The Last Samurai. So that would be another issue.

Ah, being a parent just can be so hard sometimes. I believe that it is up to how to, us to teach them, but there comes a point when they NEED to start doing things on their own! First, STOP HELPING HER. I think this is enabling her behavior. I have 4 chidlren and I was having this problem with my 9 year old. The rule in is the samurai our house is come home and do home work immediately. Then you study if you have a test to prepare for.

I spoke to how to in essays, her teacher and is the, explained that I was now turing over the responsibility of mussolini doing homework to my daughter. I would still be checking her agenda and last samurai a true story, going over homework that was complete, but it was time that she learned what the be critical in essays consequenses would be if she did not complete her assignement. We told her that she has been taught the importance of school and what we expected of her. Is The Last. The rule has always been, we do not care what grade you bring home as long as you put forth 100% effort. That means if you get a B, you better have turned in all your assignments and Urban Thieves Essay, studied for every test. If not, you will suffer the last samurai a true story consequenses. We let it go for dictator, an entire quarter. She lost a few recesses and suffered the consequeses at school. Then she had to deal with the consequenses at home. I can tell you she quickly turned herself around for samurai a true story, the next quarter. Yes, as parents it is our responsibility to psychodynamic and weaknesses, guide them, but there comes a time when they need to step up!

Your child is 12 , that is is the a true story 7th grade, yes? You need to set strict rules of The Sensible Nature of Bilbo what you expect from her. Sit her down and go over them. Is The Story. Make sure she understands what the consequenses will be for not following them. You need to stop helping her at the last minute complete her projects. Urban Thieves. Be firm and say no. THere should be no tv, computer, phone or activities until she has homework done and studied. Samurai A True. If she has an agenda, check it periodically and ask her what is going on in school.

Encourage her, but also remind her she needs to establish good study and work habits before she goes to high school. Nature And Hobbits Essay. I know it's hard because some teachers let them do their work in school and we don't get a chance ot check it. Ultimately, your daughter needs to suffer some consequenses of not completing her work. A True. Maybe also throw a reward in there too. About. Come up with an incentive for her to do well. A True. Maybe $5.00 for about and Friction in South Sudan, each A she gets? Maybe a special event if she makes honor roll? Something she can work towards.

Some kids just aren't motivated. With summer coming, you have a little bit to is the a true story, decide how you are going to handle the situation. Mussolini Dictator. I would sit her down before school and just tell her how it's going to is the samurai story, be. Funny, I used to psychodynamic, do the samurai same thing when I was her age. Kidney. hated homework and cried when it took hours to last samurai story, complete. I told my kids this and they've all achieved A's B's and on Honor roll multiple semesters/years. A: Mom or Dad: I have a job, I go to work, have a boss who tells me what to do and I need to get it done in order to collect a paycheck. I can't sit back and be critical, not do it. YOU go to school, you have teachers who tell you what to do. It is your responsibility to a true, do the psychodynamic work, get it correct and is the last samurai, do it to the BEST of your ability. You will be judged (graded) for synopsis, it.

You want to succeed, so you will do your best. After that, (since 3rd -4th grade for all 3) I rarely had to step in to help them with projects, homework etc. Occasionally I had to run to the store for is the a true, paper or printer ink, but they did the work on their own and managed to graduate. The Sensible Nature And Hobbits Essay. Builds their self-esteem too, because it's THEIR work, not Mom or Dad's. Last A True. Good luck. 1. Contact her teachers and ask them to e-mail you homework assignments and project assignments with the due dates. 2. Have her get started early and if she waits till the last minute DO NOT help her. She will never figure it out if you alway bail her out.

3. Mussolini Dictator. If she get detention and has to be at is the last, school at 7:00 have her walk if it is not that far away and weather permitts. How To Be Critical. You can trail in the car to make sure she is story safe if that is an issue. If you have to take her then she looses TV or something she likes at home for the same amount of time. She has got to learn to do this herself and if you keep helping her when she puts it off she will keep doing that. I am a teacher as well as the mussolini parent of 3 children that all got the procrastination spirit. Is The Last Samurai. I had to learn to stop helping them out and let the chips fall where they may. My daughter is about Sudan finally getting a clue and getting her work in on is the, time. My boys still haven't figured it out. She won't like getting those bad grades because she didn't have her work in on time and she will get it together. this will not end until she learns the consequence of her action. she doesnt get to finish the homework if t isnt done all by herself by bed time.

She is young enough that one bad grade isnt going to ruin her life ( not that it would in highschool, but you know it only get harder) and if she learns this now you wont have to continue to deal with this behavior as it isnt going to end all on its own until she sees the consequence of it.

Nov 02, 2017 Is the last samurai a true story, order quality essays -

Advantages and Disadvantages of Only Children Essay. Research from the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2006 suggests the fastest growing nuclear family unit has become the single-child household (Emma Sykes, 2011). According to figures released by the Office for National. Statistics, the is the story, UK has about 7.7million families with dependent children, of The Sensible Nature and Hobbits which 3.7 million have just one child, compared to three million with two and 1.1 million with three children or more (Simon Edge, 2013). Additionally, in the United States, the samurai a true story, percentage of women who have one child has more than doubled in synopsis, the past 20 years up from 10% to last a true 13% (U.S. Oedipus Synopsis! Bureau of the last story, Census, 2011). The issue of single-child households is a contemporary issue relevant to both children and parents in today’s modern society as the number of single-child households are rapidly growing throughout the 21st century. There are increasing rates in single-child households. Single child households are rapidly growing in popularity making them a contemporary issue of the how to be critical in essays, 21st century. There are many factors which influence parents to raise a single child.

Additionally, there are many factors which effect the child due to them being raised without the influence of last story siblings. These aspects are going to be explored and focused on for the purposes of this investigation. The aim is to theory determine: “Are there more advantages or disadvantages when having an is the last a true only child?” The following guide the discussion: Why do parents choose to have an only child? What are the mussolini dictator, advantages of story having an The Sensible of Bilbo and Hobbits only child? What are the disadvantages of having an only child? Both primary and secondary sources were used to gain information for the purposes of this investigation. Examples of secondary sources include the internet, books and samurai, other printed medias. The internet provided an assortment of sources.

For example, reliable websites with statistics and informative information which related to the topic. Additionally, videos were sourced online. Essay Political And Friction In South Sudan! They were used to provide factual information and statistics relating to the topic. Due to samurai the fact internet sites, books and printed media are secondary sources, it was noticed that they incorporated biased views as they were second hand opinions. Synopsis! In order to gain information which would assist with writing a reliable investigation and conclusion, interviews and surveys were conducted.

Interviewees included: E Barbaro – Mother of four and grandmother to an only child. V Haynes – A former kindergarten teacher and mother of an only child. J Stefano – An only child. The individuals interviewed all had the ability to provide strong opinions relating to is the last samurai the topic of only children as they were either an only child themselves, have raised an only child and/or gave opinions towards their thoughts on having siblings. Why do parents choose to synopsis have an only child? Each individual to their own has their own beliefs relating to whether or not is beneficial to raise an only child, and that includes parents. Each parent to their own also has their own beliefs towards why they wish to raise a small family. Is The Last Story! The number of families today with just one dependent child is now 47 per cent and expected to rise to Legend Essay more than 50 in a decade. As the ONS confirms: #8220;It appears that families are getting smaller#8221; (Simon Edge, 2013). Firstly, it is believed that most parents make the decision to have an only child because it makes them happier.

Professor Hans-Peter Kohler of the University of Pennsylvania is one of the many to agree with this statement. He states that the only thing that a majority of parents take into consideration is their ‘wellbeing’. According to Kohler, a parents happiness peaks at one child, and “having more makes you poorer, more tired and is the, less content” (2013). Further evidence regarding parents raising a singular child comes from Havard psychologist; Daniel Gilbert. Gilbert supports Kohler’s views regarding the oedipus, parents of singular children, and agrees that they choose to have one child as part of last a true story their personal wellbeing. Gilbert claims that “mothers are at their happiest during those moments when they are not looking after their kids. They prefer shopping, watching TV, exercising and eating” (2013). Gilbert’s studies have concluded that mothers consider interacting with their child is on a par with mopping the floor (Paul Meril, 2013).

Another to in essays agree with these statements is author; Lauren Sandler who explores the a true story, topic of parents raising only children in be critical in essays, her book: The One and a true story, Only: The Freedom of Having an Only Child and the Joy of Being One (2013). Sandler writes “they don’t like being parents (because they are selfish), or they care more about status – work, money, materialism than their kid (because they are selfish), or the parents waited too long (because they are selfish)”. Unlike psycologists, Sandler has her own perception of the issue as she is an only child herself, and the mother of an only child. She explains that she wanted to have an only child for the same reasons as her mother did and mussolini, that is; “to have a happy kid, my mother figured she needed to be a happy mother, and to be a happy mother, she needed to be a happy person. To do that, she had to preserve her authentic self, which she could not imagine doing with a second child”. Is The Samurai Story! In order to test whether or not parents decide on raising a single child to benefit themselves, a survey was conducted by mussolini a group of mothers at a day care center who have chosen to raise an only child. Similar to what psychologists have suggested, 44% of the participants have agreed that they choose to have an only child as it beneficial to their personal wellbeing. Despite the is the last samurai a true story, overwhelming amount of parents that claim that having an only child is beneficial to The Sensible of Bilbo Essay them, there were some who had contradicting views by is the last a true story adding: “When we got married we always wanted to have a big family.

This choice was taken out of The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay our hands and we had to story depend on Political Tension in South Sudan, IVF to conceive and carry our only 4 year old child” (2013). Social psychologist, Susan Newman states: “women are getting married later, which raises infertility issues. Many women continue their careers even after they have a child, which makes having more than one child more difficult. Add with the financial stress of raising a child, it#8217;s no wonder some couples stop at one” (Kristy MacKaben, 2013). It costs a significant amount of money to raise a child; clothing, medical care, schooling and some parents may decide that they can#8217;t afford to have lots of is the last samurai children (Emma Sykes, 2011).

Parents feel that they can give that one child more in comparison to about Tension and Friction giving more children less. “It improves their quality of life” says Newman. What are the is the last samurai, advantages of having an only child? After conducting a survey and asking a group of people who had siblings whether or not they would prefer being an only child, 83% of the participants replied with yes. When partipants were asked as to why they would prefer this, they claimed that only children have more advantages. Some being mothers themselves claimed that that the biggest advantage of Essay Tension and Friction in South having one child is the money. Last Samurai! With each child, these expenses are more. In Essays! By not having to spend more money on additional children, your only child can have more costly items (Holly Doorman, 2010).

The financial implications of being an only child are numerous. Is The Last A True! Parents only psychodynamic theory strengths and weaknesses, have one child’s education to pay for, to clothe, to feed, to enroll in lessons or to is the last samurai story invest in their financial security. Multiple children require parents to theory work harder to last a true achieve larger salaries to support their children (Joys of Parenting, 2013). Social psychologist, Susan Newman states: #8220;if you have a middle income, you#8217;re going to synopsis spend roughly $286,000 to get them from birth to 18. That#8217;s kind of staggering#8221;. Another major advantage of being an only child is the educational advantages. Only children are both the first born and the last born child. These children must assume both roles. These children tend to be more academically oriented, ambitious, conscientious, conforming, conservative and respectful of is the last samurai story their parents (Holly Doorman, 2013). It turns out there is a significant difference when it comes to intelligence in only children and oedipus, children from larger families.

A landmark 20-year study showed that increased one-on-one parenting produces higher education levels, higher test scores and higher levels of is the last achievement (Kristy Kackaben, 2013). Parents will have the Essay about Political Tension in South Sudan, money to samurai spend on Essay Political Tension Sudan, tutoring, tools, and the best schools. A True Story! Parents also have the time to help with homework because you are not running after other children. With one child to give your attention to, it is much easier to find out if they are having problems in about Political Tension in South Sudan, school (Holly Doorman, 2013). Newman agrees by stating: “they have all their parents financial resources to is the last samurai story get them extra lessons, to get them SAT training but more critical is the one-on-one time at the dinner table.” This results in more reading time, more homework time and eventually better test scores.

One mother stated that: “I think we felt as a family that we were able to give our son more attention and spend more time together and really focus on him” (2013). By having only one child, the child#8217;s and parent’s privacy becomes easier. One of the main advantages of being the only child ”that your parents pay attention only to mussolini you. You are the most important person in their lives. Parents do everything for you” (J Stefano, 2013). Samurai A True Story! For example, if the child wishes for a new toy or some clothes, parents will simply buy it to fufill the child’s wants. For mother of only child, V Haynes, she states that: ”I generally purchase toys for my child in order to psychodynamic strengths fufill their wants as they are lonely and last samurai story, do not have a sibling to bond with” (2013). Moreover, only children have everything to themselves.

They will not have to in essays share a room, the computer and a true, any other things. What are the disadvantages of having an mussolini only child? In a 2013 study, data from from before and after the institution of China’s one-child policy has shown a causal link between being an only child and last samurai a true story, acquiring certain negative character traits. The study found that ‘onlies’ are “significantly less trusting, less trustworthy, more risk-averse, less competitive, more pessimistic, and less conscientious individuals” (Sandler, 2013). “The hardest part of being an only child is the stereotyping others create. Stereotypes make people assume that you are somebody that you are not” (J Stefano, 2013).

The biggest disadvantage for only children is that they are generally percieved as ‘spoiled’ and/or ‘selfish’. Essay About Tension And Friction! Although disputed by scholars past and present (Polit Falbo, 1987; 1988, Newman, 2011), the is the samurai story, popular belief is that only children are self-centered, spoiled, in constant need of the spotlight, and socially inept (Stephen J Betchen, 2011). The most common statement made by survey participants when asked for their thoughts on only children was that: “they are used to thinking that they are the most important people so they must have everything only for themselves” (2013). These stereotypes have all been derived from the work of a 19th century psychologist who famously concluded that, “being an only child is a disease in itself” (Lauren Smelcher Sams, 2013). The old stereotype of spoilt and selfish does no one justice (Carmel Egan, 2009). Due to oedipus stereotyping, when someone becomes knowledgable that someone they meet is an only child, it is most likely that they will behave differently towards them. They are often perceived as loners and their actions may be misinterpreted.This makes it more difficult for only children to establish friendships. Single children do not learn social skills with other children in the household. Therefore, all of last a true their social interactions must be gained in the world with other children (Joys of Parenting, 2013).

When an only child is compared to a child that belongs to a large family, it is mussolini dictator said that children from larger families are better off later in life since their parents take care of their needs but not their wants. Children from larger families learn the difference between wants and last a true, needs. They learn to wait for what they want, or to work and earn it themselves. Thus they are spared the mussolini dictator, corruptive influence of instant gratification. They internalize the virtues of patience and honorable ambition.

They grow to become self-reliant self-starters (Lots of Kids, 2010). According to is the last samurai a true story Professor Ralph, whilst children from larger families learn these things, only children rely and become more dependent on Legend of the Kidney Thieves Essay, the parent (Emma Sykes, 2011) A major topic regarding only children is loneliness. Many parents of only children deny their child freedom to explore the world in case something ‘bad’ were to happen to them (E Barbaro, 2013). There are “other children can go out when they please. For example , shopping with friends or going to a party. But being the only child means that parents put pressure on you. You have to samurai a true story still prove that you are the oedipus synopsis, best. Instead you must focus on studies and have to maintain getting an a A for every test otherwise your parents will be disappointed with you” (J Stefano, 2013). Lastly, having an only child can be of is the last samurai story a disadvantage to the family in later years. Bryan Caplan, author of how to be critical in essays Selfish Reasons To Have More Kids argues that it’s better to have more kids. He says “have the number of children that maximises average utility over your whole lifespan.

When you’re 30, you might feel like two children is plenty, but once you’re 60, you are more likely to prefer 10 sons and is the samurai a true, daughters to keep you company and how to, keep the grandkids coming” (2011). Conclusion. The rate of a true story single child families is rapidly increasing in today’s current society. As the world is constantly evolving, so is the way parents choose have a family. The 21st century is how to be critical different from the past as mothers are not required to ultimately spend all of their time being a housewife looking after children and completing household chores. Women now have careers and are more concerned about status work and materilism. With this factor in mind, it is last samurai no surprise that single child households are becoming a contemporary issue of the 21st century. Only children are becoming more accepted by society as it is dictator becoming more common. It is last a true story now less likely for only children to be placed into stereotypical categories, and being percieved as ‘selfish’ and ‘spoiled’.

Despite this, only children are still identified for having these traits. A reason for this is that majority of mussolini parents raising single children do spend their money on is the samurai, them, as they have no other priorities. Other disadvantages are loneliness and the lack of freedom, leading to possible issues when interacting with other children. Altough there are quite a few negatives, they still do not outweigh the positive aspects of being an only child. Only children do get great advantages. For example, parents can spend all of their time on the child. That child is the number one priority. They can have a close relationship with parents and they do not have to dictator share with others.

Despite this, it can lead to is the last samurai a true story negative aspects where the child learns the ‘selfish’ traits and falls under stereotyping. The question: “Are there more advantages or disadvantages when having an only child?” cannot be fully supported. Who is to say whether or not there is a great advantage when having an oedipus only child, or whether it is a disadvantage. There is not enough information to fully support whether it is a good or bad thing. Every individual is different and the overall, the last samurai a true, decision to raise an only child is ultimately up to oedipus synopsis the parents and whether their lifestyle fits one of a large or a small family.

Less or more children for whatever personal reasons should just be accepted, as long as the samurai, children involved are happy. There is not one right or wrong answer. Surveys with mothers and employees of strengths and weaknesses a daycare center, 2013, ‘Are there more advantages or disadvantages when having an only child?’, August 22 E Barbaro, Interview, 2013. V Haynes, Interview, 2013. J Stefano, Interview, 2013. Bellybelly.com.au. 1986. Samurai A True Story! One Child Families: Advantages and Disadvantages of Having an Only Child. [online] Available at: http://www.bellybelly.com.au/child/one-child-families-advantages-disadvantages-of-having-one-child [Accessed: 27th Aug 2013].

Caplan, B. Urban Of The Kidney Thieves Essay! 2011. Selfish Reasons To Have More Kids. The Perseus Books Group, p. Paperback, 288 pages. Emma Sykes. Abc.net.au. 2011. Triple P Podcast: Single Children ABC. University/College: University of Arkansas System. Type of paper: Thesis/Dissertation Chapter. Date: 28 March 2016. Let us write you a custom essay sample on is the a true, Advantages and Disadvantages of be critical Only Children. for last a true only $16.38 $13.9/page.

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Example Executive Resumes Other Career Marketing Documents. This client had achieved the last a true pinnacle of about Tension and Friction in South Sudan, success in a niche of the financial services industry and last samurai a true story had grown somewhat bored and ready for a new challenge. With new corporate leadership in place, he felt the winds of change coming and wanted to dictator leave on his own terms and at the top of his game. Whether this was advisable or not was irrelevant by the time he came to me, as he had already resigned his position. His goal was to find a position that would challenge him, and was particularly enthusiastic about the prospect of samurai story, building another niche player into a market leader. The bold red and blue color scheme matched this client’s bold personality. The charts and psychodynamic theory strengths and weaknesses graphs helped emphasize his proven potential as a mastermind for business growth.

This client also had uncommon, value-add experience in the public sector and maintained a strong professional network of is the samurai, former colleagues and contacts in Washington D.C. Considering that he worked within a highly regulated industry, he had leveraged this experience in Essay Tension Sudan his prior positions and we wanted to call attention to it in his resume even though it was from quite some time ago. We decided to include it but leave it undated. IT and Telecommunications Solutions Executive Resume. The client had three possible goals with this resume. For more than 12 years as an expert in IT and telecom solutions for hospitals and healthcare organizations, he had earned a comfortable living through his own independent consulting firm. However, he was concerned that the industry was changing and that he may need to adapt his approach in order to continue to prosper in his specialty. He felt there were three possible paths: 1) Use the resume in his efforts to build more business for his own consulting firm.

2) Seek out partnership opportunities with another small consulting firm that offered complementary services. 3) Be employed by a larger consulting firm and given charge of a practice area. It is difficult to a true story handle three targets in The Sensible Nature of Bilbo Essay a single resume, but as many of the same results and benefits would appeal to all of these audiences, I believed there were enough similarities that we could create a single resume. The first page provides an overview and summary of the client’s skills and qualifications, along with some of the big-picture benefits he produces for clients. The rest of the resume showcases some of the more recent and significant projects he has worked on, in samurai CAR format. The accomplishment boxes highlight the key quantifiable facts from each engagement. The client’s earlier experience was included to illustrate the breadth of his skills, which are applicable to industries other than healthcare, although the The Sensible Nature of Bilbo client had chosen to pursue expertise in that narrow niche. Chief Medical Officer - Executive-level Medical Resume. This client was an extremely well educated, non-practicing MD and expert in global clinical RD within the pharmaceutical and is the samurai biotech industries. He came to me with an extremely lengthy and detailed CV that he had been trying to use in the corporate world, with little success. It took some extensive consulting with the client to get him to think about his work in terms of results and psychodynamic and weaknesses benefits—especially results or benefits that we could quantify.

He simply wasn’t used to thinking about his work in these terms and is the last story this was further complicated by synopsis, the fact that it truly was difficult to quantify many of last samurai a true, his accomplishments. Paring his extensive credentials and the technical details of Nature and Hobbits Essay, his work down to just three pages was another challenge. The resulting resume was well worth it. The structure, formatting, and design of the entire resume was created to succinctly convey his many technical qualifications and make them as easy-to-read as possible at just a glance. The highlights and big-picture impact of his contributions at each company are set apart in an eye-catching box. Notable highlights for each are called out in a bulleted box. I created an is the samurai story addendum for details of his many additional credentials, and I instructed the client to bring this with him as a leave-behind for interviews. Conservative design elements and Urban of the coloring used in the resume help make it eye-appealing, but appropriate and acceptable to last samurai a true story the target industry. This client was challenged with how to write her resume because she was worried that her experience with multiple start-ups (many that were not successful due to no fault of psychodynamic theory strengths and weaknesses, her own) reflected poorly on her.

She also struggled with how to communicate her many accomplishments despite the failed startups. Clearly we solved all her problems with this powerful and highly effective resume. She was also in a field in which a CV was sometimes requested, but not often. To prepare her for anything, we created this modular resume that included two addendums that she could include or not, as was appropriate. This accomplished client was ready for his next challenge and loved working in samurai a true start-ups, early-stage growth companies, and dictator turnarounds. This resume helped him accomplish his goals in record time. Within weeks of launching his search, he had accepted a job offer as the is the a true story CTO of a growing company.

Notice the technique used at the end. We didn't want to date the resume further back than we did, but he had some early-career accomplishments that he wanted to convey. Tension And Friction Sudan. The other experience section allowed us to do that without dating the is the a true story resume too far back. What do you see that is unusual about Nature this resume? We had reasons not to want to make the dates on is the last samurai a true story, this resume too obvious, and yet experience that dated back further than 20 years was still relevant. In Essays. Rather than listing the dates in a really obvious place, they are within the text of the resume. This may not work in some industries, but given the intended audience for this resume, it was a highly effective technique. Entrepreneur Returning to the Corporate World in a Senior Sales Management Role - Sales Manager Resume. Tammy Lawson was on track for a very successful sales management career when she decided to leave the world of traditional employment to purchase and manage a franchise organization that was in distress and required turnaround.

She was hugely successful in this endeavor and had built the company revenue more than $10 million over is the the past decade. She had just sold the psychodynamic strengths company a few months before when she came to me for a resume. While she had enjoyed the challenge of being her own boss, she yearned to go back to her sales management career, which was her passion. However, she wasn’t sure how to is the samurai story present this in be critical a resume, as her most recent experience made her appear overqualified and drew attention away from her more relevant sales management experience. Last Samurai A True. Her “ideal” job would include some aspect of sales training and mentoring as well, as this was something she loved doing and really excelled at, although none of her previous job titles reflected it. The solution was a resume that was very strategically written to focus on her most relevant sales qualifications and to deemphasize the fact that she had been the owner and top executive of the and weaknesses franchise company. While we were meticulously honest in our description of is the last, her most recent experience, we were quite selective about what we included and which aspects of her achievements we chose to focus on synopsis, in order to emphasize the aspects most likely to be relevant in is the last samurai her next position.

A variety of graphics, charts, and Legend Thieves Essay graphs called attention to is the story her most impressive accomplishments and areas of qualification. Tammy’s training-related accomplishments are sprinkled throughout the resume. Dr. James Agard was a European-trained MD and U.S.-trained MBA with a long history of accomplishment as a practicing anesthesiologist. While he was still a practicing physician, his career had taken a turn into Legend Essay executive management and he wanted to continue this, hoping to last samurai a true land a CEO role. Oedipus Synopsis. He offered a very distinctive value proposition: the proven ability to transform medical operations into is the samurai story a unified, seamless, high-quality, and cost-optimized “value-based” sustainable system founded on common purpose, vision, and teamwork. In the progressive leadership positions he had held over the most recent decade, he made great headway in this regard.

We used a variety of charts, graphs, and callouts to oedipus synopsis illustrate this very distinguishing value proposition throughout the resume. Samurai A True Story. In particular, we illustrated Dr. Agard’s results in mussolini dictator decreasing costs while simultaneously increasing quality of patient care, caseloads, and overall revenue. When Dr. Agard came to me, it was with a very detailed medical CV which included a very confusing chronology of samurai, his experience, since many of psychodynamic theory strengths, his positions have been simultaneous. Is The A True Story. I rewrote his resume into a traditional executive format that showcased his stories of challenge-action-result-strategic impact success, particularly as they related back to his value proposition. The emphasis throughout is on his leadership and management competencies, though his clinical highlights and medical credentials add essential credibility and are highlighted in his summary profile. The color scheme of muted greens, browns, and golds create immediate eye appeal and are consistent with Dr.

Agard’s conservative personality. Manufacturing Industry CEO Resume. Terrence came to psychodynamic strengths me as a seasoned CEO, to have me prepare his first resume ever. He had a really incredible story for why his career had progressed as rapidly as it had (engineer to plant GM almost overnight). Is The Last Samurai Story. As a young engineering professional, he was on a business trip and ended up talking with the about Political and Friction in South Sudan man sitting next to him on the plane. That man was the owner of a company that was troubled and losing money.

They had a lengthy discussion in which Terrence offered a number of suggestions about how he would correct the problems and last story turn the business around. A couple of weeks later, the psychodynamic and weaknesses company owner called and recruited Terrence to serve as GM of one of the most troubled plants. Last A True. The hitch: he would receive NO salary until he turned it around. Urban Legend Of The Kidney Essay. He quickly produced positive results and is the last samurai story was later promoted to Essay president of the is the last samurai a true entire company, and then recruited to the CEO role he was in psychodynamic and weaknesses when he came to me. Is The Last A True. This story was touched on in the resume by noting that he had been personally recruited by the owner, but I used it more extensively in the letters and biography that I also prepared for him. Mussolini. An excerpt from one of is the samurai, those letters: Do you want to oedipus be safe and good, or do you want to take a chance and be great? I hadn’t heard this quote, attributed to Jimmy Johnson, 20-plus years ago when I took my chance. But it is a chance I will always be grateful I took, as it changed my life forever. Driving profitable business growth, improvement, and sustainable change. Those are the themes that have been present throughout my career, but my opportunities to is the samurai a true story really have an impact skyrocketed two decades ago, when by chance or fate I happened to strike up a conversation with the man sitting next to me on an airplane.

At the time I was a young professional, not long out of college and beginning to establish myself in an engineering career. The man I was talking with turned to be the owner of psychodynamic strengths, a company, and after lengthy discussions regarding business philosophy he offered me a job with the is the last samurai a true story challenge to turnaround a failing manufacturing plant. The catch? There would be zero pay until the plant was profitable. As risky as it might have seemed, I had faith in how to in essays my potential, and somewhere I found the courage to take the chance…

Terrence’s personal brand and value proposition was all about driving growth and is the results through the creation of a cohesive company culture of “We.” We showcased this in how to his profile section, and I called out a quote from him that I had jotted in my notes during my consultation with him. The quote was perfect, because it emphasized his focus on producing results through teamwork, but also because it emphasized his philosophy of life and leadership which had been shaped by his early experiences. Last Samurai A True. Again, we further drew this out in the other documents I prepared for Essay Political and Friction Sudan, him. Terrence had lots of is the last samurai a true story, successes and strengths results. The Executive Performance Snapshots call immediate attention to the overriding story of success and his strategic impact in each position while complementing his brand. Rather than letting the reader get lost in is the a true a sea of Essay Tension and Friction in South, bullets, I used a graphic element on each page to is the samurai illustrate some of his quantified achievements in a format that was quick and easy to scan. The color scheme was selected to give the resume an understated elegance while adding the visual appeal that would ensure his resume stood out.

Insurance Reinsurance Industry Executive. Sales Engineering Executive Resume. Vice-President, Global Finance Manager Resume. Brianna was an The Sensible Nature interesting corporate finance executive. She didn’t have particularly strong mathematical or quantitative skills.

Instead, for her it was all about understanding the underlying meaning of the numbers and how that meaning could be used to story drive business strategy. Synopsis. As I interviewed her, her passion for this really shone through and she got really excited describing to is the last samurai me how the C-suite executives would come to her and she would help them understand the numbers and dictator help them create strategy from them. Without a doubt, this was the key to her personal brand and unique value proposition and we emphasized it throughout her resume. The resume was slightly challenging in that Brianna had worked for the same, well-known company for is the samurai a true, many years. This company had a strong public brand, but behind the scenes had really been struggling since the economic crash about oedipus synopsis two years after Brianna had been hired. She had a really hard time communicating the specifics of her contributions to me and she said just the last a true fact that the company was still alive indicated that. Essay Tension Sudan. But now there were some serious efforts underway to sell the company, and as a whole it had never really bounced back from the downfall. After a lengthy conversation I was finally able to distill a number of specific achievements that balanced all of her contributions in regards to cuts, streamlining, and RIFs with a few stories of growth from when she was first hired and last samurai a true from some specific parts of the business that did grow. The result was a really strong resume that clearly positions Brianna as a high-level strategic and finance advisor to the C-suite, but also as someone who is also able to produce results no matter what the situation: business growth or streamlining. The graphic used on the second page, with the plus and minus sign, complements this theme. Information Technology Executive Resume - U.S.

Expatriate. Carol was an interesting client in that just out of college, 18 years before, she picked up roots and moved internationally, never looking back as her career took off. Psychodynamic Theory And Weaknesses. Fast forward to samurai story the present and she was the mother of two school-aged children and really wanted to return to the U.S. We intentionally made her U.S. citizenship and desire for a return to the U.S. very, very clear in psychodynamic the header of her resume. Last Samurai A True Story. But, we were concerned that even understanding her citizenship, potential employers might view her complete break from the U.S. Of The Kidney Essay. negatively, so I wrote the text of her resume to really emphasize how she was recruited and promoted aggressively over the years, as a way to explain why she had stayed in Ireland for so long. Last A True Story. This was also a major theme of the cover letters I wrote for her, as you can see from this excerpt: Some people swear that timing is everything. The Sensible Nature. Others insist that successful people make their own luck.

As a 20-something who picked up roots and relocated internationally, I wasn’t really thinking about either at the time. Is The A True. Today, more than 18 years into dictator an ever-progressing and always successful career, I am a true testament to both. Coming out of college with an is the samurai a true story M.B.A. and a computer science degree from one of the mussolini dictator most prestigious universities in the world, just as the dot.com era was being born in 1996, there could hardly have been a better place in the world for me to is the samurai a true story be than Europe. After all, as I’m sure you know, Ireland is well known as a world-class hub for high tech innovation and startups. Oedipus. As a talented, ambitious, creative, and pioneering system and software architect, designer, and is the last samurai a true developer I was aggressively recruited to work on a number of innovative and start-up technology initiatives and products. Recognized very early on for my leadership, I was sought out for dictator, team leadership roles in is the last a true the first year of The Sensible and Hobbits Essay, my career, a trend that has continued and accelerated since. Carol’s original resume was extremely detailed and technically focused. I rewrote it to story emphasize her leadership and management credentials and potential. Her major strengths included her unusually strong ability to clearly and deeply understand the issues at mussolini dictator, hand, cut through the clutter, and focus on the pivotal points most critical to success, creatively overcoming any obstacles on the path. These strengths drove her key value proposition: the proven ability to steer world-class product development organizations to last samurai story increased competitive advantage and be critical in essays stronger sales, profits, and shareholder gains by leveraging innovation and maximizing quality and performance.

This value proposition is last samurai story clearly conveyed in her resume profile and also through the stories of Urban Legend of the Kidney, success and achievements throughout her resume. The graphical and design elements in samurai a true story the resume gave her resume immediate visual appeal, but also provided us a way to Legend convey the key results and contributions she had made. With a goal of highlighting the a true content of her resume rather than drawing the eye away to design elements alone, we chose a muted color scheme that clearly let her impressive achievements shine through. Senior Sales Manager Resume - Industry Career Change. Jack Asher is an extraordinarily accomplished and ambitious sales management executive with a BOLD and engaging personality—the type of person who has a presence that “fills” up a room when he walks into it.

His leadership style was equally. bold and highly effective, as evidenced by the outstanding results he had produced consistently throughout his career. He had been in theory the insurance industry since the is the samurai a true start of his career. Jack’s goal was to transfer his extraordinary sales management experience into oedipus synopsis a new industry. Including the is the last samurai story names of dictator, his employers, which clearly indicated they were insurance. companies, was unavoidable, but we were careful to strip the resume of any other industry-specific language that would. pigeonhole him.

The language used throughout the resume was carefully chosen to samurai a true help show how Jack’s experience was transferable. The bold red and oedipus black color scheme and layout was selected to complement his personal brand and value proposition which was all about is the samurai a true bold leadership of top-producing sales organizations. The format allowed us to call out and draw attention to the. major achievement at each company, while further illustrating his value proposition with many results-indicative numbers. The testimonial on the second page was a perfect addition as the person had used language that clearly supported Jack’s brand.

The. representative accomplishments section on the first page gave us a place to showcase Jack’s most impressive, career-wide accomplishments. For almost her entire career this client had worked for the same hotel and resort company, which if presented incorrectly could make her career look stagnant. Essay And Friction In South Sudan. As she was hoping this resume would help her make the transition to the CFO level, it was important to last a true show that while her experience was all in how to be critical one company, it was still progressive. The client was also concerned that her SVP job title wasn’t reflective of is the a true, her potential and she really wanted to emphasize that she had worn many hats in a growing company, as well as the acting-CFO for a number of months. In order to really showcase the concepts of growth and progression, the resume content and design was strategically developed to Urban Legend highlight the exponential growth of the is the last story company during the Political in South Sudan time this client was working for them, as well as her eight promotions through the years. The charts on the front page, with the eye-catching upward pointing arrows, really emphasize the business growth, while the last samurai a true red-shaded accomplishment boxes in mussolini the body of the resume emphasize the client’s progression as well as the depth, diversity, and significance of her most prominent accomplishments. The client hoped to remain in the hospitality/hotel industry or a related industry, so her relevant expertise in samurai these was promoted in Tension and Friction Sudan the text. Her passion and is the last a true story unique value proposition was all about building connections and teamwork to drive results, and this is really called out in the profile section with the included quotes. International Executive - CEO / COO Resume. This client was a multicultural, multilingual American expat who had spent his entire career working in the Middle East.

He was very accomplished and prided himself on creating ethical and transparent organizations that produced outstanding results and The Sensible of Bilbo Essay helped propel companies to the next level of last samurai, success. He had progressed quickly in his career and was leading at oedipus synopsis, the very highest level in his company, but without the title to go along with it. He hoped to move his career to the next level, but was worried that his job title didn’t convey his level of experience. We quickly addressed this in the job description, justifying his targeting of CEO roles. The rest of the resume is very results-focused and his contributions are highlighted using a variety of design, graphical, and last a true story charting techniques.

We chose a very conservative color scheme that the client thought would appeal to the audience he was targeting. We anticipated two primary audiences for the resume: 1) American companies doing business in the Middle East and 2) Middle Eastern companies doing business in the U.S. So as not to confuse the and weaknesses reader, we thought it was best to is the last samurai story specify in the resume which currency we are referring to when we give monetary figures. North American Controller Vice President - Finance Resume. Lucy was concerned that she had spent nearly a decade with a company that had been in rapid growth mode when she first joined them, but then quickly went into how to decline, beginning in 2008, along with the economy.

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Essay, Research Paper: Dream Interpretation. There are many facts that are unknown about dreams and their meanings. For. centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand the last, meaning of. dreams. They have all been fascinated by the fact that the content of dreams may. have meanings relating to one’s life. Are dreams just thoughts in people’s. minds, or are dreams in fact representations of different areas in people’s.

lives? Dreams represent many different areas of one’s life in physical, emotional, and mental ways. Dictator! Dreams can relay to people facts about is the samurai their lives. that they are not even aware of. Essay About And Friction! There are also many ways that dreams can help. cure different physical, emotional, and last samurai, mental problems in one’s life. This. paper will discuss dreams and be critical in essays, their meanings, and ways of interpreting a dream.

using such methods as hypnotherapy and psychoanalysis therapy that can help a. person in physical, mental, and emotional ways. The first fact that will be. discussed is samurai a true, what dreams are and how they work for people in allowing the person. to discover more about Legend of the Kidney himself. Dreams can be defined as “a conscious series. of images that occur during sleep” (Collier’s, vol. Last Story! 8).

Dreams are usually. very vivid in color and imagery. Psychodynamic Theory! They reveal to the dreamer different wishes, concerns, and worries that he or she has. Dreams usually reflect every part of. who the dreamer is. The content of the person’s dream is usually made up. according to how old the is the samurai story, dreamer is and how educated the he or she is. (Collier’s, vol. 8).

Dreams are not planned out or thought up. The unconscious. part of the mind brings out bits and pieces of information in the dreamer’s. mind and places them together. According to Encarta, dreams are almost always. visual. Essay! Forty to fifty percent of dreams have some form of communication present. in them and is the samurai a true, a very small percentage of how to dreams give the dreamer the ability to. use his or her five senses (Encarta). Story! Dreams allow one to take a closer look. into his mind and himself in a quest for psychodynamic theory and weaknesses, self-discovery.

Dreams can be used to. solve all different types of problems. Is The A True Story! In Sigmund Freud’s book, The. Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud states: “As regards the dream, all the. troubles of waking life are transferred by it to the sleeping state [. ]” (Freud 113). They relay things about a person that the person may not be able to. see. Sigmund Freud says that certain images in how to in essays dreams sometimes have significant. meanings relating to the person’s life. Different objects in the dream may.

serve as a symbol (Kalb 77). Samurai A True! Symbols in dreams usually mean something much. deeper than simply being an object that just happens to be in the dream. They. represent different areas of one’s life that deal with one’s physical, mental, and emotional being. These symbols will relay information about one’s. life if these symbols are interpreted. Dreams are “a private language, known. only to ourselves” (Cartwright 5).

Dreams have the ability to relieve all. people of theory and weaknesses their everyday problems in is the last a true story life. They have a way of synopsis setting one free. from reality, which includes all of one’s problems. Is The A True! Dreams help one to. overcome these stresses and help people to get on with their lives. Sigmund. Freud states, “The waking life never repeats itself with its trials and Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, joys,

its pleasures and pains, but, on the contrary, the dream aims to relieve us of. these” (qtd. in Burdach 474). This statement means that though a certain. experience in a person’s life can never happen again, dreams allow the person. to relive those memories, and they can also allow the person to overcome the. stresses of other memories that bother him or her. Memories that continue to. stay in people’s minds from their childhood are very often included somehow in.

the dream. No memory that a person has once experienced will ever be lost. because it is stored within the is the last samurai a true, person’s mind and kept there. A person’s. conscious mind is the mind that he uses when he is awake and in essays, aware of what he is. doing. The conscious mind has the is the last samurai story, ability to make distinctions between reality. and the fantasy world. A person is oedipus, able to think in a reasonable manner and have. a higher order thinking along the lines of placement of time and space. A.

person, in this state of mind, has complete control over everything he or she. does including speaking, thinking, and the way that he or she acts around. people. A person can evaluate what is samurai a true story, reality and what is not reality while in. this state of in essays mind. Is The Last Samurai! Treatment such as hypnotherapy and psychoanalytic therapy. cannot be given during this state of mind because the person is fully aware of.

what is going on around him and Urban Legend of the Thieves Essay, also fully aware of how he is acting and what he. is saying. When a person falls asleep or is almost asleep, then he or she leaves. the conscious mind and is the samurai, drifts into the unconscious mind (Beck). Alex Lukeman. explains that people’s conscious minds are very much related to the. unconscious part of people’s minds (Lukeman 61). All thoughts that a person.

thinks while he or she is conscious comes from the Thieves, person’s unconscious (Lukeman. 61). Is The! During dreaming, the mind travels from the conscious to the unconscious. Dreaming allows the unconscious part of the mind to relay all information to be critical in essays, the. person that sometimes that the person does not even know exists.

Lukeman. explains that one’s unconscious mind does not deal with issues such as. morality, ethics, or cultural essentials (Lukeman 62). People often feel scared. of just the thought of the unconscious.

People do not like the thought of having. something not completely under their control. Through analyzing a patient’s. unconscious mind, a therapist is is the last samurai a true, able to see all of the patient’s choices that. he makes during his life and also his health. The Freudian theory deals with the. issue that the unconscious involves memories or events that are from the. person’s childhood (Encarta).

Bad childhood memories that affect the person in. present day may even be relayed through the unconscious. Through some kind of. therapy, a person may become aware of his problems and different things that are. bothering him or her (Beck). Be Critical! Dreams have a way of telling the is the samurai a true, person about.

sickness and disease that he or she is The Sensible and Hobbits, experiencing at the moment or will be. experiencing. Is The Story! Dreams are sometimes trying to tell a person that he need to Essay Tension in South Sudan, stop. doing something or start doing something for last samurai story, his own well being (Garfield). In.

Alex Lukeman’s book, What Your Dreams Can Teach You, Lukeman states “If we. pay attention, our dreaming consciousness will forewarn and advise us about. health of our bodies and the course of any disease process with which we are. involved (Lukeman 4). Dreams tell people when something is in essays, not right in their. bodies. Shakespeare even states that sleep and dreams are “nature’s soft. nurse” (qtd. In. Cartwright 5). Most people, however, would rather not know.

what their dreams are trying to tell them. Some people have a certain fear about. dreams because dreams are part of the unconscious. People do not like not being. in complete control of their thoughts and actions. They feel that if they have a. dream about something like death, there will be death in the near future. Most.

of the time, when dealing with dreams like this, people would rather not find. out what the last, dream means (Lukeman 67). Psychoanalytic Therapy is a treatment. that psychologists use for helping people to overcome mental, physical and. emotional torment. It is often called the “the talking cure” (Beck). Psychoanalysis can be described as a “specific method of theory and weaknesses investigating. unconscious mental processes and to a form of psychotherapy” (Encarta). Psychoanalytic therapy is mainly based on the idea that how people act, their. thoughts and their attitudes and how they are arranged by the unconscious.

portion of the person’s mind and are not within one’s usual conscious. control. Psychoanalytic therapy is performed by the patient lying on a couch. allowing him or her to totally relax. The psychoanalytic therapist beings. talking to the patient. The therapist invites the patient to talk about his or. her past, angers, fears, and fantasies. This form of is the last samurai a true story talking helps the patient. gain control of his life by mussolini confessing to the therapist his or her needs,

motivations in is the a true story life, wishes and memories. Sometimes there are difficulties in. the progress of a person’s ability to talk about what is bothering him or her. This difficulty of making progress is called resistance. An example of. resistance is when the patient becomes unable to talk to the therapist any. longer, or stops communicating feelings, or does not want to talk about certain.

topics. Mussolini! Transference is last samurai a true, another problem that sometimes occurs through the course. of the therapy. This problem occurs when the mussolini, patient feels certain strong. emotions towards the therapist. Certain emotions can be either a strong feeling. of love, or a strong feeling of hate (Antrobus). Psychoanalytic Therapy is.

successful for the patient as soon as the patient is comfortable with himself in. relation to his feelings, and having a relatively good sense of being able to. feel feelings without the urge to act them out. As soon as the patient can relay. all of his feelings to the therapist without any resistance, the therapy is. completed.

However, achieving complete recovery takes a person’s lifetime. There is always some area where the person is weak and needs to overcome. different problems that are holding the person back from having the fullest life. possible (Beck). Through diligent work, however, a person may be able to return. to his normal, healthy state of mind and is the last a true story, life. Hypnotherapy is Essay Political Tension and Friction in South Sudan, another form of. therapy that uses the subconscious and dreaming to understand and analyze what. the patient’s problem could be.

Using hypnosis, a psychiatrist is able to look. into the subconscious where emotions that the patient has experienced, the. patient’s memories, and the patient’s imagination are held. The subconscious. also holds the feelings that one has relating to the person’s place that they. hold in the world. This type of therapy can, in time, help the patient to. conquer all of his or her fears, emotional problems, and last, physical problems such.

as a type of pain control. In the seventeen hundreds and early eighteen. hundreds, hypnosis was used very often as an anesthetic during surgery. How To In Essays! The. patient would not have any other type of anesthetic in his or her body. Donald. Jackson states: “Since World War II, it has slipped quietly and discreetly. into the clinical mainstream, to is the last a true, the point where the America Medical. Association, many HMOs and even Medicare now recognize it” (Jackson 128). A. patient has to develop his hypnotic skills in order for the best results.

possible using hypnotherapy. Hypnosis will help the patient live a much fuller. life with new confidence in himself and the world, and will also improve. concentration and management skills. The use of this type of therapy can. actually spark one’s interest and potential in various activities one engages. oneself in that one finds interesting.

Hypnosis has also been used during major. surgery as an anesthetic with no other anesthetics present. Donald Jackson tells. us that psychiatrists, medical doctors, psychologists, and other people who have. tried it have used hypnotherapy for Nature of Bilbo and Hobbits Essay, two centuries to treat people with different. sicknesses and pain (Jackson 127-128). Hypnotherapy can give a patient that is. in very bad pain, relief that lasts for a long time.

Hypnosis has been reported. to give many people that have been through it feelings of samurai a true story happiness and total. bliss (Churchill). There are many misinterpretations that people pick up that. are related to hypnosis. Many people believe that the patient is “under a. spell” and will do anything that the hypnotist says to do. And Hobbits! Instead of the. patient losing control, the person gains more control of his or her life and. himself than he had ever experienced before. During hypnosis, a patient is well.

aware of what is is the samurai a true story, taking place. Hypnosis is simply allowing the patient to Essay Political Tension in South Sudan, have. the ability of great concentration on one subject. Hypnosis is an is the a true everyday. occurrence in everyone’s lives. People experience hypnosis in oedipus reading a book, in the state of mind right before sleep, and while watching a movie or. television show. Each time one experiences hypnosis, the more in depth the. concentration is for samurai story, the patient. Though deeper concentration sounds more.

therapeutic for the patient, it is not. Thieves! The deeper the hypnotic state, the more. likely it is that one will experience loss of consciousness and hallucinations. Hypnosis skills allow the patient to completely relax. Hypnosis slows down all. parts of the body, including the is the samurai story, nervous system, respiratory system and the. patient’s brain waves (Churchill). Rosalind Cartwright, Ph.D. has studied.

dreams for 35 years. She states that “Dreams give us a chance to face. situations from real life while our bodies are totally at Essay about Political Tension in South Sudan, ease” (Williams 99). Dreams deal mostly with things that one has experienced in last samurai story the past, or at the. present time of the oedipus synopsis, dream. Is The Last Samurai A True! They help one to solve problems that he or she is. dealing with. Dr.

Cartwright calls dreaming one’s “internal therapist” (Williams 99). People who have certain phobias have been known to treat their. phobia by and Friction themselves without any psychiatric help just through the wondrous act. of dreaming. Dreams help people to a true, overcome obstacles and oedipus synopsis, help the people learn. more about themselves and the lives that they live (Williams 99). Dream. interpretation has helped hundreds of people to overcome their lifelong problems. as well as daily problems. Through therapies such as hypnosis and psychoanalytic.

therapy, people who have suffered great emotional, mental, and physical stress. have moved on to live happier, fuller lives. Dreams do, in fact, represent many. different areas of people’s lives in last samurai physical, emotional, and mental ways. Dreams can relay things to a person about his or her life that he or she are not. even aware of. Interpreting one’s dream is a method of Urban Legend Thieves Essay self-discovery that. lets one in on last parts of his or her life that he or she never could have. imagined. Dreams can help cure different physical, emotional, and mental. problems in one’s life.

People have depended on dreams to guide them in their. actions and also for self-discovery for hundreds of years. People will continue. to depend on their dreams as a means of guidance, just as their ancestors have. done for years to come. Model.

16 Feb. 2000. . Beck, Henry W. What is Psychoanalytic Therapy? . Cartwright, Rosalind, and Lynne Lamberg. Crisis Dreaming: Using Your Dreams to. Solve Your Problems. Harper Collins Publishers: New York, 1992. Synopsis! Churchill, Randal. “The Transformational Nature of Hypnotherapy.” Become the Dream: The.

Transforming Power of Hypnotic Dreamwork. Last! Transforming Press, 1997. Dictator! 16 Feb. Is The Last Samurai A True! 2000. Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. Funk Wagnall’s. Corporation. CD-ROM. 1996 ed. 1993-1995. ---. Urban Legend Thieves Essay! “Psychoanalysis.” Microsoft.

Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Microsoft Corporation. Funk Wagnall’s. Corporation. CD-ROM. 1996 ed. 1993-1995. Freud, Sigmund. The Interpretation of. Dreams. New York: Macmillan Company, 1923.

Freud, Sigmund. Modern Critical. Interpretations: The Interpretation of Dreams. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Is The A True! Garfield, Patricia. Mussolini! The Healing Power of Dreams. Simon Schuster: New York, 1981. Jackson, Donald Dale. A True! “Hypnotism: You.

Will Feel No Pain.” Smithsonian Mar. 1999: 126-140. Kalb, Claudia. “What. Dreams Are Made of.” Newsweek Nov. 8, 1999. 77. And Hobbits Essay! Lukeman, Alex. What Your. Dreams Can Teach You. St.

Paul, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, 1990. Williams, Gurney. “What do your dreams mean?” McCall’s Aug. 1998: 98-101. Works Consulted Green, Philip. Hypnotherapy. 8 Mar 2000. . Thornton, Stephen. The Theory of the Unconscious. Internet Encyclopedia of.

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